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Scientific objectives and payload configuration of the Chang'E-7 mission

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National Science Review 2024年第2期11卷 285-300页

作者： Chi Wang Yingzhuo Jia Changbin Xue Yangting Lin Jianzhong Liu Xiaohui Fu Lin Xu Yun Huang Yufen Zhao Yigang Xu Rui Gao Yong Wei Yuhua Tang Dengyun Yu Yongliao Zou State Key Laboratory of space Weather National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences National space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial environment School of Space Science and Physics Institute of Space SciencesShandong University institute of Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences school of earth Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Lunar Exploration and space Engineering Center China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

As the cornerstone mission of the fourth phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, Chang'E-7(CE-7) was officially approved, and implementation started in 2022, including a main probe and a communication relay satellite. The main probe, consisting of an orbiter, a lander, a rover and a mini-flying probe, is scheduled to be launched in 2026. The lander will land on Shackleton crater's illuminated rim near the lunar south pole, along with the rover and mini-flying probe. The relay satellite(named Queqiao-2) will be launched in February 2024 as an independent mission to support relay communication during scientific exploration undertaken by Chang'E-4, the upcoming Chang'E-6 in 2024 and subsequent lunar *** CE-7 mission is mainly aimed at scientific and resource exploration of the lunar south pole. We present CE-7's scientific objectives, the scientific payloads configuration and the main functions for each scientific payload with its key technical specifications.

关键词： Chang’ E-7 scientific objectives scientific payloads

Recent advances in the magnetic reconnection, dipolarization, and auroral processes at giant planets from the perspective of comparative planetology

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earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第5期8卷 659-672页

作者： ZhongHua Yao RuiLong Guo Yong Wei Bertrand Bonfond Denis Grodent BinZheng Zhang William R.Dunn ZuYin Pu Key Laboratory of earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences College of earth and Planetary sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire STAR InstituteUniversitéde Liège Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial environment Institute of Space SciencesShandong University Department of earth sciences the University of Hong Kong Department of Physics and Astronomy University College London school of earth and space sciences Peking University

Magnetic reconnection and dipolarization are crucial processes driving magnetospheric dynamics, including particle energization, mass circulation, and auroral processes, among others. Recent studies have revealed that these processes at Saturn and Jupiter are fundamentally different from the ones at earth. The reconnection and dipolarization processes are far more important than previously expected in the dayside magnetodisc of Saturn and potentially Jupiter. Dayside magnetodisc reconnection was directly identified by using Cassini measurements(Guo RL et al., 2018b) and was found to be drizzle-like and rotating in the magnetosphere of Saturn(Delamere et al., 2015b; Yao ZH et al., 2017a; Guo RL et al., 2019). Moreover, magnetic dipolarization could also exist at Saturn's dayside(Yao ZH et al., 2018), which is fundamentally different from the terrestrial situation. These new results significantly improve our understanding of giant planetary magnetospheric dynamics and provide key insights revealing the physics of planetary aurorae. Here, we briefly review these recent advances and their potential implications for future investigations.

关键词： magnetosphere magnetic reconnection magnetic depolarization

A holistic perspective on earth system science

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Science China earth sciences 2024年第10期67卷 3013-3040页

作者： Yongfei ZHENG Zhengtang GUO Nianzhi JIAO Mu MU Shilong PIAO Suiyan FU Dinghui YANG Maoyan ZHU State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and environmental Coevolution School of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and environmental Coevolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China school of Ocean and earth sciences Xiamen UniversityXiamen 361102China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200438China school of environment Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China school of earth and space sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Department of Mathematical sciences Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Nanjing institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China

