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Genesis of ultra-deep dolostone and controlling factors of largescale reservoir:A case study of the Sinian Dengying Formation and the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第7期67卷 2352-2382页

作者： Xi LI Guangyou ZHU Zhiyao ZHANG PetroChina Research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China School of geosciences Yangtze UniversiyWuhan 430100China School of Earth Resoures China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

This paper investigates the origin of ultra-deep dolostone and the factors influencing large-scale dolostone reservoirs,focusing on the Sinian Dengying Formation and the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin.The study involves petrology,microscale X-ray diffraction,trace element analysis,and C-O-Sr-Mg isotope experiments to provide a detailed analysis.The research findings indicate that the Dengying and Longwangmiao formations comprise six types of matrix dolostone and four types of cement.The Dengying Formation,which developed under a sedimentary background of a restricted platform,contains special microbial and microcrystalline dolostones.The dolomite grains are small(30μm),high order degree(Min=0.7),small unit cell parameters,high Na content(Max=432 ppm),and low Fe and Mn content.The δ^(2

关键词： Ultra-deep layers Dolostone Supercontinent evolution Microscale geochemistry Dengying Formation Longwangmiao Formation Sichuan Basin

Elemental Compositions of Clinopyroxenes from Southern Okinawa Trough Basalt:Implications for Magmatism and Structural Environment in an Initial Back-Arc Basin

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第3期23卷 643-653页

作者： GUO Kun ZHAI Shikui FAN Di ZHANG Xia ZHANG Yu ZHU Zhimin Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266237China Key Laboratory of Submarine geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of EducationCollege of Marine GeosciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Submarine geosciences&Second institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China

The major and trace elemental compositions of clinopyroxene from basalt were used to characterize the nature of the primitive magma and structural environment beneath the southern Okinawa Trough(SOT),which is an initial back-arc basin at a continental margin.The clinopyroxenes in the basalt were augite with variable Mg^(#)contents(73.37-78.22).The regular variations in major oxide contents(i.e.,CaO,FeO,TiO_(2),and Cr)with decreasing Mg#implied that the clinopyroxenes evolved from being enriched in Mg,Ca,and Cr to being enriched in Fe and Ti.The clinopyroxenes had relatively low rare earth element concentrations(7.51×10^(-6) to 12.68×10^(-6))and negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.67-0.95).The Kd_(cpx) values of clinopyroxenes(0.2-0.26),which were used to examine whether the clinopyroxene was equilibrated with its host basalt,demonstrate that these clinopyroxene phenocrysts were not captured crystals but were instead produced by crystallization differentiation of the magma.The calculated clinopyroxene crystallization temperatures showed a narrow range of 990-1061℃,and their crystallization pressures ranged from 2.0 to 3.2 kbar.The geochemistry features of these clinopyroxenes indicated that the parent magma belonged to the subalkaline tholeiitic magma series and suggested that the magma experienced crystallization differentiation of olivine,plagioclase,and clinopyroxene,where the crystallization of plagioclase occurred earlier than that of clinopyroxene.Combined with geophysical data,this research on primitive magma and its crystallization differentiation from clinopyroxene indicates that the SOT is in the stage of‘seafloor spreading’and that basaltic rocks produced from tholeiitic magma represent the generation of oceanic crust.

关键词： trace elements clinopyroxenes southern Okinawa Trough seafloor spreading back-arc basin

Origin and tectonic setting of low-Si alkaline magma

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1417-1435页

作者： Qiushi ZHOU Rui WANG State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources and Institute of Earth SciencesChina University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Frontiers Science Center for Deep-time Digital Earth China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China

