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Evaluation of soil loss severity and ecological restoration approach for sustainable agriculture in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya region

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第5期21卷 1509-1521页

作者： Arshad ASHRAF Imran AHMAD Climate Energy and Water Research InstituteNational Agricultural Research Centre(NARC)Islamabad 44000Pakistan

Soil erosion has resulted in removal of the topsoils containing fine soil particles and plant nutrients, causing decrease in soil fertility in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya(HKH) region. The existing production of cereal crop grains has been reduced to one third of the potential crop grains production owing to land degradation and poor farming practices. It is necessary to assess risk of soil loss and identify appropriate controlling measures to address issues of low agriculture productivity and water insecurity in the region. In the present study, severity of soil loss was predicted using Revised Universal Loss Equation(RUSLE) and ecological measures were identified for sustainable mountain agriculture in the HKH region of Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Overall 62.6% area was found to have very low risk of soil loss, i.e., 100 t/(ha·yr) in about 6.8% and 7.4% areas respectively. The mean rate of soil loss was about 41.9 t/(ha·yr) in the Hindu Kush, 31.1 t/(ha·yr) in the Himalayas, 18.8 t/(ha·yr) in the Karakoram and overall 29.7 t/(ha·yr) in the three HKH ranges. As such no considerable measures have been adopted by the communities for restoration of the degraded areas except raising fruit/farm trees and supporting limited social forestry for their livelihoods. The slopes cleared for cultivation and susceptible to erosion may be stabilized through sowing/planting of multi-purpose plant species and formation of proper bench terraces. The conservation of forest ecosystem and pastures at higher elevations would help in reducing overland water flow, risk of flash flood hazard and minimizing sediment loads in the downstream. It is essential to adopt site-specific resource conservation techniques and restore possible ecosystem health for sustainable agriculture and economic developm

关键词： Climate change Erodibility Indus basin Land degradation Slope stabilization

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Assessment of runoff changes in the sub-basin of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin, China based on multiple methods

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Journal of Arid Land 2024年第4期16卷 461-482页

作者： WANG Xingbo ZHANG Shuanghu TIAN Yiman Department of water Resources China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing 100038China College of Hydrology and water Resources Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China

Quantitative assessment of the impact of climate variability and human activities on runoff plays a pivotal role in water resource management and maintaining ecosystem *** study considered six sub-basins in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin,China,to reveal the trend of the runoff evolution and clarify the driving factors of the changes during 1956–*** regression,Mann-Kendall test,and sliding t-test were used to study the trend of the hydrometeorological elements,while cumulative distance level and ordered clustering methods were applied to identify mutation *** contributions of climate change and human disturbance to runoff changes were quantitatively assessed using three methods,i.e.,the rainfall-runoff relationship method,slope variation method,and variable infiltration capacity(Budyko)hypothesis ***,the availability and stability of the three methods were *** results showed that the runoff in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin exhibited a decreasing trend from 1956 to 2020,with an abrupt change in *** attribution analysis,the runoff series could be divided into two phases,i.e.,1961–1985(baseline period)and 1986–2020(changing period);and it was found that the rainfall-runoff relationship method with precipitation as the representative of climate factors had limited usability compared with the other two methods,while the slope variation and Budyko hypothesis methods had highly consistent *** factors showed different effects in the sub-basins of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River ***,human disturbance was the main factor that contributed to the runoff changes,accounting for 53.0%–82.0%;and the contribution of climate factors to the runoff change was 17.0%–47.0%,making it the secondary factor,in which precipitation was the most representative climate *** results provide insights into how climate and anthropogenic changes synergistically influence the runoff of t

关键词： economic belt runoff change influencing assessment climate human activities

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Unearthing old rice germplasm,illuminating a new way to improvement

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2024年第6期66卷 1041-1043页

作者： Xiaoming Zheng Ramaiah Venuprasad Ajay Kohli international Rice research institute Metro ManilaPhilippines

We are on the cusp of a new era,with the global pop-ulation surpassing 8 billion,and over half relying on riceas their staple food(Sasaki and Burr,2000).Despite thisgrowing demand,rice yield per unit has seemingly plateauedfor many years(Song et al.,2022).This stagnation raisesserious concerns about future global food security,especiallyconsidering the shrinking arable land in many countries.

关键词： germplasm plateau spite

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Recent progress about transmission electron microscopy characterizations on lithium-ion batteries

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第8期95卷 39-56,I0002页

作者： Yihang Liu Qiuyun Li Ziqiang Wang institute of Materials research Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518000GuangdongChina

With the rapid development of portable electronics,new energy vehicles,and smart grids,ion batteries are becoming one of the most widely used energy storage devices,while the safety concern of ion batteries has always been an urgent problem to be *** develop a safety-guaranteed battery,the characterization of the internal structure is indispensable,where electron microscopy plays a crucial *** on this,this paper summarizes the application of transmission electron microscopy(TEM)in battery safety,further concludes and analyzes the aspects of dendrite growth and solid electrolyte interface(SEI)formation that affect the safety of ion batteries,and emphasizes the importance of electron microscopy in battery safety research and the potential of these techniques to promote the future development of this *** advanced electron microscopy techniques and their prospects are also discussed.