earth system can be categorized into three parts, solid earth system, surface earth system, and Sun-earth space system. These three subsystems not only have mutual transmission and coupling relationships in both energy and matter but also involve multiple scales from microscopic to macroscopic. earth system science is characterized by its globality and unity with a holistic view and a systematic view at multiple scales in both space and time. It focuses not only on the physical, chemical and biological interactions between various geospheres but also on the properties, behaviors, processes, and mechanisms of the entire earth and its spheres. Although significant progress has been made in the study of internal disciplines of these three subsystems,there is still insufficient understanding of their overall behavior and interactions between individuals, thus facing challenges of different types and levels. The solid earth system is composed of the crust, mantle, and core. Existing observational techniques struggle to penetrate deep into the mantle, making direct observation and data acquisition difficult;the extreme environments within earth, such as high temperature, high pressure, and strong magnetic fields, also pose great challenges to observational equipment and scientific experiments. The surface earth system is an open complex mega-system, in which there are complex interactions and feedback mechanisms among its geospheres(such as atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, pedosphere and lithosphere), leading to difficulties in understanding of its overall behavior and long-term evolution. Biological activities have become increasingly significant in affecting the surface earth system. The coupling between the internal and external earth systems becomes more complex. Distinguishing and quantifying the impacts of earth spherical interactions and biological activities on the surface earth system is a major challenge. The Sun-earth space system involves multiple physical

关键词： earth's interior earth's exterior Geospheres Energy exchange Material transfer

Return to the Moon:New perspectives on lunar exploration

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Science Bulletin 2024年第13期69卷 2136-2148页

作者： Yangting Lin Wei Yang Hui Zhang Hejiu Hui Sen Hu Long Xiao Jianzhong Liu Zhiyong Xiao Zongyu Yue Jinhai Zhang Yang Liu Jing Yang Honglei Lin Aicheng Zhang Dijun Guo Sheng Gou Lin Xu Yuyang He Xianguo Zhang Liping Qin Zongcheng Ling Xiongyao Li Aimin Du Huaiyu He Peng Zhang Jinbin Cao Xianhua Li Key Laboratory of earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and school of earth sciences and Engineering Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550002China Planetary environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory School of Atmospheric SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China National space Science Center Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Deep space Exploration Laboratory/CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and environments University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial environment Institute of Space SciencesShandong UniversityWeihai 264209China Technology and Engineering Center for space Utilization Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100094China school of space and environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China

Lunar exploration is deemed crucial for uncovering the origins of the earth-Moon system and is the first step for advancing humanity’s exploration of deep *** the past decade,the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program(CLEP),also known as the Chang’e(CE)Project,has achieved remarkable *** has successfully developed and demonstrated the engineering capability required to reach and return from the lunar ***,the CE Project has made historic firsts with the landing and on-site exploration of the far side of the Moon,along with the collection of the youngest volcanic samples from the Procellarum KREEP *** achievements have significantly enhanced our understanding of lunar *** on this success,China has proposed an ambitious crewed lunar exploration strategy,aiming to return to the Moon for scientific exploration and *** plan encompasses two primary phases:the first crewed lunar landing and exploration,followed by a thousand-kilometer scale scientific expedition to construct a geological cross-section across the lunar *** the limitations of current lunar exploration efforts and China’s engineering and technical capabilities,this paper explores the benefits of crewed lunar exploration while leveraging synergies with robotic *** study refines fundamental lunar scientific questions that could lead to significant breakthroughs,considering the respective engineering and technological *** research lays a crucial foundation for defining the objectives of future lunar exploration,emphasizing the importance of crewed missions and offering insights into potential advancements in lunar science.

关键词： Crewed lunar exploration Water and volatiles Composition and structure of lunar interior Volcanic activity and evolution of lunar mantle space weathering and radiation environments Exploration technology

Comparison of the Minimum Bounding Rectangle and Minimum Circumscribed Ellipse of Rain Cells from TRMM

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2024年第3期41卷 391-406页

作者： Hongke CAI Yaqin MAO Xuanhao ZHU Yunfei FU Renjun ZHOU Plateau Atmospheric and environment Laboratory of Sichuan Province School of Atmospheric SciencesChengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225China school of earth and space sciences University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Center for Atmospheric Optics Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230031China

