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Heterogeneity of the Neural Composition of Cortical Regions as a Condition for a Wide Range Regulating Spontaneous activity

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2020年第5期10卷 220-236页

作者： Yulia S. Mednikova Anna V. Rogal institute of higher nervous activity and neurophysiology of RAS Moscow Russia

On the slices of sensorimotor and frontal cortex in layer V of guinea pigs the diversity of neuronal spontaneous activity, the mechanism of its origin and functional specificity were studied. In both regions, neurons that did not have spontaneous activity predominated (39% in the sensorimotor cortex and 32% in the frontal cortex) over neurons with any other firing levels. The iontophoretic application of the excitatory transmitter, glutamate, caused activation spike reactions in all registered neurons;moreover, short-term activation reactions to glutamate had a significantly longer after-discharge in neurons of the frontal cortex (up to 2500 ms and more) compared to reactions of neurons of the sensorimotor region. This means that postexcitatory hyperpolarization in nerve cells of the frontal cortex is less expressed and, therefore, they have a lower density of K+ channels on their membranes. With an increase in the level of spontaneous activity, K+ membrane permeability decreases, which is confirmed by the appearance of a long activation reaction to acetylcholine (which blocks K+ channels), exactly when spontaneous firing appears in “silent” neurons. Despite the fact that spontaneous activity is formed by glutamatergic excitation, its considerable diversity is associated with the structural and membrane characteristics of neurons, which determine the different degrees of EPSPs attenuation on the way of moving along dendrites. Acetylcholine regulates this process in different ways, in accordance with different states of K+ membrane permeability. Therefore, the lower content of K+ channels on the membranes of neurons of the frontal cortex does not allow regulating spontaneous activity in the same range as occurs in neurons of the sensorimotor region. The presence of a high proportion of spontaneously inactive neurons in the cortex (higher in the sensorimotor cortex) suggests that cortical neurons are generally characterized by a high density of K+ channels and a signi

关键词： Sensorimotor Cortex Frontal Cortex Spontaneous activity Glutamate Post-Activation Aftereffect Acetylcholine

Social Deprivation of Newborn Rats Modifies Exploratory and Defensive Behavior at Mature Age

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2019年第10期9卷 375-384页

作者： Anna Yu. Shishelova Kirill S. Smirnov Vladimir V. Raevskiy institute of higher nervous activity and neurophysiology of RAS Moscow Moscow Russia

The effect of complete social deprivation in early postnatal ontogenesis on adult behavior in Wag/Rij rats with a genetic predisposition to the development of absence epilepsy was studied. From the 2nd to the 8th day of life, a 3-hour daily isolation of the pups from the mother and siblings was performed, the control animals were handled. In adulthood, offspring behavior was tested in an elevated plus-maze, an open field, and for an ability to learn the conditioned reflex of active avoidance. In isolated earlier rats, an increase in emotional reactivity, exploratory behavior in a potentially dangerous space, the speed of learning a conditioned reflex with negative painful reinforcement, and a disturbance of the formation of a defensive reaction were revealed. It is assumed that high emotional reactivity creates the prerequisites for the development of absence epilepsy.

关键词： Ontogenesis Absence Epilepsy Behavior Wag/Rij Rats

Coherent Neuron activity in Frontal Cortex, n. Accumbens and dorsomedial Striatum during Impulsive and Self-control Behavior in Cats

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2014年第4期4卷 341-352页

作者： G. Kh. Merzhanova E. P. Kuleshova V. V. Sidorina A. V. Zaleshin Yu. A. Gerasimova institute of higher nervous activity and neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

Cats placed in the situation of a choosing between a high-value time-delayed and a low-value immediate food rewards elected to wait for the preferred reward or to obtain the worse reward quickly. On the basis of the selected behavior strategy the cats were classified into three groups - self-control ones, choosing predominantly a delayed high-value food reward, impulsive, choosing predominantly an immediate low-value food reward, and ambivalent - with mixed types of reactions. The correlated firing between simultaneously recorded neurons in prefrontal cortex (PFC), n. accumbens (NAcb) and dorsomedial striatum (DMStr) during choice behavior task was studied. It was revealed that a total number of NAcb functional neuron interactions at cats showing self-control reactions exceeded that of observed at ambivalent and impulsive cats. The number of PFC and DMStr functional correlated firing at impulsive and ambivalent cats was more significant than at cats capable to self-control. Observed correlated firing between PFC and NAcb neurons (fronto-accumbal interactions) progressively increased with the shift of behavior to impulsiveness and decreased with self-control behavior. Our results demonstrate that performance of impulsive and self-control behavior alters the correlation structure of neural firing in PFC, NAcb, DMStr and suggest the key role of local PFC, NAcb, DMStr networks in realization of choice behavior.

