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Response of Groundwater to Climate Change under Extreme Climate Conditions in North China Plain

Journal of Earth Science 2014年第3期25卷 612-618页

作者： Ying Zhang Jincui Wang Jihong Jing Jichao Sun institute of Hydrogeology and environmental geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

The North China Plain（NCP） is one of the water shortage areas of China. Lack of water resources restricted the economic and social development of North China area and resulted in deterioration of ecosystem and natural environment. Influenced by the climate change and human activities, the water circulation of NCP was largely changed and the crisis of water resources was aggravated. Therefore, it is important to study the features of the extreme climate and the response mechanism of groundwater to climate change. We analyzed the trend of climate change and extreme climate features in the past 60 years based on the monitoring data of meteorological stations. And then the response characteristics of groundwater to climate change were discussed. The average temperature of NCP was in an obviously upward trend. The overall precipitation variation was in a downward trend. The climate change in this area showed a warming-drying trend. The intensity of extreme precipitation displayed a trend of declining and then increasing from north to south as well as declining from eastern coastal plain to the piedmont plain. Grey correlation degree analysis indicated that groundwater depth had a close relationship with precipitation and human activities in NCP. The response of groundwater level to precipitation differed from the piedmont alluvial-pluvial plain to the coastal plain. The response was more obvious in the coastal plain than the piedmont alluvial-pluvial plain and the middle plain. The precipitation influenced the groundwater depth both directly and indirectly. Under the condition of extreme precipitation, the impact would aggravate, in the forms of rapid or lag raise of groundwater levels.

关键词： climate change groundwater response grey correlation extreme precipitation.

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Sustainability of Intensively Exploited Aquifer Systems in the North China Plain: Insights from Multiple environmental Tracers

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第3期25卷 605-611页

作者： Aina Su Zongyu Chen Jun Liu Wen Wei institute of Hydrogeology and environmental geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

environmental tracers are proving to be a unique tool for assessing groundwater sustainability, such as characterization of recharge, identification of pathways and sources of contaminants, and prediction of groundwater change in response to excessive abstraction. This paper helps to better understand the groundwater sustainability in the Quaternary aquifer from the tracer data in the North China Plain. Relatively modern ground waters occur in the piedmont plain with 3H-3He age less than 40 a within a depth 100 m. These ground waters are mainly recharged from the local precipitation and irrigation return. The recharge rate estimated by tracers is in the range of 0.24 to 0.32 m/a. Paleowater which is dated from 10 000 a B.P. to more than 35 000 a B.P. by radiocarbon dating is found in highly-confined portions of Quaternary aquifer systems. This indicates that water recharge took place during the past glacial period. The tracers have suggested a slow natural replenishment rates to the central plain. The aquifer has been overexploited currently. Some strategies that can be implemented to promote a sustainable groundwater supply are needed to implement in future.

关键词： sustainability groundwater exploited environmental tracer North China Plain.

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Research on Formation Mechanisms of Hot Dry Rock Resources in China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第4期90卷 1418-1433页

作者： WANG Guiling LIN Wenjing ZHANG Wei LU Chuan MA Feng GAN Haonan institute of Hydrogeology and environmental geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

As an important geothermal resource, hot dry rock （HDR） reserves have been studied in many countries. HDR resources in China have huge capacity and have become one of the most important resources for the potential replacement of fossil fuels. However, HDR resources are difficult to develop and utilise. Technologies for use with HDR, such as high-temperature drilling, reservoir characterisation, reservoir fracturing, microseismic monitoring and high-temperature power stations, originate from the field of oil and drilling. Addressing how to take advantage of these developed technologies is a key factor in the development of HDR reserves. Based on the thermal crustal structure in China, HDR resources can be divided into four types： high radioactive heat production, sedimentary basin, modern volcano and the inner-plate active tectonic belt. The prospective regions of HDR resources are located in South Tibet, West Yunnan, the southeast coast of China, Bohai Rim, Songliao Basin and Guanzhong Basin. The related essential technologies are relatively mature, and the prospect of HDR power generation is promising. Therefore, analysing the formation mechanisms of HDR resources and promoting the transformation of technological achievements, large-scale development and the utilisation of HDR resources can be achieved in China.

关键词： HDR resources drilling technique genetic type resources distribution develop prospect

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Mechanics of Aquitard Drainage by Aquifer-System Compaction and Its Implications for Water-Management in the North China Plain

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第3期25卷 598-604页

作者： Chen Su Zongyu Chen Jiang Chen Yuhong Fei Jingsheng Chen Baoqian Duan institute of Hydrogeology and environmental geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

The deformation of aquitard is the main contribution to land subsidence in the North China Plain, and the water released from aquitard compaction may be a large portion of the exploited groundwater. In this study, the consolidation test was employed to understand the mechanics on the drainage and deformation of aquitard. The results suggested the strain of aquitard mainly resulted from the difference of hydraulic head between aquifers. And it was decreased with depth of aquitard at the same hydrodynamic pressure. In contrast with the interbed within aquifers, the aquitard was deformable when it was compressed. The weakly bound water was significantly released when the void ratio was about 0.44–0.45, and the EC of water released from the aquitard was decreased with the compacting process. The data from the consolidation test suggested that the pumping of groundwater from aquifer III might be less contribution to the land subsidence with respect to other aquifers in the future.

