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Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles for Economic Benefits:A Review

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2021年第1期9卷 13-26页

作者： Harshavardhan Patil Vaiju Nago Kalkhambkar Rajarambapu institute of Technology(affiliated to Shivaji University Kolhapur)

Emissions from the internal combustion engine(ICE) vehicles are one of the primary cause of air pollution and climate change. In recent years, electric vehicles(EVs) are becoming a more sensible alternative to these ICE vehicles. With the recent breakthroughs in battery technology and large-scale production, EVs are becoming cheaper. In the near future,mass deployment of EVs will put severe stress on the existing electrical power system(EPS). Optimal scheduling of EVs can reduce the stress on the existing network while accommodating large-scale integration of EVs. The integration of these EVs can provide several economic benefits to different players in the energy market. In this paper, recent works related to the integration of EV with EPS are classified based on their relevance to different players in the electricity market. This classification refers to four players: generation company(GENCO), distribution system operator(DSO), EV aggregator, and end user. Further classification is done based on scheduling or charging strategies used for the grid integration of EVs. This paper provides a comprehensive review of technical challenges in the grid integration of EVs along with their solution based on optimal scheduling and controlled charging strategies.

关键词： Electric vehicle(EV)scheduling economic benefit vehicle-to-grid(V2G) aggregator EV grid integration distribution system operator(DSO) cost minimization

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液氧煤油发动机混合比调整技术研究

Aerospace China 2023年第2期24卷 39-45页

作者： YANG Yongqiang CAO Chen MA Nan WANG Fei Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion institute Xi'an 710100 Science and Technology on Liquid Rocket engine Laboratory Xi'an 710100

The LM-5B carrier rocket’s first stage is equipped with eight 120 *** high-pressure staged combustion LOX/kerosene engines(YF-100).The YF-100 engine features a throttle valve in the main fuel path,which allows the adjustment of the throttle area,thereby controlling the engine’s mixture *** parameters for the throttle valve were determined based on design conditions(mixture ratio of 2.6),and the engine was then tested for *** testing,if the mixture ratio was found not to meet the overall requirements of the rocket,the throttle area could be adjusted prior to subsequent ignition or installation in the whole system,enabling a secondary adjustment of the mixture *** paper outlines the methodology for static parameter calculations of the engine and the analysis of internal and external interference factors,and presents a scheme for the secondary adjustment of the engine’s mixture ratio and examines the precision of this secondary *** mixture ratio adjustment technology can notably reduce the dispersion range of mixture ratios for YF-100 ***,the influence of mixture ratio adjustment on engine performance parameters was *** approach of mixture ratio adjustment proposed in this paper lays the technical foundation for the precise adjustment of mixture ratio for future heavy-lift rocket engines.

关键词： LM-5B LOX/kerosene engine mixture ratio adjustment performance parameters

Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of an Irreversible Maisotsenko-Diesel Cycle

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Journal of Thermal Science 2019年第4期28卷 659-668页

作者： ZHU Fuli CHEN Lingen WANG Wenhua College of Power engineering Naval University of EngineeringWuhan 430033China institute of Thermal Science and Power engineering Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan 430205China School of Mechanical & Electrical engineering Wuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan 430205China

So far,Maisotsenko cycle has been applied to many fields such as heating ventilation and air-conditioning,power industry,chemical production,and so on.A lot of researches about classical thermodynamic analyses of Maisotsenko cycle have been made.A new cycle model of combined Diesel and Maisotsenko cycles considering heat transfer loss(HTL),piston friction loss(PFL)and internal irreversible loss(IIL)was proposed in this *** using the finite time thermodynamic(FTT)theory,the power and efficiency performances of the Maisotsenko-Diesel cycle(MDC)were *** of mass flow rate(MFR)of water injection in the Maisotsenko air saturator(MAS)and the other parameters related to the design of Diesel engine on the optimal cycle performances were ***,it was testified that irreversible MDC was superior than conventional irreversible Diesel cycle in both power output and thermal *** results can expand the application of Maisotsenko cycle(M-cycle)and provide some theoretical guidelines for the practical devices.