关键词： Electron microscopy characterizations Lithium-ion batteries Dendrites SEI

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Fundamentals and progress of the manifold method based on independent covers

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2024年第4期67卷 966-991页

作者： SU HaiDong LIN ShaoZhong XIE ZhiQiang GONG YaQi QI YongFeng Material and Engineering Structure Department Yangtze River Scientific Research InstituteWuhan 430010China research Center of water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of water Resources Wuhan 430010China

Aiming to solve mesh generation,computational stability,accuracy control,and other problems encountered with existing numerical methods,such as the finite element method and the finite volume method,a new numerical computational method for continuum mechanics,namely the manifold method based on independent covers(MMIC),is proposed based on the concept of mathematical manifolds,to form partitioned series solutions of partial differential *** partitions,the cover meshes have the characteristics of arbitrary shape,arbitrary connection,and arbitrary *** are expected to fundamentally solve the mesh generation problem and can also simulate the precise geometric boundaries of the CAD model and strictly impose boundary *** the selection of series solutions,local analytical solutions(such as series solutions at crack tips and series solutions in infinite domains)or proper forms of complete series can be used to reflect the local or global characteristics of the physical field to accelerate *** applications are presented.A new method of beam,plate,and shell analysis is *** deformation characteristics of beams,plates,and shells are simulated with polynomial series of suitable forms,and the analysis of curved beams and shells with accurate geometric representation is *** the static elastic analysis of two-dimensional structures,a mesh splitting algorithm is proposed,and h-p version adaptive analysis is carried out with error ***,automatic computation integrated with CAD is *** analysis is also attempted for the solution of differential equations of *** the one-dimensional convection-diffusion equation and Burgers equation,calculation results with high precision are obtained in strong convection and shock wave simulations,avoiding nonphysical *** solving the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equation is also *** series solution formula is used to o

关键词： series solutions mesh generation adaptive analysis fixed meshes numerical manifold method

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Surface water resource attenuation attribution and patterns in Hai River Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1545-1560页

作者： Qingming WANG Yong ZHAO Hao WANG Jiaqi ZHAI Yue ZHANG Fan HE Rong LIU Mengyang MA State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of water Cycle in River Basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research(IWHR)Beijing 100038China Key Laboratory of water Safety for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of Ministry of water Resources Beijing 100038China General institute of water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design Ministry of Water ResourcesBeijing 100120China

From 1956 to 2016,Hai River Basin suffered the most severe surface water resource attenuation among the 10 first-class river basins in *** on the surface water circulation process,and evolving characteristics of precipitation and underlying surface in Hai River Basin,this study attributed the causes of surface water resource attenuation to six primary impact factors,analyzed each factor's quantitative contribution,and revealed four patterns of surface water resource attenuation in Hai River *** pattern of the dominant factor:comparing the 1980–2000 period with the 1956–1979period,the variation of precipitation is the dominant factor of which contribution is 7 billion m^(3),accounting for 59%of total11.7 billion m^(3);comparing the 2001–2016 period with the 1956–1979 period,the increasing of vegetation cover in mountainous area is the dominant factor of which contribution is 2.78 billion m3,accounting for 51%of total 4.9 billion m^(3).The pattern of spatial distributions:comparing the 2001–2016 period with the 1956–1979 period,mountainous areas were more affected by increasing vegetation cover which for example contributed 42%in Luan River Basin mountainous;the plains were more impacted by farmland ridge interception which for example contributed 51%in Beisi River Basin *** pattern of attenuation trend:comparing the 2001–2016 period with the 1980–2000 period,surface water resources in mountainous areas continued to decline,owing to the increasing water consumption of large-scale vegetation restoration,while the influence of the underlying surface changes on surface water resources in plains areas tended to remain *** pattern of reversible change:among factors led to surface water resource attenuation,the human activity,including vegetation cover increase,farmland ridge interception,and urbanization expansion,contributed 36%of the attenuation,which resulted in the variation of precipitation-runoff *** study improved the traditiona

关键词： Hai River Basin Surface water resources Contribution decomposition Quantitative contribution Attenuation patterns

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Evaluation and attribution of trends in compound dry-hot events for major river basins in China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 79-91页