关键词： Quaternary aquifer clay consolidation test double layer land subsidence.

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Detention basins as best management practices for water quality control in an arid region

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Water Science and Engineering 2014年第2期7卷 155-167页

作者： Amina R. LODHI Kumud ACHARYA Division of hydrologic Sciences Desert Research Institute

Flood control detention basins （DBs） can act as water quality control structures or best management practices （BMPs）. A key pollutant that DBs serve to settle out is particulate phosphorus, which adsorbs onto sediment. This study examines the sediment phosphorus concentration and its relationship with the particle size of sediment microcosms from pre- and post-rain event samples obtained from six DBs located in Clark County, Nevada. DBs were allotted a land use classification to determine if there was a correlation between the sediment phosphorus concentration and surrounding land use. The curve number method was used to calculate the runoff and subsequent phosphorus carried into the DB by the runoff. Our data show sediment phosphorus concentrations to he highest in soils from undeveloped areas. Runoff amount also plays a substantial role in determining the amount of phosphorus brought into the DB by sediment. This research has implications for improvement of water quality in arid regions.

关键词： detention basin soil contamination runoff calculation water quality control,"phosphorus Las Vegas Valley Watershed

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Pollen record and environmental evolution of Caotanhu wetland in Xinjiang since 4550 cal. a BP

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第7期53卷 1049-1061页

作者： ZHANG Yun KONG ZhaoChen NI Jian YAN Shun YANG ZhenJing State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China Xinjiang institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China institute of hydrologic and environmental geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Zhengding 050803 China

This paper presents a multi-proxy reconstruction of the climate change in Caotanhu wetland using pollen, phytolith and charcoal records, and the data of loss of ignition (LOI), grain size analysis, and susceptibility. Results reveal that between 4550 and 2500 cal. a BP, a dry climatic condition was not favorable for the accumulation of peat. Since 2500 cal. a BP, the climate became humid and the wetland developed with abundant freshwater aquatic plants, which contributed to peat accumulation. Never-theless, alternate periods of rain and dry climate occurred during that period. Between 2500 and 1810 cal. a BP (550 BC―140 AD), the climate was more humid than at present. A lot of emerged plants, such as Phragmites, Typha and Sparganium, and freshwater green algae grew in the wetland which was sur-rounded by desert-steppe vegetation composed mainly of Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Compositae and Thalictrum. However, from 1810 to 1160 cal. a BP (140―790 AD), the water level started to decrease and hydrophyte species reduced greatly, but some Phragmites still grew in the wetland and around it was desert vegetation with high proportion of Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia. Then from 1160 to 650 a BP (790―1300 AD), it entered a period of desert-steppe with abundant mesic and xerophytic plants. And a lot of aquatic plants prevailed in the wetland. Here, what is noticeable is that percentages of arboreal pollen, consisting mainly of Betula and Picea, increased greatly and reached a maximal value of 27.2%, in which, Betula percentages rose to 23.2%. Hence, it is reasonable to conclude that Betula grew in the highland of the wetland, or Picea timberline shifted downward resulting in the increase of percentages of Betula and Picea pollen, which were transported into the wetland by flood or wind. But since 650 cal. a BP, desert vegetation prevailed around the wetland again with dominant Chenopodiaceae and Ar-temisia, and the climate was similar to modern one. Despite some aquatic plants

关键词：花粉环境进化湿地多样性

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Discovery and Significance of Malan Loess on the Piedmont Plain in Pinggu District, Beijing

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第5期88卷 1565-1578页

作者： LU Lu ZHAO Yuanyi WANG Xiaoliang ZHAO Xitao YANG Zhenjing WANG Chengmin BI Zhiwei LU Wenhui institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing institute of geology Liaoning institute of geology and Mineral Resources institute of geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of Hydrogeology and environmental geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences No.3 geology and Mineral Exploration institute of Gansu Provincial Bureau of geology and Mineral

The platforms on both sides of the Malangou River （a lateral ditch of the Qingshui River that is a tributary of the Yongding River） where Malan Village in Zhaitang Town of Mentougou District of Beijing is located are the place of China＇s typical section of the Quaternary Malan loess. During the investigation in the eastern suburbs of Beijing City, the authors not only clarified 5 grades of terraces on the Pinggu piedmont plain, but also found a clayey silt section mixed with a small amount of alluvial-diluvial gravel layers at a height of 15-25 m above the river level near a Fishpond in Xinli Village of Nandule Town. Results of the study of grain size of the section document that the loess mostly is silty soil （0.05--0.005 mm）, and that the grain size probability cumulative curves of the section are dominated by single-peak, coarse-grained segment I and coarse-grained segment II types, reflecting that its depositional environment is similar to eolian phase. Identification results of heavy minerals from the section show that their contents account for 0.01%-0.11%, averaging 0.04%. There are 24 kinds of heavy minerals, most of which are stable heavy minerals, and the clay minerals mostly are illite, which is consistent with the Malan loess on the Loess Plateau. The chemical composition data reflect that the source area of the loess is relatively arid. The six grade classification of sporopollen in the section further shows the subdivision of the history of alternating warm and humid phases in this geological period. The thermoluminescence dating results range from 21.0 ka to 59.2 ka, convincingly demonstrating that the section indeed consists of Malan loess. The above studies provide a new basis for overall understanding of the distribution of the Malan loess at the northeast margin of the North China Plain and its environment change in the Late Pleistocene.

