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Geomorphic and tectonic controls of landslides induced by the 2022 Luding earthquake

Journal of mountain Science 2022年第12期19卷 3323-3345页

作者： ZHAO Bo HU Kai-heng YANG Zong-ji LIU Qiao ZOU Qiang CHEN Hua-yong ZHANG Bo ZHANG Wei-feng ZHU Lei SU Li-jun institute of mountain hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610041China China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences Islamabad45320Pakistan University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

On 05 September 2022,an Ms 6.8(Mw 6.6)earthquake occurred in Luding County,Sichuan Province,China,with the epicenter at 29.59°N,102.08°E and a focal depth of approximately *** field investigations,high-resolution satellite images and multiple datatpes characterizing the seismogenic structure,topography and geology,this study attempts to discuss the influence of geomorphic and tectonic indexes on landslide *** results show that the 2022 Luding earthquake with seismogenic fault at the Moxi fault,was a sinistral strike-slip event that triggered at least 4528landslides over an area of~2000 *** landslides span a total area of 28.1 km^(2),and the western section of the seismogenic fault,which serves as the active wall area,is characterized by a higher landslide concentration,especially in the Wandong *** seismogenic fault and lithology influence the regional distribution of landslides,and more landslides occurred closer to the seismogenic fault and in the controlling lithologies of granite and *** topography influences the landslide occurrence position on the slope;the eastern section is prone to form landslides in the lower gorge section,and the western section is prone to form landslides in the upper-top section of the *** coseismic landslides in the eastern Baryan Har block,the eastern boundary(Longmenshan fault),where the earthquakes are characterized by thrusts with slight dextral strike-slip movement,could be the primary landslide-prone area;the southern boundary,the Moxi fault and the southern segment of the Xianshuihe fault,with more intensive strikeslip movement,may be the secondary landsideprone area;and the northern boundary is the tertiary landside-prone ***,the current landslide inventory may be underestimated although this underestimation has limited influence on the results.

关键词： Landslides Luding earthquake Spatial distribution Geomorphic index Tectonic index

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Comparison of Rheometric Devices for Measuring the Rheological Parameters of Debris Flow Slurry

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Journal of mountain Science 2015年第5期12卷 1125-1134页

作者： YANG Hong-juan WEI Fang-qiang HU Kai-heng ZHOU Gong-dan LYU Juan Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth Surface Process Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of mountain hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

Soil samples with clay content ranging from 15% to 31%, were taken from three debris flow gullies in Southwest China. Three debris flow slurry samples were prepared and tested with four measuring systems of an Anton Paar Physica MCR301 rheometer, including the concentric cylinder system,the parallel-plate system, the vane geometry, and the ball measuring system. All systems were smoothwalled. Flow curves were plotted and yield stress was determined using the Herschel-Bulkley model,showing differences among the different *** curves from the concentric cylinder and parallelplate systems involved two distinct regions, the low shear and the high shear regions. Yield stresses determined by data fitting in the low shear region were significantly lower than the values from the inclined channel test which is a practical method for determining yield stress. Flow curves in the high shear region are close to those from the vane geometry and the ball measuring system. The fitted values of yield stress are comparable to the values from the inclined channel test. The differences are caused by wall-slip effects in the low shear *** geometry can capture the stress overshoot phenomenon caused by the destruction of slurry structure, whereas end effects should be considered in the determination of yield stress. The ball measuring system can give reasonable results, and it is applicable for rheological testing of debris flow slurries.

关键词：测量系统泥石流沟流变参数 Herschel-Bulkley模型屈服应力装置浆体中国西南地区

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A Regional-Scale Method of Forecasting Debris Flow Events Based on Water-Soil Coupling Mechanism

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Journal of mountain Science 2014年第6期11卷 1531-1542页

作者： ZHANG Shao-jie WEI Fang-qiang LIU Dun-long YANG Hong-juan JIANG Yu-hong Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth Surface Process Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of mountain hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

