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Recommendations for procedures related to the evidence chain of custody in forensic anthropology in Brazil

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Forensic Sciences Research 2022年第4期7卷 609-622页

作者： Nicole Prata Damascena Melina Calmon Silva Alexandre Raphael deitos Rosane Pérez Baldasso Renata Cristina Grangeiro Ferreira Cristian Kotinda Júnior Carlos Eduardo Palhares Machado departamento de Polícia Técnica da Bahia BahiaBrazil Grupo de Pesquisa em Antropologia forense e Identificação de Pessoas BrasiliaBrazil instituto Nacional de Criminalística da Polícia Federal BrasiliaBrazil departamento Médico-Legal do instituto-Geral de Perícias do Rio Grande do Sul(IGP/RS) Porto AlegreBrazil instituto de Criminalística da Polícia Civil do Distrito Federal BrasiliaBrazil.

Forensic anthropologists perform specialised analysis,mainly involving skeletonised human remains,cadavers in advanced stages of decomposition,disassociated elements from the human body,and human remains in extreme *** main objectives of the forensic anthropology expertise are human identification and assisting in determining the cause and manner of *** the time since death is also a priority for some cases,especially ones involving missing *** science works on individual cases,violent deaths,missing persons,mass disasters,suspected violations of human rights,and crimes against *** anthropological evidence is,in general,very ***,it is important to detail aspects relevant to the maintenance of the chain of custody at all phases of the investigation,as well as standardise the actions of the individuals *** aims to preserve the evidence integrity and sameness(Sameness:free translation of the Portuguese word“mesmidade”,derived from a Spanish word that does not possess a translation to *** of evidence is understood as the guarantee that the evidence under valuation(or under analysis of its probative value)is exactly and integrally the same one which was collected,corresponding,therefore,to“the same”(and not“part of”,“derived from”),safeguarding its *** Law No.13.964 of 14 december 2019 establishes and lists 10 phases related to the evidence chain of custody that must be *** newly introduced requirements resulted in the need for adaptation of the forensic,investigative,and legal actors involved in an investigation,and in the detailed description of the procedures for the different areas related to criminalistics,including forensic *** information provided in this article should be interpreted as recommendations,even though their non-compliance may weaken the investigative and forensic analysis processes in whole or in part.

关键词： Forensic sciences forensic anthropology chain of custody evidence law Brazil

Forensic data management and database systems in forensic investigations for cases of missing and unidentified persons in Brazil

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Forensic Sciences Research 2022年第4期7卷 599-608页

作者： Melina Calmon Grupo de Pesquisa em Antropologia forense e Identificação de Pessoas Academia Nacional de Polícia-Polícia Federal do BrasilBrasiliaBrazil

Forensic investigations,especially those related to missing persons and unidentified remains,produce different types of data that must be managed and *** data collected and produced are extensive and originate from various sources:the police,non-governmental organizations(NGOs),medical examiner offices,specialised forensic teams,family members,and *** examples of information include,but are not limited to,the investigative background information,excavation data of burial sites,antemortem data on missing persons,and postmortem data on the remains of unidentified *** complex data must be stored in a secured place,analysed,compared,shared,and then reported to the investigative actors and the public,especially the families of missing persons,who should be kept informed of the ***,a data management system with the capability of performing the tasks relevant to the goals of the investigation and the identification of an individual,while respecting the deceased and their families,is critical for standardising *** management is crucial to assure the quality of investigative processes,and it must be recognised as a holistic integrated *** aim of this article is to discuss some of the most important components of an effective forensic data management *** discussion is enriched by examples,challenges,and lessons learned from the erratic development and launching of databases for missing and unidentified persons in *** main objective of this article is to bring attention to the urgent need for an effective and integrated system in Brazil.

关键词： Forensic sciences forensic data management database missing persons unidentified persons Brazil

Chemical Evaluation of Groundwater from Supply Wells in the State of Coahuila,Mexico

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2014年第1期6卷 49-54页

作者： Hugo Saldarriaga-Norena Iliana de la Garza-Rodriguez Stefan Waliszewski Edith Colunga-Urbina Omar Amador-Munoz Mayela Moreno-Davila Rodrigo Morales-Cueto Centro de Investigaciones Quimicas Universidad Autonoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas Universidad Autónoma de CoahuilaSaltilloMexico instituto de medicina forense Universidad VeracruzanaVeracruzMexico Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoCiudad de MexicoMexico

The present study is conducted with the purpose of determining the chemical characteristics of groundwater that supplies 16 wells in the state of Coahuila, which are used for different human activities. Sampling was conducted in January 2011. For 56% of the fifteen wells tested, analysis did not detect the presence of aluminum;however, wells 2, 3, 6, 8 and 13 had concentrations above the permissible limit established by the Mexican standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994. For cadmium, only the well 3 was above the Norm. Meanwhile, iron was above the permissible limit in eight wells (2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13 and 15). Lead exceeded the limit in wells 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12. In general, for the rest of the parameters listed in the Norm, values were below allowable limits. By using Piper diagrams, it was observed that in general, the waters tested showed characteristic calcium bicarbonate. By establishing a matrix of correlations between chemical parameters, it was observed that the highest significant correlations occurred among carbonate hardness, calcium, lead and total alkalinity, with r2 values greater than 0.82. Also, high correlations were found between some metal species, suggesting a common origin. The allowed Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis establish the associations between all analyzed physicochemical parameters, and they also determine the wells with similar characteristics.

关键词： Groundwater Coahuila Physicochemical Parameters Piper’s Diagram PCA

Abnormal Succession of Insect Fauna on Pig Carcasses in Tandil (Argentina, Buenos Aires Province)

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Advances in Entomology 2014年第2期2卷 102-113页

作者： A. Verónica Trigo Néstor Centeno Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada y forense Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Bernal Argentina

This project was an attempt to reconstruct a death in dubious circumstance which happened in december 2002 in Tandil (Buenos Aires Province). Although the body was in open air, the entomological expertise discovered signs of delayed colonization. In this experiment, pig carcasses used as models to reconstruct the case. One was placed in shadow and another in sunlight (control). The hypothesis was that the climate and the topography affect the necrophagous insect succession in a mountain site. The families of Coleoptera found on the baits were: Silphidae, dermestidae, Cleridae, Histeridae;of Díptera: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae;Asilidae;of Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Encyrtidae and Vespidae.

关键词： Forensic Entomology Calliphoridae Tandil

The reality of the dead in Brazil:perspectives on identification in forensic anthropology

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Forensic Sciences Research 2022年第4期7卷 577-579页

作者： Eugénia Cunha Bridget Algee-Hewitt Melina Calmon National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences CoimbraPortugal Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal CCSRE Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity(CCSRE)Stanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA Grupo de Pesquisa em Antropologia forense e Identificação de Pessoas-ANP/CNPq Lago SulBrazil

What is the current state of Forensic Anthropology in Brazil and where do we stand when identification is concerned?Coming to terms with the reality of identifying the dead in Brazil is the challenge we proposed to several Brazilian forensic anthropology experts and it is the focus of this special *** asked the contributor to drill-down to the fundamental questions in order to define the baseline upon which we can build our understanding and establish the future pathways for the *** are the most typical cases?Is there a more frequent case type?Does the way the issues are being solved reflect advancements in the discipline in the country?Are standards procedures being followed?What are the main obstacles faced by the experts in this field?

关键词： dead Brazil concerned