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Operational Plan,Effect Verification,and Key Technical Settings for a Stadium-Scale Artificial Rain Reduction Experiment

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2023年第5期37卷 643-665页

作者： Yuquan ZHOU Siyao LIU Miao CAI Junlin LONG Jia WANG CMA Cloud–Precipitation Physics and weather modification Key Laboratory(CPML) Weather Modification CentreChina Meteorological Administration(CMA)Beijing 100081 School of Electronic Engineering Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225 College of Meteorological Observation Chengdu University of Information Technology/CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric SoundingChengdu 610225 jiangsu weather modification center Nanjing 210000

To explore the key technologies of artificial weather modification for specific targets(e.g.,a stadium)and improve the efficiency of artificial rainfall modification for major events,this study conducts an artificial rainfall reduction experiment for the closing ceremony of Nanjing Youth Olympic Games on 28 August *** retrievals,radar observations,sounding data,and other sources of information as well as Cloud and Precipitation Accurate Analysis System(CPAS)are used in this *** main conclusions are as follows.(1)On 28 August 2014,a large-scale cumulus cloud system with mixed-phase stratocumulus and stratus precipitation was *** system was influenced by the weak shear of a low-level trough and the precipitation was dominated by cold clouds with dry layers between ***,we adopted the crystal-priming over-catalytic hypothesis and conducted a rocket-catalytic rain abatement operation at a certain distance(100–25 km)from the *** shootings of different intensities were implemented for two echoes that affected the stadium successively(two rounds of 15 rocket shootings within15 min for an isolated weak echo IA;multiple rounds of 156 rocket shootings within 80 min for a strong echo IB).Amazingly,after the shootings with the catalysis in the air,reflectivity of the two echoes was reduced at all altitudes with the most significant reduction at the 2-km altitude,and the time needed for the obvious reduction was 40 *** most obvious reduction of the two echoes then maintained for 60 and 53 min,respectively,and the operation time needed for the echo zone to recover after the stop of rocket shooting was 108 min for echo IA and 90 min for echo *** two echoes moving across the stadium during the time period of the closing ceremony(2000–2130 local time)were at their minimal strengths,with almost no echo over the target *** demonstrates that the rocket shooting strategy of over-crystallization catalysis is effective,and th

关键词： target area artificial rainfall abatement radar monitoring weather modification plan effect analysis

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A Three-Dimensional Model of Transport and Diffusion of Seeding Agents within Stratus

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2000年第4期17卷 617-635页

作者：余兴戴进蒋维楣樊鹏 center of weather modification of Shaanxi Province Xi’an Department of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing

It is essential to learn the temporal and spatial concentration distributions and variations of seeding agents in cloud seeding of precipitation enhancement. A three-dimensional puff trajectory model incorporating a mesoscale nonhydrostatic model has been formulated, and is applied to simulating the transporting and diffusive characteristics of multiple line sources of seeding agents within super-cooled stratus. Several important factors are taken into consideration that affect the diffusion of seeding materials such as effects of topography and vertical wind shear, temporal and spatial variation of seeding parameters and wet deposition. The particles of seeding agents are assumed to be almost inert, they have no interaction with the particles of the cloud or precipitation except that they are washed out by precipitation. The model validity is demonstrated by the analyses and comparisons of model results, and checked by the sensitivity experiments of diffusive coefficients and atmospheric stratification. The advantage of this model includes not only its exact reflection of heterogeneity and unsteadiness of background fields, but also its good simulation of transport and diffusion of multiple line sources. The horizontal diffusion rate and the horizontal transport distance have been proposed that they usually were difficult to obtain in other models. In this simulation the horizontal diffusion rate is 0.82 m s(-1) for average of one hour, and the horizontal average transport distance reaches 65 km after 1 4 which are closely related to the background Fields.