A debris flow forecast model based on a water-soil coupling mechanism that takes the debrisflow watershed as a basic forecast unit was established here for the prediction of disasters at the watershed *** was achieved through advances in our understanding of the formation mechanism of debris *** expand the applicable spatial scale of this forecasting model,a method of identifying potential debris flow watersheds was used to locate areas vulnerable to debris flow within a forecast *** these watersheds as forecasting units and a prediction method based on the water-soil coupling mechanism,a new forecasting method of debris flow at the regional scale was *** order to test the prediction ability of this new forecasting method,the Sichuan province,China was selected as a study zone and the large-scale debris flow disasters attributable to heavy rainfall in this region on July 9,2013 were taken as the study *** to debris flow disaster data on July 9,2013 which were provided by the geo-environmental monitoring station of Sichuan province,there were 252 watersheds in which debris flow events actually *** current model predicted that 265 watersheds were likely to experience a debris flow *** these,43 towns including 204 debrisflow watersheds were successfully forecasted and 24 towns including 48 watersheds *** false prediction rate and failure prediction rate of thisforecast model were 23% and 19%,*** results show that this method is more accurate and more applicable than traditional methods.

关键词：泥石流灾害预测模型区域尺度事件耦合机理水土流域尺度耦合机制

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Behavioural analysis and dynamic simulation of the debris flow that occurred in Ganluo County(Sichuan, China) on 30 August 2020

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Journal of mountain Science 2022年第6期19卷 1495-1508页

作者： LI Nuo-dong LIU Wei ZHAO Jin-heng Chengdu Power Supply Company of State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Chengdu 610041China Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Surface Process Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and mountain River Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China Department of Water Hydropower and Construction Engineering Skill Training Center of State Grid Sichuan Electric Power CompanyChengdu 610000China

On August 30, 2020, a high-intensity storm that dropped 45.4 mm of rain in 5 hours hit the Heixiluo basin and triggered a landslide-generated debris flow event, causing fatalities and damage. The original source of the debris flow was a large slope collapse on a steep hillside. The fallen debris mass was enlarged through sediment entrainment and slope collapse and ultimately buried a bridge at the gully entrance. Approximately 6.9×10;m;of material, including sediments and collapsed slope deposits in the gullies, was entrained, and the maximum erosion depth reached 17 m. A geomorphological analysis was initially performed based on a detailed field investigation to recognize the liquid and solid sources of the debris flow and the areas subjected to deposition and erosion. A map of the erosiondeposition distribution was obtained based on preand post-event DEMs. Using the rainfall estimated by the nearest rain gauge and the solid source estimated by the DEMs, runoff and debris flow propagation was simulated using a liquid-solid two-phase model that considers the effects of runoff and entrainment. The similarity between the estimated and simulated deposition-erosion volumes was satisfactory. The behaviour of debris flows captured in the simulation is broadly in line with the main features of the observed event.

关键词： Debris flow Formation analysis Two-phase model Dynamic simulation

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A Model of Debris Flow Forecast Based on the Water-Soil Coupling Mechanism

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第4期25卷 757-763页

作者： Shaojie Zhang Hongjuan Yang Fangqiang Wei Yuhong Jiang Dunlong Liu Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth Surface Process Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of mountain hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

Debris flow forecast is an important means of disaster mitigation. However, the accuracy of the statistics-based debris flow forecast is unsatisfied while the mechanism-based forecast is unavailable at the watershed scale because most of existing researches on the initiation mechanism of debris flow took a single slope as the main object. In order to solve this problem, this paper developed a model of debris flow forecast based on the water-soil coupling mechanism at the watershed scale. In this model, the runoff and the instable soil caused by the rainfall in a watershed is estimated by the distrib- uted hydrological model （GBHM） and an instable identification model of the unsaturated soil. Because the debris flow is a special fluid composed of soil and water and has a bigger density, the density esti- mated by the runoff and instable soil mass in a watershed under the action of a rainfall is employed as a key factor to identify the formation probability of debris flow in the forecast model. The Jiangjia Gulley, a typical debris flow valley with a several debris flow events each year, is selected as a case study watershed to test this forecast model of debris flow. According the observation data of Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station, CAS located in Jiangjia Gulley, there were 4 debris flow events in 2006. The test results show that the accuracy of the model is satisfied.