关键词： Maisotsenko-Diesel cycle finite-time thermodynamics power output thermal efficiency performance optimization

Numerical study on ignition start-up process of an underwater solid rocket motor across a wide depth range

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2024年第10期37卷 136-157页

作者： Deyou WANG Shipeng LI Ge JIN Ruyao WANG Dian GUAN Ningfei WANG School of Aerospace engineering Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China Beijing System Design institute of Electro-mechanic engineering Beijing 100854China

Solid rocket motors have important applications in the propulsion of trans-media vehicles and underwater launched *** this paper,the ignition start-up process of an underwater solid rocket motor across a wide depth range has been numerically studied.A novel multi-domain integrated model has been developed by combining the solid propellant ignition and combustion model with the volume of fluid multiphase *** integrated model enables the coupled simulation of the propellant combustion and gas flow inside the motor,along with the gas jet evolution in the external water *** detailed flow field developments in the combustion chamber,nozzle,and wake field are carefully *** variation rules of the internal ballistics and thrust performance are also *** effects of environmental medium and operating depth on the ignition start-up process are systematically *** results show that the influence of the operating environment on the internal ballistic characteristics is primarily reflected in the initial period after the nozzle closure *** development of the gas jet in water lags significantly compared with that in *** the water depth increases,the ignition delay time of the motor is shortened,and the morphology evolution of the gas jet is significantly compressed and ***,the necking and bulging of the jet boundary near the nozzle outlet and the consequent shock oscillations are intensified,resulting in stronger fluctuations in the wake pressure field and motor thrust.

关键词： Underwater propulsion Solid rocket motor Ignition start-up process Underwater gas jet Thrust oscillation

Experimental and Numerical Study of Impact of Air Filter Holes Masking on Altitude at Heavy-Duty Diesel engine

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Modern Mechanical engineering 2012年第4期2卷 157-166页

作者： Sepideh Hosseinzadeh Mofid Gorji-Bandpy Ghasem Javadi Rad Mojtaba Keshavarz Department of Mechanical engineering Babol Universityof Tecjnology Babol Iran Iran Heavy Diesel engine Mfg Co (DESA) Amol Iran

At high altitudes, power of an internal combustion engine reduces due to air density reduction. In turbocharged diesel engine this issue affects the performance of the compressor and can result in unstable operation of the turbocharger if the power is not decreased by engine actuator. Mainly for testing the effects of altitude in the test room, air throttle valve and combustion air handling unit were used to reduce the suction air pressure. Easier and cheaper solution to consider effect of altitude on engine performance is to mask part of the air filter to reduce the suction pressure. In this paper, pressure drop against 0%, 26%, 52%, 66% and 74% of air filter hole’s masking for different mass flow rates has been studied by computational fluid dynamics. The analysis output mass flow rate-pressure diagram for the air filter, will be used as input data in the GT-Power software which is a one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics software and the effect of masking on altitude and performance at different revolutions per minute of the engine is investigated. Also, an experimental and computational fluid dynamics study was carried out to predict altitude against different proportions of air filter hole’s masking at 1000 rpm. The predicted results are validated by comparing with those of experimental data. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental values ensures the accuracy of the numerical predictions with the present work.

关键词： Heavy-Duty engine Pressure Drop Altitude Mass Flow Rate

Numerical and experimental investigation on emission performance of a fuel staged combustor

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2014年第10期57卷 1941-1949页

作者： LIU FuQiang ZHANG KaiYu LIU CunXi MU Yong YANG JinHu XU Gang ZHU JunQiang institute of engineering Thermophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

The low NOx emission technology has become an important feature of advanced aviation engine.A wide range of applications attempt to take advantage of the fact that staged combustion under lean-premixed-prevaporized(LPP)conditions can significantly cut down emission and improve combustion *** paper proposes a scheme with fuel centrally staged and multi-point *** mixing of fuel and air is improved,and the flame temperature is relative low in combustion zone,minimizing the formation of nitrogen oxides(NOx),especially thermal *** terms of the field distribution of equivalence ratio and temperature obtained from Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD),a chemical reactor network(CRN),including several different ideal reactor,namely perfectly stirred reactor(PSR)and plug flow reactor(PFR),is constructed to simulate the combustion process and predict pollution *** influences of the pilot equivalence ratio and percentage of pilot/main fuel on NOx and carbon monoxide(CO)emission were investigated by CRN *** effects of the pilot fuel and primary fuel on pollution emission were investigated ***,the effects of pilot equivalence ratio and pilot fuel proportion on NOx emission were discussed in detail by comparing predict of CRN and experimental results.

