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Thermochemical pretreatment of meat and bone meal and its effect on methane production

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2009年第3期3卷 300-306页

作者： Guangxue WU Zhenhu HU Mark GHEALY Xinmin ZHAN Department of Civil Engineering National University of IrelandGalwayIreland

Since the solubilization of meat and bone meal(MBM)is a prerequisite in many MBM disposal approaches,enhancement of the solubilization by means of thermochemical pretreatment was investigated in this study at two temperatures(55℃and 131℃)and six sodium hydroxide(NaOH)concentrations(0,1.25,2.5,5,10 and 20 g/L).The MBM volatile solid(VS)reduction ratio was up to 66%and 70%at 55℃and 131℃,*** the same temperature,the VS reduction ratio increased with the increase in the dosage of *** study on the methane(CH4)production potential of pretreated MBM shows that the addition of NaOH at 55℃did not cause the inhibition of the succeeding CH4 production ***,CH4 production was inhibited by the addition of NaOH at 131℃.The CH4 production potential was in the range of 389 to 503 mL CH4/g VS MBM and 464 to 555 mL CH4/g VS MBM at 55℃and 131℃,respectively.

关键词： thermochemical pretreatment meat and bone meal solid reduction solid solubilization methane production potential

Deep reinforcement learning for home energy management system control

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Energy and AI 2021年第1期3卷 64-72页

作者： Paulo Lissa Conor Deane Michael Schukat Federico Seri Marcus Keane Enda Barrett College of Science and Engineering National University of IrelandGalwayIreland Informatics Research Unit for Sustainable Engineering(IRUSE)Galway Ireland Ryan Institute National University of Ireland GalwayIreland

The use of machine learning techniques has been proven to be a viable solution for smart home energy *** techniques autonomously control heating and domestic hot water systems,which are the most relevant loads in a dwelling,helping consumers to reduce energy consumption and also improving their ***,the number of houses equipped with renewable energy resources is increasing,and this is a key ele-ment for energy usage optimization,where coordinating loads and production can bring additional savings and reduce peak *** this regard,we propose the development of a deep reinforcement learning(DRL)algorithm for indoor and domestic hot water temperature control,aiming to reduce energy consumption by optimizing the usage of PV energy ***,a methodology for a new dynamic indoor temperature setpoint definition is presented,thus allowing greater flexibility and *** results show that the proposed DRL al-gorithm combined with the dynamic setpoint achieved on average 8%of energy savings compared to a rule-based algorithm,reaching up to 16%of savings over the summer ***,the users’comfort has not been compromised,as the algorithm is calibrated to not exceed more than 1%of the time out the specified temperature *** analysis shows that further savings could be achieved if the time out of comfort is increased,which could be agreed according to users’*** demand side management,the DRL control shows efficiency by anticipating and delaying actions for a PV self-consumption optimization,performing over 10%of load ***,the renewable energy consumption is 9.5%higher for the DRL-based model compared to the rule-based,which means less energy consumed from the grid.

关键词： Deep reinforcement learning Residential home energy management Demand response Autonomous control

Has OpenStreetMap a role in Digital Earth applications?

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2014年第7期7卷 534-553页

作者： Peter Mooney Padraig Corcoran Department of Computer Science National University of IrelandMaynoothIreland School of Computer Science and Informatics University College DublinBelfieldIreland

Volunteered geographic information(VGI),as a special subset of crowdsourcing,has provoked interest from many scientific disciplines and industry in the past few ***(OSM)is the most famous and well supported example of a VGI project on the Internet *** a technology,Digital Earth(DE)offers immediate access to enormous quantities of data and information,referenced by locations on the surface of the *** of DE’s goals is to make global spatial information ubiquitously available as an essential component of ***’s mission is well positioned within this goal where OSM aims to create a freely available editable map database of the *** paper explores the characteristics of the collaborative,crowd-based,editing of spatial data in OSM and the crowd *** provide some conclusions on how OSM can be best integrated into the fabric of DE.