关键词： puff trajectory model transport and diffusion multiple line sources of seeding agents heterogeneity and unsteadiness diffusion rate and transport distance super-cooled stratus

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Comparison Between Computer Simulation of Transport and Diffusion of Cloud Seeding Material Within Stratiform Cloud and the NOAA-14 Satellite Cloud Track

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2005年第1期22卷 133-141页

作者：余兴戴进雷恒池樊鹏 Meteorological Institute of Shaanxi Province Institute of Atmospheric Physics center for weather modification of Shaanxi Province

A precipitation enhancement operation using an aircraft was conducted from 1415 to 1549 LST 14 March 2000 in Shaanxi Province. The NOAA-14 satellite data received at 1535 LST soon after the cloud seeding shows that a vivid cloud track appears on the satellite image. The length, average width and maximum width of the cloud track are 301 km, 8.3 and 11 km, respectively. Using a three-dimensional numerical model of transport and diffusion of seeding material within stratiform clouds, the spatial concentration distribution characteristics of seeding material at different times, especially at the satellite receiving time, are simulated. The model results at the satellite receiving time are compared with the features of the cloud track. The transported position of the cloud seeding material coincides with the position of the track. The width, shape and extent of diffusion of the cloud seeding material are similar to that of the cloud track. The spatial variation of width is consistent with that of the track. The simulated length of each segment of the seeding line accords with the length of every segment of the track. Each segment of the cloud track corresponds to the transport and diffusion of each segment of the seeding line. These results suggest that the cloud track is the direct physical reflection of cloud seeding at the cloud top. The comparison demonstrates that the numerical model of transport and diffusion can simulate the main characteristics of transport and diffusion of seeding material, and the simulated results are sound and trustworthy. The area, volume, vidth, depth, and lateral diffusive rate corresponding to concentrations 1, 4, and 10 L-1are simulated in order to understand the variations of influencing range.

关键词： NOAA satellite data cloud track transport and diffusion numerical simulation influencing range

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Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Drop Size Distribution Shape on Cloud and Precipitation

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2009年第6期23卷 760-771页

作者：陶玥洪延超 weather modification center Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

At present,parameterization methods to describe cloud and precipitation processes are widely used in cloud and mesoscale models,but with different drop size *** precipitation formation mechanism,weather modification technique,and mechanism of hail suppression with seeding are studied by using these models,a question that needs to be addressed is：what is the influence of different drop size distributions and related parameters on cloud and precipitation？In this paper,by using a three-dimensional hail cloud numerical model developed by the Institutes of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, we performed numerical experiments with varied drop size distribution parameters for two hail storms,and analyzed the influence of shape parameters（ar,ai,and ag）of raindrops,ice crystal,and graupel size distributions on rainfall,hail amount,and microphysical processes in *** results show that the variation of ar has no effect on precipitation formation on the whole,but affects directly the production rates for the physical processes related to *** ag variation has a less obvious effect on rainfall amount,but has a significant effect on hail amount,hailfall rate,and rainfall *** impacts noticeably on the generation rate of the number and mass of ice crystal,graupel,and hail,and also to various degrees on all the microphysical processes in *** ag variation also influences the growing process of the *** effects of the ai variation on part of the generation and growing processes of all the hydrometeors are significant,and even dramatic,such as the collection process of cloud water to rain through melting ice crystal（T CLcir）.However,for clouds located in different geographic regions,the variation of ai has different effects on precipitation,which reflects the complexity of the impact of drop size distribution on cloud and *** last,some issues about the application of cloud models are also discussed.

关键词： drop size distribution cloud simulation influence of drop size distribution

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Analysis of the causes of heavy aerosol pollution in Beijing,China:A case study with the WRF-Chem model

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Particuology 2015年第3期13卷 32-40页

作者： Hui He Xuexi Tie Qiang Zhang Xiange Liu Qian Gao Xia Li Yang Gao Beijing weather modification Office Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology SKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences National center for Atmospheric Research

The causes and variability of a heavy haze episode in the Beijing region was analyzed. During the episode, the PM2.5 concentration reached a peak value of 450 μg/kg on January 18, 2013 and rapidly decreased to 100μg/kg on January 19, 2013, characterizing a large variability in a very short period. This strong vari- ability provides a good opportunity to study the causes of the haze formation. The in situ measurements （including surface meteorological data and vertical structures of the winds, temperature, humidity, and planetary boundary layer （PBL）） together with a chemical/dynamical regional model （WRF-Chem） were used for the analysis. In order to understand the rapid variability of the PM2.5 concentration in the episode, the correlation between the measured meteorological data （including wind speed, PBL height, relative humidity, etc.） and the measured particle concentration （PM2.5 concentration） was studied. In addition, two sensitive model experiments were performed to study the effect of individual contribution from local emissions and regional surrounding emissions to the heavy haze formation. The results suggest that there were two major meteorological factors in controlling the variability of the PM2.5 concentration, namely, surface wind speed and PBL height. During high wind periods, the horizontal transport of aerosol particles played an important role, and the heavy haze was formed when the wind speeds were very weak （less than 1 m/s）. Under weak wind conditions, the horizontal transport of aerosol particles was also weak, and the vertical mixing of aerosol particles played an important role. As a result, the PBL height was a major factor in controlling the variability of the PM2.5 concentration. Under the shallow PBL height, aerosol particles were strongly confined near the surface, producing a high surface PM2.5 concentration. The sensitivity model study suggests that the local emissions （emissions from the Beijing region only） were the major cause for