关键词： debris flow forecast watershed scale soil-water coupling distributed hydrological model limit equilibrium analysis Jiangjia Gulley.

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Debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D):Numerical modelling of debris flows and calibration of friction parameters

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2022年第6期14卷 1747-1760页

作者： Minu Treesa Abraham Neelima Satyam Biswajeet Pradhan Hongling Tian Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology IndoreIndoreIndia Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems(CAMGIS) School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Information TechnologyUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyAustralia Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia Earth Observation Centre Institute of Climate ChangeUniversity Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangiMalaysia Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Surface Process Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina

Debris flows are rapid mass movements with a mixture of rock,soil and ***-intensity rainfall events have triggered multiple debris flows around the globe,making it an important concern from the disaster management *** study presents a numerical model called debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D)and applicability of the proposed model is investigated through the values of the model parameters used for the reproduction of an occurred debris flow at Yindongzi gully in China on 13 August *** model can be used to simulate debris flows using three different rheologies and has a userfriendly interface for providing the *** DFS 2D,flow parameters can be estimated with respect to space and *** values of the flow resistance parameters of model,dry-Coulomb and turbulent friction,were calibrated through the back analysis and the values obtained are 0.1 and 1000 m/s^(2),*** new methods of calibration are proposed in this study,considering the crosssectional area of flow and topographical changes induced by the debris *** proposed methods of calibration provide an effective solution to the cumulative errors induced by coarse-resolution digital elevation models(DEMs)in numerical modelling of debris *** statistical indices such as Willmott's index of agreement,mean-absolute-error,and normalized-root-mean-square-error of the calibrated model are 0.5,1.02 and 1.44,*** comparison between simulated and observed values of topographic changes indicates that DFS 2D provides satisfactory results and can be used for dynamic modelling of debris flows.

关键词： Debris flows Numerical model Rheology Debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D)

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The Effects of Natural Capital Protection on Pastoralist's Livelihood and Management Implication in the Source Region of the Yellow River, China

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Journal of mountain Science 2013年第5期10卷 885-897页

作者： Fang Yi-ping institute of mountain hazards& Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

The interaction among different livelihood capitals is a key to generate a deeper understanding of the livelihood *** this paper,we use net income per capita(economic capital),meat and milk production per capita(physical capital),and areas of fenced pasture,livestock shelter,grassland rodent control and planted grassland(physical capital) as proxy indicators of livelihood promotion,livelihood provision,and livelihood protection *** developing a correlation model between pastoralists' livelihood protection and improvement,we found that(1) there is a statistically significant correlation between the pastoralists' livelihood protection and promotion;(2) based on the maximum effect of pastoralists' livelihood promotion and provision,there is a benchmark in the effect of the intervention intensity of livelihood capital(grassland resource protection) on livelihood improvement;(3) on basis of two indicators,*** income per capita and meat production per capita,the reasonable scales of fenced pasture,livestock shelter and planted grassland are less than 843,860 and 46 thousand hectares(hm2) per year *** the marginal effect of livelihood protection,moderately decreased areas of fenced pasture and planted grassland,and increased area of livestock shelter is a critical to ensure pastoralist's livelihood sustainability.

关键词：自然资本资源保护牧民黄河源区人均纯收入生活保障管理中国

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Influence of inflow discharge and bed erodibility on outburst flood of landslide dam

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Journal of mountain Science 2019年第4期16卷 778-792页

作者： ZHOU Ming-jun ZHOU Gordon G.D. CUI Kahlil Fredrick E. SONG Dong-ri LU Xue-qiang Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth Surface Process/institute of mountain hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Accurate prediction of the hydrographs of outburst floods induced by landslide dam overtopping failure is necessary for hazard prevention and mitigation. In this study, flume model tests on the breaching of landslide dams were conducted. Unconsolidated soil materials with wide grain size distributions were used to construct the dam. The effects of different upstream inflow discharges and downstream bed soil erosion on the outburst peak discharge were investigated. Experimental results reveal that the whole hydrodynamic process of landslide dam breaching can be divided into three stages as defined by clear inflection points and peak discharges. The larger the inflow discharge, the shorter the time it takes to reach the peak discharge, and the larger the outburst flood peak discharge. The scale of the outburst floods was found to be amplified by the presence of an erodible bed located downstream of the landslide dam. This amplification decreases with the increase of upstream inflow. In addition, the results show that the existence of an erodible bed increases the density of the outburst flow, increasing its probability of transforming from a sediment flow to a debris flow.