Based on the TRMM dataset, this paper compares the applicability of the improved MCE(minimum circumscribed ellipse), MBR(minimum bounding rectangle), and DIA(direct indexing area) methods for rain cell fitting. These three methods can reflect the geometric characteristics of clouds and apply geometric parameters to estimate the real dimensions of rain cells. The MCE method shows a major advantage in identifying the circumference of rain cells. The circumference of rain cells identified by MCE in most samples is smaller than that identified by DIA and MBR, and more similar to the observed rain cells. The area of rain cells identified by MBR is relatively robust. For rain cells composed of many pixels(N> 20), the overall performance is better than that of MCE, but the contribution of MBR to the best identification results,which have the shortest circumference and the smallest area, is less than that of MCE. The DIA method is best suited to small rain cells with a circumference of less than 100 km and an area of less than 120 km^(2), but the overall performance is mediocre. The MCE method tends to achieve the highest success at any angle, whereas there are fewer “best identification”results from DIA or MBR and more of the worst ones in the along-track direction and cross-track direction. Through this comprehensive comparison, we conclude that MCE can obtain the best fitting results with the shortest circumference and the smallest area on behalf of the high filling effect for all sizes of rain cells.

关键词： TRMM minimum bounding rectangle minimum circumscribed ellipse

Joint observations of the large-scale ULF wave activity from space to ground associated with the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement

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Science China(Technological sciences) 2024年第7期67卷 2215-2229页

作者： SUN XiaoYing HU YunPeng ZHIMA Zeren DUAN SuPing LV FangXian SHEN XuHui National institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency ManagementBeijing 100085China school of space and environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 102206China State Key Laboratory of space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

This study reports the rare ultralow-frequency(ULF) wave activity associated with the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement that was successively observed by the GOES-17(Geostationary Operational environmental Satellite) in the magnetosphere, the CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) in the ionosphere, and the THEMIS ground-based observatories(GBO) GAKO and EAGL in the earth's polar region during the main phase of an intense storm on 4 November 2021. Along with the enhanced-pressure solar wind moving tailward, the geomagnetic field structure experienced a large-scale change. From dawn/dusk sides to midnight, the GAKO, EAGL, and GOES-17 sequentially observed the ULF waves in a frequency range of0.04–0.36 Hz at L shells of ~5.07, 6.29, and 5.67, respectively. CSES also observed the ULF wave event with the same frequency ranges at wide L-shells of 2.52–6.22 in the nightside ionosphere. The analysis results show that the ULF waves at ionospheric altitude were mixed toroidal-poloidal mode waves. Comparing the ULF waves observed in different regions, we infer that the nightside ULF waves were directly or indirectly excited by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase: in the area of L-shells~2.52–6.29, the magnetic field line resonances(FLRs) driven by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase is an essential excitation source;on the other hand, around L~3.29, the ULF waves can also be excited by the outward expansion of the plasmapause owing to the decrease of the magnetospheric convection, and in the region of L-shells ~5.19–6.29, the ULF waves are also likely excited by the ion cyclotron instabilities driven by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase.

关键词： ultralow-frequency(ULF)wave solar wind dynamic pressure(P_(sw)) magnetic field line resonance(FLR) ion cyclotron instability

Assessment of International GNSS Service Global Ionosphere Map products over China region based on measurements from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China

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earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第2期8卷 400-407页

作者： Jin Hu HaiBing Ruan FuQing Huang ShengYang Gu XianKang Dou institute of space Weather Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China State Key Laboratory of space Weather Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100190China school of Electronic Information Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China Wuxi Research institute Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyWuxi Jiangsu 214000China CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace environment School of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China

The global ionosphere maps(GIM)provided by the International GNSS Service(IGS)are extensively utilized for ionospheric morphology monitoring,scientific research,and practical *** the credibility of GIM products in data-sparse regions is of paramount *** this study,measurements from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China(CMONOC)are leveraged to evaluate the suitability of IGS-GIM products over China region in *** indices of mean error(ME),root mean square error(RMSE),and normalized RMSE(NRMSE)are then utilized to quantify the accuracy of IGS-GIM *** revealed distinct local time and latitudinal dependencies in IGS-GIM errors,with substantially high errors at nighttime(NRMSE:39%)and above 40°latitude(NRMSE:49%).Seasonal differences also emerged,with larger equinoctial deviations(NRMSE:33.5%)compared with summer(20%).A preliminary analysis implied that the irregular assimilation of sparse IGS observations,compounded by China’s distinct geomagnetic topology,may manifest as error *** results suggest that modeling based solely on IGS-GIM observations engenders inadequate representations across China and that a thorough examination would proffer the necessary foundation for advancing regional total electron content(TEC)constructions.