Despite of the relatively rare occurrence of alkaline igneous rocks on Earth, they are the most diverse group of igneous rocks due to variations in their mineral assemblages and geochemical compositions. Alkaline igneous rocks are generally characterized by Si undersaturation, and K-Na(and in some cases C) enrichment. Although there is no unified alkaline igneous rock classification scheme, diagrams such as total alkalis-SiO_(2) or K_(2)O-SiO_(2) can be used to classify alkaline igneous rocks. The origins of silica-saturated alkaline rocks(SiO_(2)>52 wt.%) are relatively complex because multiple episodes of magmatism are often involved, therefore most studies have focused on the origins of silica-undersaturated alkaline magmas.Numerous experimental petrological studies have been conducted in the past few decades. Initially, it was considered that enrichment of trace elements was only achieved by low-degree partial melting of mantle peridotite, but the experimental melts could not reproduce the geochemical composition of natural alkaline igneous rocks. Subsequent studies have focused on carbonate-bearing eclogites that represent the average component of subducted oceanic crust. Although experimental studies indicate that silica-undersaturated and alkali-oversaturated melts can be generated from eclogites, some studies have considered that natural silica-undersaturated alkaline igneous rocks are the result of multi-stage source enrichment by incompatible elements. Low-degree partial melts of the mantle can be emplaced in the lithospheric mantle, forming veins consisting of phlogopite, amphibole, and pyroxene. Melting experiments including these components show that the produced melts better reproduce the naturally occurring silica-undersaturated alkaline magmas. Silica-deficient alkaline igneous rocks occur in various tectonic settings. Those in intraplate and divergent settings(i.e., mainly continental rifts) normally involve contributions from recycled components such as subducted slabs at the mantle transition z

关键词： Alkaline igneous rock Tectonic setting Petrogenesis Big data

Towards hydrometeorological thresholds of reservoir-induced landslide from subsurface strain observations

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Science China Technological Sciences 2024年第6期67卷 1907-1922页

作者： YE Xiao ZHU HongHu WANG Jia ZHENG WanJi ZHANG Wei SCHENATO Luca PASUTO Alessandro CATANI Filippo School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Nanjing University Department of geosciences University of Padova School of geosciences and Info-Physics Central South University Department of Information Engineering University of Padova National Research Council-Research institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection(CNR-IRPI)

Synergistic multi-factor early warning of large-scale landslides is a crucial component of geohazard prevention and mitigation efforts in reservoir areas. Landslide forecasting and early warning based on surface displacements have been widely investigated.However, the lack of direct subsurface real-time observations limits our ability to predict critical hydrometeorological conditions that trigger landslide acceleration. In this paper, we leverage subsurface strain data measured by high-resolution fiber optic sensing nerves that were installed in a giant reservoir landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) region, China, spanning a whole hydrologic year since February 2021. The spatiotemporal strain profile has preliminarily identified the slip zones and potential drivers, indicating that high-intensity short-duration rainstorms controlled the landslide kinematics from an observation perspective. Considering the time lag effect, we reexamined and quantified potential controls of accelerated movements using a data-driven approach, which reveals immediate response of landslide deformation to extreme rainfall with a zero-day shift. To identify critical hydrometeorological rules in accelerated movements, accounting for the dual effect of rainfall and reservoir water level variations, we thus construct a landslide prediction model that relies upon the boosting decision tree(BDT) algorithm using a dataset comprising daily rainfall, rainfall intensity, reservoir water level, water level fluctuations, and slip zone strain time series. The results indicate that landslide acceleration is most likely to occur under the conditions of mid-low water levels(i.e., 57.9 mm and rainfall intensity> 24.4 mm/h). Moreover, this prediction model allows us to update hydrometeorological thresholds by incorporating the latest monitoring dataset. Standing on the shoulder of this landslide case, our study informs a practical and reliable pathway for georisk

关键词： slow-moving landslide fiber-optic monitoring subsurface strain hydrometeorological threshold extreme weather

Microearthquake reveals the lithospheric structure at midocean ridges and oceanic transform faults

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2024年第3期42卷 697-700页

作者： Zhiteng YU Jiabiao LI Weiwei DING Key Laboratory of Submarine geosciences&Second institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou 310012China

Mid-ocean ridge and oceanic transforms are among the most prominent features on the seafloor surface and are crucial for understanding seafloor spreading and plate tectonic dynamics,but the deep structure of the oceanic lithosphere remains poorly understood.The large number of microearthquakes occurring along ridges and transforms provide valuable information for gaining an indepth view of the underlying detailed seismic structures,contributing to understanding geodynamic processes within the oceanic lithosphere.Previous studies have indicated that the maximum depth of microseismicity is controlled by the 600-℃isotherm.However,this perspective is being challenged due to increasing observations of deep earthquakes that far exceed this suggested isotherm along mid-ocean ridges and oceanic transform faults.Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these deep events,and we suggest that local geodynamic processes(e.g.,magma supply,mylonite shear zone,longlived faults,hydrothermal vents,etc.)likely play a more important role than previously thought.