关键词： PM2.5 in BeijingCauses of heavy hazePlanetary boundary layer (PBL)WRF-Chem model

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Revisiting the size of nonspherical particles recorded by optical array probes with a new method based on the convex hull

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2022年第3期15卷 1-5页

作者： Rong Zhang Xu Zhou Hongyu Li Hanchao Li Lei Wei Yang Gao Qiang Xia Xiangyu Wang Key Laboratory for Cloud Physics of China Meteorological Administration BeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Severe weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijingChina weather modification Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijingChina Inner Mongolia Institute of Meteorological Sciences&Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Manual weather modification HohhotChina Beijing weather modification center BeijingChina China Huayun Meteorological Technology Group Corporation BeijingChina weather modification center in Eastern Inner Mongolia TongliaoChina

In recent years,the Cloud Imaging Probe(CIP)and Precipitation Imaging Probe(PIP)produced by Droplet Measurement Technologies(DMT)have been introduced by a number of meteorological research and operation centers in *** supporting software provided by DMT,i.e.,PADS(Particle Analysis and Display System),cannot output detailed information on each individual particle,which definitely limits the in-depth utilization of cloud and precipitation particle image data in *** this paper,particle-by-particle information was extracted by decompressing the CIP and PIP original particle image data,based on which a new definition of the dimension for nonspherical particles is proposed by using the area of the convex hull enclosing a particle to obtain the equivalent diameter of a circle with equal *** on the data detected during one flight in Inner Mongolia,the particle size distribution obtained using the new particle size definition and that used by the other four existing definitions are *** results show that the particle number concentration calculated using different particle size definitions can vary by up to an order of *** result obtained based on the new particle size definition is closest to that calculated with the area-equivalent diameter definition.

关键词： Cloud and precipitation particles Particle image Particle size Particle size distribution

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Comparison of the Multi-Scale Features in Two Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2016年第4期30卷 528-546页

作者：惠品宏方娟 Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe weather School of Atmospheric SciencesNanjing University jiangsu Climate center Jiangsu Provincial Meteorological Bureau

Two persistent heavy rainfall（PHR） events in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River（MLYR）occurring in June 1982 and 1998 are studied in this *** both events happened in the Meiyu season,their large-scale background and developing processes were quite *** the PHR event in 1982,the Lake Baikal area was occupied by a strong westerly trough and the western Pacific subtropical high（WPSH） was stronger and more westward-extending than the normal *** such a condition,the cold dry air and warm moist air were continuously transported to the MLYR and favored the PHR *** the event in 1998,the WPSH was similar to that in 1982,while the westerly trough in the Lake Baikal area was comparatively weak and a shortwave trough situating in East China contributed to advect cold dry air to the *** is found that the high-latitude trough was closely related to the 1030-day low-frequency oscillation while the anomaly of WPSH was linked with the combined effect of both30 60- and 10 30-day low-frequency oscillations in the PHR event in *** contrast,the 60-day low-pass perturbation demonstrated positive impact on the westward extension of WPSH and development of the Baikal trough while the 30 60-day oscillation played a role in strengthening the shortwave trough in East China and the WPSH in the case of *** the low-latitude 30 60-day oscillations contributed to the intensification and westward extension of the WPSH in both PHR events,their evolution exhibited evident *** the 1982 case,the 30 60-day anomalies originated from the western Indian Ocean were much more like the Madden Julian Oscillation,while its counterpart in the 1998 case was much more similar to the first mode of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation.

