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Modeling three-dimensional forest structures to drive canopy radiative transfer simulations of bidirectional reflectance factor

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2018年第10期11卷 981-1000页

作者： Wei Yang Hideki Kobayashi Xuehong Chen Kenlo Nishida Nasahara Rikie Suzuki Akihiko Kondoh center for Environmental Remote Sensing Chiba UniversityChibaJapan Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and TechnologyYokohamaJapan State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingPeople’s Republic of China Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan

Three-dimensional(3-D)Monte Carlo-based radiative transfer(MCRT)models are usually used for benchmarking in intercomparisons of the canopy radiative transfer(RT)***,the 3-D MCRT models are rarely applied to develop remote sensing algorithms to estimate essential climate variables of forests,due mainly to the difficulties in obtaining realistic stand structures for different forest biomes over regional to global ***,some of important tree structure parameters such as canopy height and tree density distribution have been available *** enables to run the intermediate complexities of the 3-D MCRT *** consequently developed a statistical approach to generate forest structures with intermediate complexities depending on the inputs of canopy height and tree *** aims at facilitating applications of the 3-D MCRT models to develop remote sensing retrieval *** proposed approach was evaluated using field measurements of two boreal forest stands at Estonia and USA,*** demonstrated that the simulations of bidirectional reflectance factor(BRF)based on the measured forest structures agreed well with the BRF based on the generated structures from the proposed approach with the root mean square error(RMSE)and relative RMSE(rRMSE)ranging from 0.002 to 0.006 and from 0.7%to 19.8%,*** of the computed BRF with corresponding MODIS reflectance data yielded RMSE and rRMSE lower than 0.03 and 20%,*** the results from the current study are limited in two boreal forest stands,our approach has the potential to generate stand structures for different forest biomes.

关键词： Bidirectional reflectance factor remote sensing forest structure radiative transfer model

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Generation of electromotive force in igneous rocks subjected to non-uniform loading

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Earthquake Science 2011年第6期24卷 593-600页

作者： Akihiro Takeuchi mer Aydan Keizo Sayanagi Toshiyasu Nagao Earthquake Prediction Research center Institute of Oceanic Research and DevelopmentTokai UniversityShizuoka 424-8610Japan Department of marine Civil Engineering Faculty of Marine Science and TechnologyTokai UniversityShizuoka 424-8610Japan

When one end of an air-dry igneous rock block was uniaxially loaded in laboratory, there appeared an electromotive force that made electric currents flow from the stressed volume to the unstressed volume. Quartz-free rocks such as gabbro also generated this force, stronger than quartz-bearing rocks such as granite. This indicates that the piezoelectric effect of quartz and the electrokinetic effect of pore water do not make a large contribution toward generating the electromotive force. We focus on peroxy bond that is one of the abundant lattice defects in igneous rock-forming minerals. When mechanical loading deforms the lattice structure around this defect and breaks its bond, its energy levels change and act like an accepter. As an electron is trapped at this defect from a neighbor 02- site, a positive hole is activated there. They attempt to diffuse toward the unstressed volume through the valence band and are simultaneously affected by the attractive electric force with the electrons trapped in peroxy bonds. This leads to a polarization in the stressed volume and the generation of electromotive force between the stressed and unstressed volumes. Similar electromotive force may be generated in the Earth＇s crust where inhomogeneous stress/strain is changing.

关键词： electromotive force igneous rock non-uniform loading positive hole

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Establishment of a developmental atlas and transgenetic tools in the ascidian Styela clava

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marine Life Science & technology 2023年第4期5卷 435-454页

作者： Boyan Lin Wenjie Shi Qiongxuan Lu Takumi TShito Haiyan Yu Bo Dong Fang Zongxi center College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China Department of Bioscience and Informatics Faculty of Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohama 223-8522Japan MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and marine Biodiversity Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China

The ascidian Styela clava is an ecologically important species that is distributed along coastal regions *** has a long history as a model animal for evolutionary and developmental biology research owing to its phylogenetic position between vertebrates and invertebrates,and its classical mosaic expression ***,the standard developmental atlas and protocols and tools for molecular manipulation of this organism are *** this study,we established a standard developmental table and provided a web-based digital image resource for *** embryogenesis at each developmental stage from fertilized eggs to hatching larvae by utilizing confocal laser microscopy and 3D reconstruction *** takes around 10 h for fertilized eggs to develop into swimming larvae and 20–30 min to complete the tail regression processes at the metamorphic *** observed that the notochord cells in *** embryos did not produce an extracellular lumen like Ciona robusta,but showed polarized elongation behaviors,providing us an ideal comparative model to study tissue *** addition,we established a chemical-washing procedure to remove the chorion easily from the fertilized *** on the dechorionation technique,we further realized transgenic manipulation by electroporation and successfully applied tissue-specific fluorescent labeling in *** *** work provides a standard imaging atlas and powerful genetic tools for investigating embryogenesis and evolution using *** as a model organism.