关键词： OpenStreetMap Digital Earth volunteers spatial data crowdsourcing

Development of a facile block copolymer method for creating hard mask patterns integrated into semiconductor manufacturing

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Nano Research 2016年第10期9卷 3116-3128页

作者： Tandra Ghoshal Matthew T. Shaw Justin D. Holmes Michael A. Morris Department of Chemistry and Tyndall National Institute University College Cork Cork Ireland AMBER Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland Intel ireland Ltd. Collinstown Industrial Estate Co. Kildare Ireland School of Chemistry Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland

Our goal is to develop a facile process to create patterns of inorganic oxides and metals on a substrate that can act as hard masks. These materials should have high etch contrast （compared to silicon） and so allow high-aspect-ratio, high- fidelity pattern transfer whilst being readily integrable in modem semiconductor fabrication （FAB friendly）. Here, we show that ultra-small-dimension hard masks can be used to develop large areas of densely packed vertically and horizontally orientated Si nanowire arrays. The inorganic and metal hard masks （Ni, NiO, and ZnO） of different morphologies and dimensions were formed using microphase- separated polystyrene-b-poly（ethylene oxide）（PS-b-PEO） block copolymer （BCP） thin films by varying the BCP molecular weight, annealing temperature, and annealing solvent（s）. The self-assembled polymer patterns were solvent-processed, and metal ions were included into chosen domains via a selective inclusion method. Inorganic oxide nanopatterns were subsequently developed using standard techniques. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies show that high-aspect-ratio pattern transfer could be affected by standard plasma etch techniques. The masking ability of the different materials was compared in order to create the highest quality uniform and smooth sidewall profiles of the Si nanowire arrays. Notably good performance of the metal mask was seen, and this could impact the use of these materials at small dimensions where conventional methods are severely limited.

关键词： block copolymer self-assembly hard mask silicon nanowires

Process stability and microbial community composition in pig manure and food waste anaerobic co-digesters operated at low HRTs

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第3期11卷 53-65页

作者： Conor Dennehy Peadar G. Lawlor Gillian E. Gardiner Yan Jiang Paul Cormican Matthew S. McCabe Xinmin Zhan Department of Civil Engineering College of Engineering and Informatics National University of Ireland Galway Ireland Teagasc Pig Development Department Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre Fermoy Ireland Department of Science Waterford Institute of Technology Waterford Ireland Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre Dunsany Meath Ireland

This study assessed the effects of reducing hydraulic retention times （HRTs） from 21 days to 10.5 days when anaerobically co-digesting pig manure and food waste. Continuously stirred tank reactors of 3.75 L working volume were operated in triplicate at 42℃. Digester HRT was progressively decreased from 21 to 15 days to 10.5 days, with an associated increase in organic loading rate （OLR） from 3.1 kg volatile solids （VS）·m^-***^-1 to 5.1 kg VS·m^***-1 to 7.25 kg VS.m^-3·day^-1. Reducing HRT from 21 days to 15 days caused a decrease in specific methane yields and VS removal rates. Operation at a HRT of 10.5 days initially resulted in the accumulation of isobutyric acid in each reactor. High throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that this increase coincided with a shift in acidogenic bacterial populations, which most likely resulted in the increased isobutyric acid concentrations. This may in turn have caused the increase in relative abundance of Clocamonaceae bacteria, which syntrophically degrade non-acetate volatile fatty acids （VFAs） into H2 and CO2. This, along with the increase in abundance of other syntrophic VFA oxidizers, such as Spiorchatetes, suggests that VFA oxidation plays a role in digester operation at low HRTs. Reducing the HRT to below 21 days compromised the ability of the anaerobic digestion system to reduce enteric indicator organism counts below regulatory limits.

关键词： Biogas Sequencing Clocamonaeeae Spiorchatetes Isobutyrate Biosafety

Phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer and its implications for the human gut microbiome

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Gastroenterology Report 2022年第1期10卷 78-89页

作者： Tatiana Borodovich Andrey N.Shkoporov R.Paul Ross Colin Hill APC Microbiome ireland University College CorkCorkIreland School of Microbiology University College CorkCorkIreland

Horizontal gene transfer(HGT)in the microbiome has profound consequences for human health and *** spread of antibiotic resistance genes,virulence,and pathogenicity determinants predominantly occurs by way of *** exists of extensive horizontal transfer in the human gut *** transduction is a type of HGT event in which a bacteriophage transfers non-viral DNA from one bacterial host cell to *** abundance of tailed bacteriophages in the human gut suggests that transduction could act as a significant mode of HGT in the gut *** we review in detail the known mechanisms of phage-mediated HGT,namely specialized and generalized transduction,lateral transduction,gene-transfer agents,and molecular piracy,as well as methods used to detect phage-mediated HGT,and discuss its potential implications for the human gut microbiome.