关键词： persistent heavy rainfall(PHR) western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) westerly trough 30 60-day oscillation 10 30-day oscillation

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VERIFICATION OF TYPHOON FORECASTS BY THE GRAPES MODEL

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2010年第1期16卷 77-81页

作者：宋煜叶成志黄振濮文耀 Dalian Meteorological Observatory Hunan Meteorological Observatory Dalian weather modification Office

Four landfalling typhoon cases in 2005 were selected for a numerical simulation study with the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System(GRAPES) *** preliminary assessment results of the performance of the model,including the predictions of typhoon track,landfall time,location and intensity,etc.,are presented and the sources of errors are *** 24-hour distance forecast error of the typhoon center by the model is shown to be about 131 km,while the 48-hour error is 252 *** model was relatively more skilful at forecasts of landfall time and locations than those of intensity at *** average,the 24-hour forecasts were slightly better than the 48-hour *** analysis of data impacts indicates that the assimilation of unconventional observation data is essential for the improvement of the model *** model could also be improved by increasing model resolution to simulate the mesoscale and fine scale systems and by improving methods of terrain refinement processing.

关键词： GRAPES model landfalling typhoon verification

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QpefBD:A Benchmark Dataset Applied to Machine Learning for Minute-Scale Quantitative Precipitation Estimation and Forecasting

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第1期36卷 93-106页

作者： Anyuan XIONG Na LIU Yujia LIU Shulin ZHI Linlin WU Yongjian XIN Yan SHI Yunjian ZHAN National Meteorological Information center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Jiangxi Meteorological Observatory Nanchang 330096 Anhui weather modification Office Hefei 230061

Nowcasts of strong convective precipitation and radar-based quantitative precipitation estimations have always been hot yet challenging issues in meteorological ***-driven machine learning,especially deep learning,provides a new technical approach for the quantitative estimation and forecasting of precipitation.A high-quality,large-sample,and labeled training dataset is critical for the successful application of machine-learning technology to a specific *** present study develops a benchmark dataset that can be applied to machine learning for minutescale quantitative precipitation estimation and forecasting(QpefBD),containing 231,978 samples of 3185 heavy precipitation events that occurred in 6 provinces of central and eastern China from April to October *** individual sample consists of 8 products of weather radars at 6-min intervals within the time window of the corresponding event and products of 27 physical quantities at hourly intervals that describe the atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic *** data labels,i.e.,ground precipitation intensity and areal coverage of heavy precipitation at 6-min intervals,are also *** present study describes the basic components of the dataset and data processing and provides metrics for the evaluation of model performance on precipitation estimation and *** on these evaluation metrics,some simple and commonly used methods are applied to evaluate precipitation estimates and *** results can serve as the benchmark reference for the performance evaluation of machine learning models using this *** paper also gives some suggestions and scenarios of the QpefBD *** believe that the application of this benchmark dataset will promote interdisciplinary collaboration between meteorological sciences and artificial intelligence sciences,providing a new way for the identification and forecast of heavy precipitation.

关键词： machine learning benchmark dataset quantitative precipitation estimation precipitation forecast

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Assimilation of Doppler Radar Observations with an Ensemble Square Root Filter:A Squall Line Case Study

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2014年第2期28卷 230-251页

作者：秦琰琰龚建东李泽椿盛日锋 National Marine Environment Forecast center Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting National Marine Environmental Forecast center center for Numerical weather Prediction CMA National Meteorological center CMA weather modification Office of People's Government of Shandong

The effectiveness of using an Ensemble Square Root Filter（EnSRF） to assimilate real Doppler radar observations on convective scale is investigated by applying the technique to a case of squall line on 12July 2005 in midwest Shandong Province using the weather Research and Forecasting（WRF） *** experimental results show that：（1） The EnSRF system has the potential to initiate a squall line accurately by assimilation of real Doppler radar *** convective-scale information has been added into the WRF model through radar data assimilation and thus the analyzed fields are improved *** model spin-up time has been shortened,and the precipitation forecast is improved accordingly.（2） Compared with the control run,the deterministic forecast initiated with the ensemble mean analysis of EnSRF produces more accurate prediction of microphysical *** predicted wind and thermal fields are reasonable and in accordance with the characteristics of convective storms.（3） The propagation direction of the squall line from the ensemble mean analysis is consistent with that of the observation,but the propagation speed is larger than the *** effective forecast period for this squall line is about 5-6 h,probably because of the nonlinear development of the convective storm.

关键词： radar data assimilation ensemble square root filter squall line

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