关键词： Coherent neuron activity Choice behavior. Impulsiveness.Self-control.Neuron

The EEG Analysis of Auditory Emotional Stimuli Perception in TBI Patients with Different SCG Score

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Open Journal of Modern Neurosurgery 2014年第2期4卷 81-96页

作者： Portnova Galina Kseniia Gladun Ivanitskii Alexey institute of higher nervous activity and neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Science (IHNA) Moscow Russia

The electroencephalographic research has focused on the variety of responses to emotional auditory stimulation in patients at different stages after craniocerebral trauma. The patients sampling consisted of three groups: 13 comatose patients, 14 severe TBI patients, 12 moderate TBI patients, the control group consisting of the 28 healthy adults. The subjects were stimulated with auditory stimuli containing significant sounds (coughing, laughing, crying, bird singing, barking, scraping) and control sounds (white noise). We have analyzed statistically significant differences of power of the rhythmic activity registered during the presentation of different types of stimuli using Matlab. The t-test differences for each type of stimuli and the background were calculated as well as major ANOVA-effects. The results showed that EEG-response was based on the emotional stimuli valence, the consciousness levels, the severity of injury and the recovery process. The TBI patients showed lower theta-rhythm power in the frontal areas in response to the all emotional stimuli. The alpha-activity was reduced in the TBI patients: the alpha-rhythm depression was most vividly pronounced in the control group. The alpha-rhythm acceleration in the occipital areas was found only in the moderate TBI patients and only to the emotional stimuli. The severe TBI and comatose patients showed lower response rates to the neutral stimuli and higher response rates to the unpleasant physiological stimuli.

关键词： Comatose Patients TBI EEG Rhythmic Power Recovery

Possibility of “Comet-Like” Transport of Acetylcholine Receptors in Command <i>Helix</i>Neurons in Cellular Analog of Habituation

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2014年第2期4卷 133-143页

作者： Arkady S. Pivovarov Galina B. Murzina Denis A. Makhnovsky Mariya S. Tret’yakova Department of higher nervous activity Faculty of Biology Moscow Lomonosov State University Moscow Russia institute of higher nervous activity and neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

The presence of "comet-like" radial transport of acetylcholine receptors by actin microfilaments without the participation of myosin motors in the depression of acetylcholine-induced inward chloric current (ACh-current) in command neurons of defensive behavior of the land snail, Helix lucorum, in a cellular analog of habituation was investigated. For that purpose the effects of CK548, CK-636 (inhibitors of actin-related protein complex Arp2/3, whose activation triggers rapid actin polymerization and the formation of the "comet-like" tail on the actinic filament) and wiskostatin (an N-WASP protein inhibitor, activating Arp2/3) on the depression of ACh-current were studied. The attenuation of ACh-current depression was observed upon the addition of CK548. At the same time, CK-636 and wiskostatin irreversibly strengthened the depression of this current and suppressed its spontaneous recovery. The results of CK-548 action and its mathematical modeling allow suggesting the presence of "comet-like" transport of acetylcholine receptors, initiated by Arp2/3 protein complex in receptor endo and exocytosis in command neurons of Helix lucorum in a cellular analog of habituation. Irreversible inhibition of vital metabolic processes of the neuron by wiskostatin and CK-636, which lead to the decrease in the level of ATP, could have caused irreversible effects of these blockers on current depression.

关键词： CK-548 CK-636 Wiskostatin Depression of Acetylcholine-Induced Inward Current Command Neurons Helix lucorum Cellular Analog of Habituation

Differential Effect of Unilateral Amygdalar GABA_A Receptor Agonist Injection on Low- and High-Anxiety Rats

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2016年第1期6卷 9-18页

作者： Maria P. Rysakova Irina V. Pavlova Department of Conditioned Reflexes and Physiology of Emotion Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS Moscow Russia

The influence of γ-aminobutyric type-A (GABAA) receptors agonist (muscimol hydrobromide, 0.1 μg/0.5 μl) injections into the right or left basolateral amygdala (BLA) on the behavior of high-anxiety (HA) and low-anxiety (LA) rats subjected to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test was investigated. Anxiolytic-like effects (increase of open-arm entries and open-arm time) was revealed only after administration of muscimol into the left (but not right) amygdala of HA animals. No effect was observed upon administration of muscimol to LA rats. These findings suggest an important role in anxiety regulation of the amygdalar GABA levels, and the assumed GABA hemispheric lateralization.