关键词： Ascidian Dechorionation Developmental atlas Styela clava Transgenic manipulation

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The IOD-ENSO precursory teleconnection over the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean:dynamics and long-term trends under global warming

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2018年第1期36卷 4-19页

作者：袁东亮胡晓悦徐鹏赵霞 Yukio MASUMOTO 韩卫清 Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves(KLOCW) and Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciencesand Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Qingdao Collaborative Innovation center of marine Science and technology Qingdao 266071China University of Tokyo TokyoJapan Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA

The dynamics of the teleconnection between the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) in the tropical Indian Ocean and El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) in the tropical Pacific Ocean at the time lag of one year are investigated using lag correlations between the oceanic anomalies in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean in fall and those in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean in the following winter-fall seasons in the observations and in high-resolution global ocean model simulations. The lag correlations suggest that the IOD-forced interannual transport anomalies of the Indonesian Throughflow generate thermocline anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, which propagate to the east to induce ocean-atmosphere coupled evolution leading to ENSO. In comparison, lag correlations between the surface zonal wind anomalies over the western equatorial Pacific in fall and the Indo-Pacific oceanic anomalies at time lags longer than a season are all insignificant, suggesting the short memory of the atmospheric bridge. A linear continuously stratified model is used to investigate the dynamics of the oceanic connection between the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. The experiments suggest that interannual equatorial Kelvin waves from the Indian Ocean propagate into the equatorial Pacific Ocean through the Makassar Strait and the eastern Indonesian seas with a penetration rate of about 10%–15% depending on the baroclinic modes. The IOD-ENSO teleconnection is found to get stronger in the past century or so. Diagnoses of the CMIP5 model simulations suggest that the increased teleconnection is associated with decreased Indonesian Throughflow transports in the recent century, which is found sensitive to the global warming *** dynamics of the teleconnection between the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)in the tropical Indian Ocean and El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)in the tropical Pacific Ocean at the time lag of one year are investigated using lag correlations between the oceanic anomalie

关键词： Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) oceanic channel Indonesian Throughflow ENSO predictability

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Simple Detection Method of Biogenic Amines in Decomposed Fish by Intramolecular Excimer Fluorescence

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2012年第7期3卷 1020-1026页

作者： Hirofumi Nishikawa Tatsuya Tabata Seiichi Kitani Health Service center Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Konan Japan

Biogenic amines are known to have various biological functions such as not only neurotransmitter and cell proliferation but also food poisoning. Bacterially-decomposed amines such as histamine, agmatine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine cause allergic symptoms. We developed simple method for measurement of polyamine as indicator of food decomposition with a fluorometer by using 4-(1-Pyrene)butyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (PSE). PSE reacts with primary and secondary amino moieties of polyamines and produces the intramolecular excimer fluorescence. Excimer fluorescence with broad peak at around 470 nm was clearly detected in linear type biogenic amines such as putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine at 10 mM. However neither histamine nor trimethylamine altered the fluorescence. Decomposed sardine and mackerel by improper storage showed stronger intensity than fresh ones. Comparing with OPA-method, PSE method was useful for screening biogenic amines present in food, esp. fish since the analysis was simple after one-step purification procedure. An inexpensive system which can rapidly detect biogenic amines from food is necessary in a medium and small-sized food business. The technique using excimer has potential to realize the high through-put screening system for evaluation of food freshness and is expected to bring the public interests such as food security and safety of consumer.