关键词： gut phageome horizontal gene transfer gene transduction phage-mediated gene transfer

A review of the physiological and psychological health and wellbeing of naval service personnel and the modalities used for monitoring

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Military Medical Research 2017年第1期4卷 20-49页

作者： Cliodhna Sargent Cormac Gebruers Jim O'Mahony Cork Institute of Technology Rossa Avenue Bishopstown Cork Ireland National Maritime College of ireland Ringaskiddy Cork Ireland

Naval cohorts rely heavily on personnel to ensure the efficient running of naval organisations. As such, the wellbeing of personnel is essential. In an occupational setting, naval service personnel experience a variety of physiological and psychological stressors. Most naval services arrange annual physical fitness and body composition tests to ensure the physical readiness of personnel. However, these tests only evaluate a small amount of physiological capabilities. Components such as aerobic and strength capabilities are assessed, however, other components of physical fitness such as speed, agility, anaerobic capacity and flexibility are not. In addition to the physical capabilities, personnel are impacted by fatigue, nutrition and psychological stressors such as copping in stressful situations or dealing with time away from family and friends. This review will discuss the physiological and psychological factors that affect personnel's wellbeing. In addition to this, it will also evaluate the methods that are used to assess both physiological and psychological wellbeing.

关键词： Navy Military Seafarer Psychological-physical fitness Fatigue Nutrition Substance abuse

Global warming potential associated with Irish milk powder production

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第3期11卷 123-130页

作者： William Finnegan Jamie Goggins Aksana Chyzheuskaya Xinmin Zhan College of Engineering and nformatics National University of Ireland Galway H91 HX31 Galway Ireland Ryan Institute for Environmental Marine and Energy Research National University of Ireland Galway H91 DK59 Galway Ireland Centre for Marine and Renewable Energy (MaREI) H91 HX31 Galway Ireland Socio-Economic Marine Research Unit (SEMRU) National University of Ireland Galway H91 WN80 Galway Ireland

Climate change is an ever growing issue and a major concem worldwide. Both producers and processors need to address the issue now by reducing, their carbon footprint. Additionally, if ireland is to meet their climate and energy targets, as outlined in Food Harvest 2020, which outlines a range ot objectives for the Irish agricultural sector, the efficient use of resources and fuels within the industry will need to be increased. In ireland, agriculture accounts for 29.2% of the total greenhouse gas powder, is examined in order to estimate the global warming potential （GWP） associated with its manufacture using life cycle assessment. A cradle-to-processing factory gate analysis, which includes raw milk production, raw milk transportation to the processmg tactory, its processing into eacla product and product packaging, is assessed in this study using data collected circa 2013. The factories surveyed processed approximately 24% of the total raw milk processed in the Republic of ireland in 2013, which was 5.83 billion liter. The average total GWP associated with the manufacture of milk powder is 9.731 kg CO2eq·kg^-1 milk powder, which has a standard deviation of 2.26 kg CO2eq·kg^-1 milk powder, for the life cycle stages analyzed in this study. The most significant contributor to GWP is raw milk production （84%）, followed by dairy processing （14%）, with the remainder of the life cycle stages contributing approximately 2%.

关键词： Dairy Global wanning potential ireland Life cycle assessment Milk powder Milk production

Liquid-phase 3D bioprinting of gelatin alginate hydrogels:influence of printing parameters on hydrogel line width and layer height

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Bio-Design and Manufacturing 2019年第3期2卷 172-180页

作者： Maha Alruwaili Jose A.Lopez Kevin McCarthy Emmanuel G.Reynaud Brian J.Rodriguez Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research University College DublinDublinIreland School of Physics University College DublinDublinIreland School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science University College DublinDublinIreland

Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting is a direct deposition approach used to create three-dimensional(3D)tissue scaffolds typically comprising *** are hydrated polymer networks that are chemically or physically ***,3D bioprinting is performed in air,despite the hydrated nature of hydrogels and the potential advantage of using a liquid phase to provide cross-linking and otherwise functionalize the *** this work,we print gelatin alginate hydrogels directly into a cross-linking solution of calcium chloride and investigate the influence of nozzle diameter,distance between nozzle and surface,calcium chloride concentration,and extrusion rate on the dimensions of the printed *** hydrogel layer height was generally found to increase with increasing extrusion rate and nozzle distance,according to the increased volume extruded and the available space,*** addition,the hydrogel width was generally found to increase with decreasing nozzle distance and cross-linking concentration corresponding to confinement-induced spreading and low crosslinking regimes,***/height ratios of^1 were generally achieved when the nozzle diameter and distance were comparable above a certain cross-linking *** these relationships,biocompatible 3D multilayer structures were successfully printed directly into calcium chloride cross-linking solution.

关键词： Gelatin alginate Hydrogel Additive manufacturing 3D printing 3D bioprinting Biomaterials Extrusion Bioplotting