关键词： microearthquake mid-ocean ridge oceanic transform fault oceanic lithosphere thermal structure earthquake location

Characteristics and main controlling factors of helium resources in the main petroliferous basins of the North China Craton

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2024年第2期43卷 23-33页

作者： Zihan Gao Zhi Chen Hongyi He Zhaofei Liu Chang Lu Hanyu Wang Yili Luo Ying Li institute of Earthquake Forecasting China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100036China College of geosciences China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing 102249China School of Earth Science and Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China

At present, the main controlling factors of helium accumulation is one of the key scientific problems restricting the exploration and development of helium reservoir. In this paper, based on the calculation results of He generation rate and the geochemical characteristics of the produced gas, both the similarities and differences between natural gas and He resources in the Bohai Bay, Ordos and the surrounding Songliao Basin are compared and analyzed, discussing the main controlling factors of helium resources in the three main petroliferous basins of the North China Craton. It is found that the three basins of Bohai Bay, Ordos and Songliao have similar characteristics of source rocks, reservoirs and cap rocks, that's why their methane resource characteristics are essentially the same. The calculated ~4He generation per cubic metamorphic crystalline basement in the three basins is roughly equivalent, which is consistent with the measured He resources, and it is believed that the ~4He of radiogenic from the crust is the main factor controlling the overall He accumulation in the three basins;there is almost no contribution of the mantle-derived CH_4, which suggests that the transport and uplift of mantle-derived ~3He carried by the present-day magmatic activities along the deep-large faults is not the main reason for the mantle-derived ~3He mixing in the basins. Combined with the results of regional volcanic and geophysical studies,it is concluded that under the background of the destruction of North China Craton, magma intrusion carried a large amount of mantle-derived material and formed basic volcanic rocks in the Bohai Bay Basin and Songliao Basin, which replenished mantle-derived ~3He for the interior of the basins, and that strong seismic activities in and around the basins also promoted the upward migration of mantle source ~3He. This study suggests that the tectonic zone with dense volcanic rocks in the Cenozoic era and a high incidence of historical strong earthquakes history may be a potential area for hel

关键词： Helium Bohai Bay Basin destruction of the North China Craton fault Cenozoic volcanic rocks strong earthquake activity

A Sustainable Strategy for Spent Cathode Carbon Blocks Hazardous Waste Recycling Using Binary Molten Salt Thermal Treatment

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第3期33卷 1082-1093页

作者： LI Bin DING Yan JIAO Yuyong XU Fang WANG Xinyang ZHENG Fei ZOU Junpeng GAO Qiang HU Hongyun Faculty of Engineering China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China institute for Natural Disaster Risk Prevention and Emergency Management China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China

Waste-to-Energy treatment is a promising path to environment and energy management in the future.This work detailed a binary molten salt thermal treatment methodology for the detoxification of spent cathode carbon block(SCCB)waste and the recycling of carbonaceous materials.The thermal behavior of SCCB and SCCB blended with molten salts was investigated.It was found that the NaCl-Na_(2)CO_(3)binary molten salts significantly contributed to reducing pyrolysis onset temperature by 334.3 K compared to that of SCCB itself(i.e.,activation energy of pyrolysis reaction was reduced from 4.24×10^(5)to 2.30×10^(5)J/mol),thus helping to lower thermal treatment energy consumption.With the addition of binary molten salts,the residue after thermal treatment in a horizontal tube furnace experiment was separated into two layers.The bottom-layer residue was mainly composed of molten salts.The fluorine content in the form of NaF and CaF_(2)of top-layer residue was reduced significantly while the carbon content remained unchanged.Specifically,the leaching concentration of fluoride ion was decreased from 4620 mg/L to 856 mg/L.It is noted that the NaF and CaF_(2)can be removed through water-leaching and hydrothermal acid-leaching methods and thus the carbonaceous materials with a calorific value of 17.5 MJ/kg were obtained.