关键词： 4-(1-Pyrene)Butyric acid N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester PSE Excimer Fluorescence Biogenic Amine Fish Decomposition Polyamine Food Poisoning

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An alternative visualization pipeline for large-scale data sets by using early visibility test point rendering

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2018年第3期9卷 55-65页

作者： Hideo Miyachi Daisuke Matsuoka Yoji Matsumoto Department of Information Systems Tokyo City University 3-3-1 Ushikubonishi Tuzuki-kuYokohama City 224-8551Japan center for Earth Information Science and technology japan Agency for marine-Earth Science and technology 3173-25 Showa-machi Kanazawa-ku Yokohama Japan Visualization Department Cybernet Systems Co.Ltd.Kanda Neribei-cho Chiyoda-ku TokyoJapan

The amount of produced data required to be visualized and analyzed has grown year by year,and the traditional approach of using larger computational resources or exploiting task and data parallelism seems to have reached its ***,a new paradigm for large-scale data visualization becomes highly desired,and in this paper,we propose a new and optimized visualization pipeline which uses a point rendering-based early visibility testing for reducing the unnecessary rendering in the final stage of the visualization pipeline,and we named this technique“Early Visibility Test Point Rendering”.In a densely populated polygonal mesh scene,where multiple triangles may cover a single pixel,unnecessary and wasteful rendering will occur in the final stage of the traditional visualization pipeline,that is,during the rasterization ***,we propose an alternative visualization pipeline by introducing the“Early Visibility Test Point Rendering”for selecting only the visible polygonal elements for a given visualization *** visibility testing can be executed on the CPU side,and only the visible polygonal elements are needed to be sent to the GPU for an optimized *** could verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach by using synthetic datasets,and also a real-world large-scale simulation result.

关键词： Large scale visualization point rendering visualization pipeline data reduction.

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Spectral vegetation indices as the indicator of canopy photosynthetic productivity in a deciduous broadleaf forest

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第5期6卷 393-407页

作者： Hiroyuki Muraoka Hibiki M.Noda Shin Nagai Takeshi Motohka Taku M.Saitoh Kenlo N.Nasahara Nobuko Saigusa Institute for Basin Ecosystem Studies Gifu University1-1 YanagidoGifu501-1193 Japan Faculty of Life and Environment Sciences University of TsukubaTsukuba305-8572 Japan Research Institute for Global Change Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology(JAMSTEC)Yokohama236-0001 Japan Earth Observation Research center Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyTsukuba305-8505 Japan center for Global Environmental Research National Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukuba205-8506 Japan

Aims Understanding of the ecophysiological dynamics of forest canopy photosynthesis and its spatial and temporal scaling is crucial for revealing ecological response to climate *** observations and analyses of plant ecophysiology and optical remote sensing would enable us to achieve these *** order to examine the utility of spectral vegetation indices(VIs)for assessing ecosystem-level photosynthesis,we investigated the relationships between canopy-scale photosynthetic productivity and canopy spectral reflectance over seasons for 5 years in a cool,temperate deciduous broadleaf forest at‘Takayama’super site in central *** Daily photosynthetic capacity was assessed by in situ canopy leaf area index(LAI),(LAI×Vcmax[single-leaf photosynthetic capacity]),and the daily maximum rate of gross primary production(GPPmax)was estimated by an ecosystem carbon cycle *** examined five VIs:normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),green–red vegetation index(GRVI),chlorophyll index(CI)and canopy chlorophyll index(CCI),which were obtained by the in situ measurements of canopy spectral *** Findings Our in situ observation of leaf and canopy characteristics,which were analyzed by an ecosystem carbon cycling model,revealed that their phenological changes are responsible for seasonal and interannual variations in canopy *** correlations were found between the five VIs and canopy photosynthetic capacity over the seasons and years;four of the VIs showed hysteresis-type relationships and only CCI showed rather linear *** the VIs examined,we applied EVI–GPPmax relationship to EVI data obtained by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer to estimate the temporal and spatial variation in GPPmax over central *** findings would improve the accuracy of satellite-based estimate of forest photosynthetic productivity in fine spatial and temporal resolutions,which are

关键词： canopy photosynthesis deciduous broadleaf forest phenology remote sensing vegetation index

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A Comprehensive Investigation of an Offshore Active Fault in the Western Sagami Bay, Central japan

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2002年第3期76卷 300-307页

作者：吴时国坂本泉徐纪人黄孝健 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Nanhai Road Qingdao 266071 China japan marine Science & technology center Natsushima 2-15 Yokusuka 237-0061 Japan Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 26 Baiwanzhuang Road Beijing 100037 China Institute of Geochemistry and marine Chemistry University of HamburgBundesstrasse 55 D-20146 Hamburg Germany