关键词： eolian loess Malan loess formation environment Pinggu

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Changes of Vertical Groundwater Recharge with Increase in Thickness of Vadose Zone Simulated by One-Dimensional Variably Saturated Flow Model

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第6期25卷 1043-1050页

作者： Siyuan Huo Menggui Jin Xing Liang Dan Lin State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and environmental geology China University of Geosciences School of environmental Studies China University of Geosciences Zhejiang institute of geology and Mineral Resource

The thickness of vadose zone plays a critical role in vertical groundwater recharge. The decline of water table since the past decades due to long-term groundwater over-exploitation has resulted in deep vadose zone in North China Plain. One-dimensional variably saturated flow models were established by Hydrus-1D software and simulations were run under steady and continuous declining water table respectively to estimate the impact of increase in thickness of vadose zone on recharge process, quantity and recharge time. Luancheng area was selected to estimate recharge quantity considering steady and continuous declining water table. The simulation results show that the increase in thickness of vadose zone delays recharge process to water table. The recharge quantity decreases first and then remains stable with the decline of water table. Under the condition of declining water table, the evaluation of recharge by the flux at water table overestimates the recharge quantity. The average annual recharge rate of Luancheng area is 134 mm/a.

关键词： North China Plain declining water table vertical groundwater recharge numerical simulation Hydrus-1D

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Quantifying the Preferential Flow by Dye Tracer in the North China Plain

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Journal of Earth Science 2015年第3期26卷 435-444页

作者： Qinghua Wu Chunlei Liu Wenjing Lin Meng Zhang Guiling Wang Fawang Zhang Changjiang River Scientific Research institute institute of Hydrogeology and environmental geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences institute of Karst geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

The preferential flow plays a vital role on the infiltration of irrigation or rainfall. The objective of this study was to quantify preferential flow in the processing of irrigation infiltration in the field scale. Tests of different initial soil water contents and irrigation intensities were conducted using Brilliant Blue FCF（C.I.42090） dye tracer in Luancheng County of the North China Plain. The results showed that the percentages of infiltration by the preferential flow for irrigation depth of 25, 50, and 75 mm were 16.67%, 43.67%, and 34.17%, with 19.72%, 61.42%, 66.64% of dyed areas in the soil profile, respectively, which indicated that preferential flow was enhanced with increasing irrigation intensity, but reduced when the irrigation intensity was over 50 mm. The percentages of preferential flow for 75 and 180 mm previous irrigation producing different initial soil water contents were 23.26% and 18.97%, with 53.23% and 39.94% of dyed areas in the soil profile, respectively. Compared with the 75 mm without previous irrigation, the results indicated that higher initial soil water contents restrained the preferential flow in the field. Therefore, intermittent irrigation and low irrigation intensity patterns, and larger depth of plowing would be suggested to reduce the preferential flow which would increase the soil water utilization efficiency and reduce pollution risk of pesticide and fertilizer to groundwater.

关键词： Brilliant Blue FCF preferential flow infiltration North China Plain

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Hydrochemical and Isotopic Evidence of Origin of Thermal Karst Water at Taiyuan,Northern China

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Journal of Earth Science 2009年第5期20卷 879-889页

作者：马腾王焰新郭清海闫春淼马瑞黄征 Key Laboratory of Biogeology and environmental geology of the Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Hubei institute of environmental Science

Thermal karst groundwaters with temperatures ranging from 32.8 to 62.5 ℃ were found at Taiyuan（太原） City,the capital of Shanxi（山西） *** identify the origin of the thermal groundwater,the following tracers were used in this study：δD,δ18O,4He,3He/4He,and major chemical constituents in *** and isotopic data indicate that the thermal groundwaters in the basin area are a mixture of thermal waters from the West Mountain and those from the East ***,the 4He and 4Heexc concentrations of the thermal groundwater samples are usually lower than those of the cold groundwater samples,and there is an evidently negative correlation between the temperature and the 4He concentration in thermal groundwaters from the West Mountain and the ba-sin,which means that with the increase in temperature,the He concentration increases in the vapor phase and decreases in the aqueous *** the plot of 3He/4He vs.4He/20Ne of all water samples：air,crust,and mantle,all thermal groundwater samples are distributed near the line between the point of air and that of crust,suggesting that atmospheric and crustal helium is the main source for that in thermal *** other words,there are no mantle-derived fluids mixed in the thermal groundwaters.

关键词： thermal groundwater origin,hydrochemistry isotope, ^3He/^4He Talyuan.

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