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Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications of the Early Triassic Nianzi Adakitic Granite Unit in the Yanshan Fold and Thrust Belt:New Constraints from U-Pb Geochronology and Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopes

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第1期98卷 50-66页

作者： ZHANG Huijun WU Chu HE Fubing WANG Biren CUI Yubin LIU Zhenghua YOU Shina DONG Jing Development and Research Center of the China geological survey Beijing 100037China Beijing institute of the geological survey Beijing 100095China institute of Disaster Prevention LangfangHebei 065201China

The Nianzi granite unit,which includes the Nianzi,Xiaolianghou and Xiawopu granitic intrusions,is a significant component of the northern part of the North China Craton(NCC)and is situated in the Yanshan fold and thrust belt(YFTB).However,there is still debate regarding the tectonic evolutionary history of the YFTB during the late Permian to Triassic period,specifically regarding the timing of subduction and collision between the NCC and the Paleo-Asian Ocean.The Nianzi granite unit exhibits unique petrological,geochronological and geochemical signatures that shed light on the tectonic evolutionary history of the YFTB.This study presents detailed petrology,whole-rock geochemistry,together with Sr-Nd isotopic,zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic data of the granites within the Nianzi granite unit.Our findings demonstrate that the granites primarily consist of subhedral K-feldspar,plagioclase,quartz,minor biotite and hornblende,with accessory titanite,apatite,magnetite and zircon.Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Xiaolianghou granite was emplaced at 247.5±0.62 Ma.Additionally,the adakitic characteristics of the Nianzi,Xiawopu and Xiaolianghou granitic intrusions,such as high Sr and Ba contents and high ratios of Sr/Y and(La/Yb)N,combined with negative Sr-Nd and Lu-Hf isotopes(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705681–0.7057433,εNd(t)=−21.98 to−20.97,zirconεHf(t)=−20.26 to−9.92,as well as the I-type granite features of high SiO_(2),Na_(2)O and K_(2)O/Na_(2)O ratios,enriched Rb,K,Sr and Ba,along with depleted Th,U,Nb,Ta,P and Ti,suggest that the Nianzi granitic unit was mainly derived from the partial melting of a thickened lower crust containing hydrous,calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline,mafic to intermediate metamorphic rocks.In light of these parameters,we further integrate our data with previous studies and conclude that the Nianzi granitic unit was generated in a post-collisional extensional environment during the Early Triassic.

关键词： tectonic evolution zircon geochronology Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes Nianzi granite unit Yanshan fold and thrust belt

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Numerical Simulation Study on the Effect of Horizontal Well Reservoir Stimulation for Gas Hydrate Production

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第2期96卷 701-712页

作者： LI Xiaoyang TIAN Yingying ZHANG Xin SONG Gang ZHAO Ming LIANG Jinqiang HUANG Wei MENG Fanle institute of Exploration Techniques China Geological SurveyLangfangHebei 065000China Directional Drilling Technology Innovation Center China Geological SurveyLangfangHebei 065000China Guangzhou Marine geological survey China Geological SurveyGuangzhou 511466China Research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China

A new gas hydrate reservoir stimulation method of in-situ fracturing with transient heating is proposed, in line with analysis of the technological bottlenecks faced by marine gas hydrate production. This method injects the developed chemical reagents into a hydrate reservoir through hydraulic fracturing, releasing heat during the chemical reaction to increase the hydrate decomposition rate. The chemical reaction product furthermore has a honeycomb structure to support fractures and increase reservoir permeability. Based on the geological model of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, three development methods are simulated to evaluate hydrate production capacity, consisting of horizontal well, fractured horizontal well and in-situ fracturing with transient heating well. Compared with the horizontal well, the simulation results show that the cumulative gas production of the fractured horizontal well in one year is 7 times that of the horizontal well, while the cumulative gas production of in-situ fracturing with transient heating well is 12 times that of the horizontal well, which significantly improves daily efficiency and cumulative gas production. In addition, the variation patterns of hydrate saturation and temperature-pressure fields with production time for the three exploitation plans are presented, it being found that three sensitive parameters of fracture conductivity, fracture half-length and fracture number are positively correlated with hydrate production enhancement. Through the simulations, basic data and theoretical support for the optimization of gas hydrate reservoir stimulation scheme has been provided.

关键词： natural gas hydrate horizontal well reservoir stimulation transient heating seepage channel hydraulic fracturing production enhancement technology

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The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

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China Geology 2022年第3期5卷 372-382页