关键词： spent cathode carbon block hazardous solid waste detoxification binary-molten-salt thermal treatment carbon recycling pyrolysis kinetics

Identification of reservoir types in deep carbonates based on mixedkernel machine learning using geophysical logging data

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1632-1648页

作者： Jin-Xiong Shi Xiang-Yuan Zhao Lian-Bo Zeng Yun-Zhao Zhang Zheng-Ping Zhu Shao-Qun Dong Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources of the Ministry of Education Yangtze University School of geosciences Yangtze University College of geosciences China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Petroleum Exploration and Production Research institute of SINOPEC School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University

Identification of reservoir types in deep carbonates has always been a great challenge due to complex logging responses caused by the heterogeneous scale and distribution of storage spaces. Traditional cross-plot analysis and empirical formula methods for identifying reservoir types using geophysical logging data have high uncertainty and low efficiency, which cannot accurately reflect the nonlinear relationship between reservoir types and logging data. Recently, the kernel Fisher discriminant analysis(KFD), a kernel-based machine learning technique, attracts attention in many fields because of its strong nonlinear processing ability. However, the overall performance of KFD model may be limited as a single kernel function cannot simultaneously extrapolate and interpolate well, especially for highly complex data cases. To address this issue, in this study, a mixed kernel Fisher discriminant analysis(MKFD) model was established and applied to identify reservoir types of the deep Sinian carbonates in central Sichuan Basin, China. The MKFD model was trained and tested with 453 datasets from 7 coring wells, utilizing GR,CAL, DEN, AC, CNL and RT logs as input variables. The particle swarm optimization(PSO) was adopted for hyper-parameter optimization of MKFD model. To evaluate the model performance, prediction results of MKFD were compared with those of basic-kernel based KFD, RF and SVM models. Subsequently, the built MKFD model was applied in a blind well test, and a variable importance analysis was conducted. The comparison and blind test results demonstrated that MKFD outperformed traditional KFD, RF and SVM in the identification of reservoir types, which provided higher accuracy and stronger generalization. The MKFD can therefore be a reliable method for identifying reservoir types of deep carbonates.

关键词： Reservoir type identification Geophysical logging data Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis Mixed kernel function Deep carbonates

An approximate analytical model for unconventional reservoir considering variable matrix blocks and simultaneous matrix depletion

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Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 352-365页

作者： Kai-Xuan Qiu Jia Li Dong Feng Shi-Ming Wei Gang Lei Jiangmen Laboratory of Carbon Science and Technology Jiangmen529100GuangdongChina The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology(Guangzhou) Guangzhou511400GuangdongChina China University of geosciences(Beijing) Beijing100083China China University of Petroleum(Beijing) Beijing102249China China University of geosciences(Wuhan) Wuhan430074HubeiChina Shenzhen Research institute China University of GeosciencesShenzhen518063GuangdongChina

In regard to unconventional oil reservoirs,the transient dual-porosity and triple-porosity models have been adopted to describe the fluid flow in the complex fracture network.It has been proven to cause inaccurate production evaluations because of the absence of matrix-macrofracture communication.In addition,most of the existing models are solved analytically based on Laplace transform and numerical inversion.Hence,an approximate analytical solution is derived directly in real-time space considering variable matrix blocks and simultaneous matrix depletion.To simplify the derivation,the simultaneous matrix depletion is divided into two parts:one part feeding the macrofractures and the other part feeding the microfractures.Then,a series of partial differential equations(PDEs)describing the transient flow and boundary conditions are constructed and solved analytically by integration.Finally,a relationship between oil rate and production time in real-time space is obtained.The new model is verified against classical analytical models.When the microfracture system and matrix-macrofracture communication is neglected,the result of the new model agrees with those obtained with the dual-porosity and triple-porosity model,respectively.Certainly,the new model also has an excellent agreement with the numerical model.The model is then applied to two actual tight oil wells completed in western Canada sedimentary basin.After identifying the flow regime,the solution suitably matches the field production data,and the model parameters are determined.Through these output parameters,we can accurately forecast the production and even estimate the petrophysical properties.

关键词： Analytical solution Unconventional reservoir Variable matrix Simultaneous flow