关键词： International GNSS Service(IGS)Global Ionosphere Maps(GIM) Crustal Movement Observation Network of China(CMONOC) total electron content(TEC) data assessment

MAVEN observation of magnetosonic waves in the Martian magnetotail region

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earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第2期8卷 317-325页

作者： ShangChun Teng JiCheng Sun JiaWei Gao Y.Harada Markus Fraenz DeSheng Han State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology School of Ocean and Earth ScienceTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China MNR Key Laboratory for polar Science Polar Research Institute of ChinaShanghai 200136China Key Laboratory of earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of earth and Planetary sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Department of Geophysics Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan Max-Planck-institute for Solar System Research GoettingenGermany

Magnetosonic waves are an important medium for energy transfer in collisionless space *** waves have been widely investigated in the upstream of the bow shock at *** waves are believed to originate from pickup ions or reflected *** utilizing MAVEN spacecraft data,we have observed the occurrence of quasi-perpendicularly propagating magnetosonic emissions near the proton gyrofrequency in the Martian magnetotail *** plasma waves are associated with a significant enhancement of proton and oxygen *** excited magnetosonic waves could possibly heat the protons through resonance and facilitate the ionospheric plasma *** results could be helpful to better understand the Mars’magnetospheric dynamics and offer insights into possible energy redistribution between waves and plasma in the Martian nightside magnetosphere.

关键词： Martian magnetotail region magnetosonic waves proton escape

Changes of the trace metals in ice core during 1915-2016 in coastal eastern Antarctica

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2024年第4期15卷 596-608页

作者： Jing-Wen LIU Chuan-Jin LI Gui-Tao SHI Yan LIU Zhi-Heng DU Ming-Hu DING Shao-Peng GAO Cun-De XIAO Shi-Chang KANG Bo SUN State Key Laboratory of the Cryosphere Science Northwest Institute of the Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China Key Laboratory for polar Science of State Oceanic Administration Polar Research Institute of ChinaShanghai 200136China Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science(Ministry of Education) School of Geographic Sciences and Institute of Eco-ChongmingEast China Normal UniversityShanghai 200241China institute of Tibetan Plateau and polar Regions Meteorology Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory of Tibetan environment Changes and Land Surface Processes Instituie of the Tibetan PlateauChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Antarctic trace metal records provide important information for grasping the influence of human activities on the environment over the last *** CA2016-75 ice core is located along the East Antarctic Zhongshan Station-Dome A,enhances the record of metals research in the East Antarctic region,and its high-resolution supplies data support for the study of high-frequency climatic drivers and the effect of human activities on the Antarctic environment.A thorough dataset on seven trace metals(Al,Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,Ba and Pb)in a coastal ice core in eastern Antarctica during the previous 102 years(1915-2016)is presented in this *** has the lowest concentration(9.51±20.95 pg g^(-1)),and Ba has the highest concentration(36.57±51.35 ng g^(-1)).Notable variations are observed between the pre-1968 AD and post-1968 AD phases for Mn,Zn and *** abrupt,remarkable increase in the concentrations coincided with the change of metal smelting production in the southern *** addition to this,it may also be related to local Antarctic scientific research *** and Fe,the primary crustal elements,are essentially obtained from soil dust;Cu shows high crustal enrichment factors(EFc,>10),indicating that it is notably affected by anthropogenic ***,the anthropogenic activities in the Southern Hemisphere have had an impact on lead deposition in *** study not only enriches the trace metal historical record along the Zhongshan Station-Dome A but also provides a high-resolution ice core record,which is very crucial for the reconstruction of trace metal concentration changes in the last 100 years.

关键词： Eastern Antarctica Ice core Trace metals Human activities