关键词： Landslide dam Inflow discharge Erodible bed Outburst flood

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Effects of Tectonic Setting and Hydraulic Properties on Silent Large-Scale Landslides:A Case Study of the Zhaobishan Landslide,China

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2023年第4期14卷 600-617页

作者： Shufeng Tian Guisheng Hu Ningsheng Chen Mahfuzur Rahman Huayong Ni Marcelo Somos-Valenzuela Key Lab of mountain hazards and Surface Processes Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability Kathmandu Center for Research and Education Chinese Academy of Sciences-Tribhuvan University Department of Civil Engineering International University of Business Agriculture and Technology(IUBAT) Department of Civil Engineering Kunsan National University institute of Exploration Technology China Geological Survey Department of Forest Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversidad de La Frontera

Unlike strong earthquake-triggered or heavy rainfall-triggered landslides,silent large-scale landslides(SLL) occur without significant triggering factors and cause unexpected significant disaster risks and mass *** the initiation mechanism of SLLs is crucial for risk *** this study,the mechanism of the Zhaobishan SLL was investigated,and the SLL was jointly controlled by weak-soil(fractured rock mass) and strong-water(abundant water replenishment)conditions under the impact of active tectonism and complex hydraulic *** tectonic uplift,high fault density,and historical earthquakes led to weak-soil conditions conducive to the Zhaobishan *** combined effect of unique lithology,antiform,and cultivated land contributed to the water replenishment characteristics of extensive runoff confluence(3.16 times that of the landslide body) and supported long-distance groundwater replenishment,thereby forming strongwater conditions for the *** amplified seepage amount caused the strength of the soil mass on the sliding surface to decrease to 0.4 times its initial strength,eventually triggering the Zhaobishan SLL,which occurred 4.6 days after the peak ***,the landslide deposits have accumulated on the semi-diagenetic clay rock,thereby controlling the subsequent recurring debris flows in the Lengzi *** reduce disaster risk of SLL in vulnerable mountainous regions,the water confluence area behind the main scarp of the landslides and the hysteresis characteristics between landslides and peak rainfall should be further considered,and recurring debris flows following massive landslides also should be focused.

关键词： Debris flow Hydraulic properties Risk reduction Runoff amplification Silent large-scale landslides (SLL) Tectonic setting

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Mechanism of Downcutting Erosion of Debris Flow over a Movable Bed

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Journal of mountain Science 2015年第1期12卷 243-250页

作者： Pan Hua-li Huang Jiang-cheng Ou Guo-qiang Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth Surface Process Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment CAS Asian International Rivers Center Yunnan University

The phenomenon of debris flow is intermediate between mass movement and solid transport. Flows can be sudden, severe and destructive. Understanding debris flow erosion processes is the key to providing geomorphic explanations, but progress has been limited because the physical-mechanical properties, movement laws and erosion characteristics are different from those of sediment-laden flow. Using infinite slope theory, this research examines the process and mechanism of downcutting erosion over a moveable bed in a viscous debris flow gully. It focuses specifically on the scour depth and the critical slope for viscous debris flow,and formulas for both calculations are *** scour depth and the critical conditions of downcutting erosion are related to debris flow properties(sand volume concentration and flow depth) and gully properties(longitudinal slope,viscous and internal friction angle of gully materials,and coefficient of kinetic friction). In addition, a series of flume experiments was carried out to characterize the scouring process of debris flows with different properties. The calculated values agreed well with the experimental data. These theoretical formulas are reasonable, and using infinite slope theory to analyze down cutting erosion from viscous debris flow is feasible.

关键词：泥石流沟冲刷深度粘性泥石流物理机械性能侵蚀过程机制动床运动规律

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