关键词： Anxiety Basolateral Amygdala GABAA Receptor Muscimol Hydrobromide Hemispheric Lateralization

Energy Aspects of Sodium Thiopental Action on nervous activity

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2019年第2期9卷 33-53页

作者： Yulia S. Mednikova Mikhail K. Kozlov Alexander N. Makarenko institute of higher nervous activity and neurophysiology of RAS Moscow Russia Bogomolets National Medical University Kyiv Ukraine

Sodium thiopental, used in a narcotic dose, makes it possible to identify the nervous processes that underlie consciousness and establish the causes of its disorder. When studying the cortical EEG activity, the impulses of individual nerve cells and the electromyographic activity of the muscles of the forelimb, it was found that thiopental blocks a number of neuronal reactions requiring energy support: tonic activating reactions to acetylcholine, applied to neurons, cease;the rate of spontaneous neuronal activity drops;the stage of non-specific activation in response to electrocutaneous stimulation disappears. So, thiopental blocks consciousness by significant limitation of the brain energy metabolism. This results in a loss of the adaptive function of the central nervous system. At the same time, glutamatergic excitation, the formation of which does not depend on energy support, is resistant to the action of thiopental. The blocking of the brain’s energy supply caused by thiopental, in accordance with its depth, develops in two stages—hypoxic and narcotic. The hypoxic stage is accompanied by hyperactivity in the nervous system, which is manifested by epileptiform discharges on the EEG and powerful unmotivated movement;the narcotic stage is associated with blockade of motor activity and flattening of EEG oscillations. The post-narcotic state associated with the consequence of the hypoxic effect of thiopental leads to the loss of ionic homeostasis and is accompanied by a steady drop in the amplitude of cortical neuron spikes.

关键词： Sodium Thiopental Acetylcholine Hypoxic State Narcotic Condition Post-Narcotic Pathology

Why Voluntary Postural Training Improves Recovery of Mental and Motor Functions in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury?

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第6期3卷 463-473页

作者： L. Zhavoronkova A. Zharikova O. Maksakova Burdenko Neurosurgery institute Department of Neurorehabilitation Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow Russia institute of higher nervous activity and neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia institute of higher nervous activity and neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute Department of Neurorehabilitation Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow Russia

There are data about the positive effect of rehabilitation with postural training in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Brain mechanisms of functional recovery have been investigated insufficiently. In this study, functional recovery was examined in TBI patients with primary motor (20 patients) or higher mental impairment (10 patients)—post-traumatic Korsakov syndrome compared to healthy volunteers (n = 20). Integral clinical, stabilographic, and EEG approach was used as a tool for estimation of functional deficit in TBI patients before and after rehabilitation course. Specific alterations of stabilographic and EEG parameters were observed in TBI patients with primary motor or mental deficit before rehabilitation. Rehabilitation course with postural training improved recovery of all functions in both patient groups. To understand brain mechanisms of rehabilitation, we examined EEG findings during standing and postural task performance in healthy volunteers (n = 10). EEG coherence increase was marked for different spectral bands predominantly in the right hemisphere and more in alpha-2 and beta bands during postural task performance. These EEG findings were discussed in relation to rehabilitation effect on TBI patients and proved that postural training with visual feedback may provoke primary activation of the right hemisphere and can serve as a trigger for integration of cortical and subcortical structures and for recovery of motor and higher mental function in TBI patients.

关键词： Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation Postural Control EEG Coherence

Brain GABA and glutamate levels in workers of two ant species （Hymenoptera： Formicidae）： Interspecific differences and effects of queen presence/absence

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Insect Science 2014年第5期21卷 647-658页

作者： Andrzej Wnuk Wojciech Kostowski Julita Korczynska Anna Szczuka Beata Symonowicz Przemyslaw Bienkowski Pawel Mierzejewski Ewa Joanna Godzinska Laboratory of Ethology Department of Neurophysiology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS Warsaw Department of Pharmacology and Physiology of the nervous System Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology Warsaw Poland

Presence of amino acid neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） and glutamate （Glu） in ant brains was reported in very few studies. To learn more about factors influencing GABA and Glu levels in ant brains, we applied high-performance liquid chromatography to measure levels of these compounds in single brains of workers of 2 ant species, Myrmica ruginodis （subfamily Myrmicinae） and Formica polyctena （subfamily Formicinae） taken from queenright/queenless colony fragments and tested in dyadic aggression tests consisting of an encounter with a nestrnate, an alien conspecific or a small cricket. Brain glutamate levels were higher than those of GABA in both tested species. Brain GABA levels （in μmol/brain） and GABA ： Glu ratio were higher in M. ruginodis （a submissive species） than in E polyctena （a dominant, aggressive species） in spite of smaller brain weight of M. ruginodis. Brain glutamate levels （in μmol/brain） did not differ between the tested species, which implies that glutamate concentration （in μmol/mg of brain tissue） was higher in M. ruginodis. Queen absence was associated with increased worker brain GABA levels in E polyctena, but not in M. ruginodis. No significant effects of opponent type were discovered. As GABA agonists enhance friendly social behavior in rodents, we hypothesize that elevated brain GABA levels of orphaned workers of *** facilitate the adoption of a new queen. This is the first report providing information on GABA and glutamate levels in single ant brains and documenting the effects of queen presence/absence on brain levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in workers of social Hymenoptera.

关键词： Formica polyctena GABA glutamate interspecific differences Myrmica ruginodis queen