Offshore active faults, especially those in the deep sea, are very difficultto study because of the water and sedimentary cover. To characterize the nature and geometry ofoffshore active faults, a combination of methods must be employed. Generally, seismic profiling isused to map these faults, but often only fault-related folds rather than fracture planes are ***-beam swath bathymetry provides information on the structure and growth history of a faultbecause movements of an active fault are reflected in the bottom morphology. Submersible anddeep-tow surveys allow direct observations of deformations on the seafloor (including fracture zonesand microstructures). In the deep sea, linearly aligned cold seep communities provide indirectevidence for active faults and the spatial migration of their activities. The Western Sagami Bayfault (WSBF) in the western Sagami Bay off central japan is an active fault that has been studied indetail using the above methods. The bottom morphology, fractured breccias directly observed andphotographed, seismic profiles, as well as distribution and migration of cold seep communitiesprovide evidence for the nature and geometry of the fault. Focal mechanism solutions of selectedearthquakes in the western Sagami Bay during the period from 1900 to 1995 show that the maximumcompression trends NW-SE and the minimum stress axis strikes NE-SW, a stress pattern indicating aleft-lateral strike-slip fault.

关键词： offshore active fault deep4ow imagery submersible stress field Sagami Bay

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INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF KUROSHIO CURRENT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE NEARSHORE BRANCH IN japan/EAST SEA

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2010年第3期22卷 305-311页

作者： ZHENG Pei-nan WU De-xing LIN Xiao-pei LI Xiao-ting Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 China marine Environmental Ensuring center the Headquarters of General Staff Beijing 100081 China marine Environmental Ensuring center the Headquarters of General Staff Beijing 100081 China

Based on the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model （HYCOM）, this article presents simulations of the three-dimensional dynamic and thermal structure of the North Pacific Ocean （NPO） in the time domain from January 1991 to December 2000. The baroclinic current field and its interannual variability in Northwest Pacific Ocean （NWPO）, especially, the Kuroshio Current （KC） and the japan/East Sea （JES） are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the HYCOM covers a complete dynamic and thermo process with adequate representations of the eddy fields and variability in main spatial and temporal scales. The model is used to simulatethe strong interanual variability of the KC, which may affect the strength of the eastern bifurcation of the Tsushima Warm Current （TSWC）, named the Nearshore Branch （NB） in the JES. When the KC is strong and its axis is close to the japan Island, the TSWC and its bifurcations in the JES would intensify accordingly. Our results confirm once again the hypothesis of Yang et al. that the KC determines the annual mean NB in the JES via the ＂island integral constraint＂. This article further extends this hypothesis to study the KC role in the NB on a time dependent scale.

关键词： KC JES NB HYCOM interannual variability island integral constraint

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The POM-DOM piezophilic microorganism continuum(PDPMC)—The role of piezophilic microorganisms in the global ocean carbon cycle

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第1期58卷 106-115页

作者： FANG JiaSong ZHANG Li LI Jiang Tao Chiaki KATO Christian TAMBURINI ZHANG YuZhong DANG HongYue WANG GuangYi WANG FengPing State Key Laboratory of marine Geology School of Ocean and Earth ScienceTongji University Department of Natural Sciences Hawaii Pacific University State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Faculty of Earth SciencesChina University of Geosciences Institute of Biogeoscience japan Agency for marine-Earth Science and technology (JAMSTEC) 2-15 Natsushima-cho Aix Marseille Université CNRS Université de Toulon IRD State Key Laboratory of Microbial technology Shandong University State Key Laboratory of marine Environmental Sciences Institute of marine Microbes and Ecospheres Xiamen University center for marine Ecology and Environmental Research Tianjin University State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University

The deep ocean piezosphere accounts for a significant part of the global ocean,hosts active and diverse microbial communities which probably play a more important role than hitherto recognized in the global ocean carbon *** conventional biological pump concept and the recently proposed microbial carbon pump mechanism provide a foundation for our understanding of the role of microorganisms in cycling of carbon in the ***,there are significant gaps in our knowledge and a lack of mechanistic understanding of the processes of microbially-mediated production,transformation,degradation,and export of marine dissolved and particulate organic matter(DOM and POM)in the deep ocean and the ecological *** we propose the POM-DOM piezophilic microorganism continuum(PDPMC)conceptual model,to address these important biogeochemical processes in the deep *** propose that piezophilic microorganisms(bacteria and archaea)play a pivotal role in deep ocean carbon cycle where microbial production of exoenzymes,enzymatic breakdown of DOM and transformation of POM fuels the rapid cycling of marine organic matter,and serve as the primary driver for carbon cycle in the deep ocean.

关键词： carbon cycle deep ocean DOM PDPMC piezophilic microorganisms POM

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