关键词： fuel staged equivalence ratio NOx emission chemical reactor network

Catastrophe,hysteresis and bifurcation of mode transition in scramjet engines and its model

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2009年第6期52卷 1543-1550页

作者： YU DaRen CUI Tao BAO Wen Harbin institute of Technology Harbin 150001China

This paper describes a class of nonlinear phenomena existing in the hypersonic flow and supersonic combustion process of scramjet engines:catastrophe,hysteresis and bifurcation,and further finds out the general rules(topological invariance)for the stability boundaries of mode transition in scramjet *** this topological invariance,a topological approach is put forward to model the stability boundaries,which may contribute to a complexity reduction of high-dimensional modeling when con-sidering more perturbation parameters,and help to explore the physical laws of the nonlinear ***,this paper interprets the characteristic of combustion mode transition based on the cusp topological model in singular theories,and observes the bifurcation characteristic in com-bustion mode ***,a modeling approach is proposed to mathematically describe the stability boundaries of combustion mode transition in scramjet engines,and the model has high ac-curacy comparing to the simulation data,which proves the validation of the basic ideas proposed in this ***,future research directions are proposed.

关键词： scramjet engine catastrophe bifurcation model

Development of Valve Steel for internal combustion engine in China

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 1998年第2期5卷 3-8页

作者： Cheng Shichang Lin Zhaojie Central Iron and Steel Research institute MMI

This paper first briefly introduces the history of the development of China valve steel from mainly adopting valve steel from the former Soviet Uinoin in the fifties, manufacturing by herself in the sixties, to introducing advanced valve steel from other countries and instituting Chinese valve steel system since the *** demand of valve steel for China internal combustion engine including material specification and quantity required at present is discussed. The principal difficulties being faced with in the development of China valve steel at the moment are put forward. Finally, a detailed discussion is made on the development of China valve steel with suggstions of developing 5Cr8Si2 and MF811 martensitic steels, 21 2N austenitic steel used for gasoline engine, 23 8N austenitic steel used for diesel engine, 21 4NWNb high strength austenitic steel and LF2 and LF4 for valve alloy.[WT5”BZ〗

关键词： development valve steel internal combustion engine China

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Thermodynamic analysis for a chemically recuperated scramjet

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2012年第11期55卷 3204-3212页

作者： QIN Jiang BAO Wen ZHANG SiLong SONG YuFei YU DaRen Harbin institute of Technology Harbin 150001China

Endothermic hydrocarbon fuel is regarded as an optimal fuel for a scramjet with regenerative cooling,which provides extra cooling through endothermic chemical conversion to avoid the severly limited cooling capacity when conventional fuels are adopted for *** endothermic cooling is proposed from the view point that the heat sink of a conventional fuel is insufficient,the heat-absorbing through endothermic chemical reaction is actually a chemical recuperation process because the wasted heat dissipated from the engine thermal structure is recovered through the endothermic chemical ***,the working process of a scramjet with endothermic hydrocarbon fuel cooling is a chemical recuperative *** analyze the chemical recuperative cycle of a chemically recuperated scramjet engine,we defined physical and chemical recuperation effectivenesses and heating value increment rate,and derived engine performance parameters with chemical *** heat value benefits from both physical and chemical recuperations,and it increases with the increase in recuperation *** scramjet performance parameters also increase with the increase in chemical recuperation *** increase in chemical recuperation effectiveness improves both the performances of the fuel cooling system and the combustion *** results of analysis prove that the existence of a chemical recuperation process greatly improves the performance of the whole scramjet.

关键词： scramjet endothermic hydrocarbon fuel chemical recuperation regenerative cooling chemical reaction