作者： Shaotang XIONG Tongtiegang ZHAO Chengchao GUO Yu TIAN Fang YANG Wenlong CHEN Xiaohong CHEN Key Laboratory of water Security Guarantee in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Marco Greater Bay Area of Ministry of water Resources&Sun Yatsen University/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai) Guangzhou 510275China China institute of water Resource and Hydropower research Beijing 100038China Pearl River Hydraulic research institute Guangzhou 510611China

Concurrent compound dry and hot events(CDHEs)amplified more damange on the ecosystems and human society than individual *** climate change,compound dry and hot events become more frequent on a global *** paper proposes a mathematical method to quantitatively attribute changes of CDHEs to changes of precipitation,change in temperature and change in the dependence between precipitation and *** attribution is achieved by formulating the total differential equation of the return period of CDHEs among Meta-gaussian model.A case study of China is devised based on monthly precipitation and temperature data during the period from 1921 to 2020 for 80 major river *** is found that temperature is the main driving factor of increases in CDHEs for 49 major river basins in China,except for the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze *** West China,precipitation changes drove the increase in CDHEs in 18 river basins(23%),particularly in parts of North Xinjiang,Qinghai and *** the other hand,dependence between precipitation and temperature dominated changes of CDHEs in 13 river basins(16%)of China with other factors,including parts of South China,East China and Northwestern ***,changes in both the mean and spread of precipitation and temperature can also contribute to changes in CDHEs.

关键词： Climate extreme Compound dry and hot extreme Precipitation Temperature Return period

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Features and formulae of sediment incipient motion in vegetated flow environment

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2024年第2期36卷 331-339页

作者： Yu-xuan Xu Wei-jie Wang Shi-bao Zhang Han-qing Zhao Xue-kai Chen Hai-ping Zhang School of water Conservancy North China University of Water Resources and Electric PowerZhengzhou450045China State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of water Cycle in River Basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing100038China China Three Gorges Corporation Wuhan430010China

Aquatic vegetation is a vital component of natural river ecosystems,playing a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance,providing habitat and improving water ***,the presence of vegetation results in increased resistance in vegetated channels compared with non-vegetated channels,rendering traditional sediment movement predictions inadequate for the ***,the concept of a vegetation influence factor,denoted by CDah,has been proposed by previous researchers to represent the effect of vegetation on sediment movement in *** this study,we focus on exploring the vegetation resistance coefficient(CD)among the vegetation influence factors,evaluating two different calculation methods for vegetation resistance coefficient,and presenting two expressions through genetic algorithm analysis to predict the incipient flow velocity of sediment in vegetated *** predicted values from the new formulae show excellent agreement with measured data,highlighting the high accuracy of the proposed methods in predicting the incipient flow velocity of *** results provide a solid theoretical basis for understanding the influence of aquatic vegetation on sediment particle movement.

关键词： Vegetation flow vegetation resistance coefficient genetic algorithm sediment initiation

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Analytical solutions of turbulent boundary layer beneath forward-leaning waves

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2024年第4期45卷 695-710页

作者： Yiqin XIE Jifu ZHOU Xu WANG Jinlong DUAN Yongjun LU Shouqian LI Laboratory for Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems Institute of MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of water Cycle in River Basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing 100038China School of Engineering Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering Nanjing Hydraulic Research InstituteNanjing 210024China

As a typical nonlinear wave,forward-leaning waves can be frequently encountered in the near-shore areas,which can impact coastal sediment transport ***,it is of significance to describe the characteristics of the boundary layer beneath forward-leaning waves accurately,especially for the turbulent boundary *** this work,the linearized turbulent boundary layer model with a linear turbulent viscosity coefficient is applied,and the novel expression of the near-bed orbital velocity that has been worked out by the authors for forward-leaning waves of arbitrary forward-leaning degrees is further used to specify the free stream boundary condition of the bottom boundary ***,a variable transformation is found so as to make the equation of the turbulent boundary layer model be solved analytically through a modified Bessel ***,an explicit analytical solution of the turbulent boundary layer beneath forward-leaning waves is derived by means of variable separation and variable *** analytical solutions of the velocity profile and bottom shear stress of the turbulent boundary layer beneath forward-leaning waves are verified by comparing the present analytical results with typical experimental data available in the previous literature.

关键词： forward-leaning wave turbulent boundary layer velocity profile bottom shear stress

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Considerations of advanced aqueous batteries recycling:A perspective

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第6期93卷 46-54,I0002页

作者： Yun Zhao Yuqiong Kang Hao Du Feiyu Kang Baohua Li institute of Materials research Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055GuangdongChina

*** Battery technology,serving as a basis for a rechargeable society,has developed rapidly over a century[1].The progress can be roughly divided into three stages,with the initial two mainly focusing on aqueous battery *** to 1859,research primarily focused on the conceptualization of batteries and the development of primary(non-rechargeable)cells[2].In the subsequent150 years,rechargeable battery technology emerged。

关键词： battery Battery primarily

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