作者： Er-yong Zhang Dong-guang Wen Gui-ling Wang Wei-de Yan Wen-shi Wang Cheng-ming Ye Xu-feng Li Huang Wang Xian-chun Tang Wei Weng Kuan Li Chong-yuan Zhang Ming-xing Liang Hong-bao Luo Han-yue Hu Wei Zhang Sen-qi Zhang Xian-peng Jin Hai-dong Wu Lin-you Zhang Qing-da Feng Jing-yu Xie Dan Wang Yun-chao He Yue-wei Wang Zu-bin Chen Zheng-pu Cheng Wei-feng Luo Yi Yang Hao Zhang En-lai Zha Yu-lie Gong Yu Zheng Chang-sheng Jiang Sheng-sheng Zhang Xue Niu Hui Zhang Li-sha Hu Gui-lin Zhu Wen-hao Xu Zhao-xuan Niu Li Yang Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBaoding 071051China institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyShijiazhuang 050061China Department of Natural Resources of Qinghai Province Xining 810001China institute of Exploration Techniques Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyLangfang 065000China Department of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100037China Chinese Academy of geological Sciences China Geological SurveyBeijing 100037China Beijing institute of Exploration Engineering China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyBeijing 100081China institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyLangfang 065000China institute of Exploration Technology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyChengdu 611734China Geoscience Documentation Center China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Jilin University Changchun 130012China Oil and Gas survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Guangzhou institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China institute of Geophysics China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100081China institute of the Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of Qinghai Xining 810008China

Hot dry rock(HDR)is a kind of clean energy with significant potential.Since the 1970s,the United States,Japan,France,Australia,and other countries have attempted to conduct several HDR development research projects to extract thermal energy by breaking through key technologies.However,up to now,the development of HDR is still in the research,development,and demonstration stage.An HDR exploration borehole(with 236℃ at a depth of 3705 m)was drilled into Triassic granite in the Gonghe Basin in northwest China in 2017.Subsequently,China geological survey(CGS)launched the HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in 2019.After three years of efforts,a sequence of significant technological breakthroughs have been made,including the genetic model of deep heat sources,directional drilling and well completion in high-temperature hard rock,large-scale reservoir stimulation,reservoir characterization,and productivity evaluation,reservoir connectivity and flow circulation,efficient thermoelectric conversion,monitoring,and geological risk assessment,etc.Then the whole-process technological system for HDR exploration and production has been preliminarily established accordingly.The first power generation test was completed in November 2021.The results of this project will provide scientific support for HDR development and utilization in the future.

关键词： Hot dry rock Directional drilling Reservoir stimulation Microseismic monitoring Organic Rankine cycle(ORC) Power generation test Energy geological survey engineering Gonghe Basin Qinghai Province China

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Distribution of wetlands and salt lakes in the Yadong region of Tibet based on remote sensing, and their geo-climatic environmental changes

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China Geology 2022年第4期5卷 637-648页

作者： Ang Sun Qing-hua Yang Zhi Liu Hua Chen Lei Han Shou-min Jiang Yue-yue Meng Yu Bian Yong-peng Yang China Aero Geophysical survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resources China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China Sichuan geological survey institute Chengdu 610036China

Based on the 16 scenes GF-1 satellite multi-spectral remote sensing images,through the adoption of data processing methods including orthorectification,geometric rectification,data fusion and image mosaic,integrated with field surveys,the remote sensing interpretation signs for the inland wetland types have been built,and the remote sensing survey of inland wetlands in Yadong region has been initiated,with six types of inland wetlands recognized in Yadong region,namely permanent rivers,seasonal rivers,lakes,salt lakes,alpine meadows,and inundated land.The spatial distribution characteristics and the spreading rules of these wetlands have also been revealed.Based on full understanding of the overall characteristics of the inland wetlands in the Yadong region,using the three phases of TM images acquired in 1989,2003 and 2008 as well as the PMS2 data gathered by GF-1 in 2014,and the wide-range data(WFV3)gathered by GF-1 in 2020.As to the typical salt lakes,a long-time salt lakes transition study was carried out.The results show that the typical salt lakes in Yadong have been shrinking in the past three decades.The average annual shrinkage of Duoqing Co(Co means lake in Tibetan)was stronger than that of Gala Co,which are respective 87.30 hectares(usually short as ha;1 ha equals to 0.01 km^(2))/a and 24.20 ha/a;the shrinkage degree of Gala Co was higher than that of Duoqing Co,shrank by 59.27% and 35.73% respectively.Based on the remote sensing survey results and an integrated analysis of the predecessors’researchers,the reason for the shrinkage of the salt lakes is more inclined to geological factors.geological process is manifested by a series of extensional faults at the bottom of the lake basin generated from tectonic activities,providing fluid infiltration channels,and inducing the eventual leakage of lake water to the lower strata.The result provides an important instance for understanding the evolution characteristics of wetlands and salt lakes in specific environment of the Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： Yadong Wetlands Salt lakes Duoqing Co Gala Co geological survey engineering Tibet Plateau

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Ordovician Proto-basin in South China and its Tectonic Implications: Evidence from the Detrital Zircon U-Pb Ages of the Ordovician in Central Hunan, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2020年第6期94卷 2115-2133页

作者： ZHANG Jibiao NI Jingbo LIU Yanxue ZHANG Heng BU Ling institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China Beijing Institute of Geological Survey Beijing 102206China Hebei Regional geological survey institute Hebei 050081China

Caledonian orogeny is another important tectonic event in South China Block after the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent.With a view to constrain the tectonic evolution and proto-basin in South China,this paper reports the geochemical and zircon U-Pb dating data of the Ordovician strata in central Hunan,South China.Geochemical features and paleocurrent directions suggest that the lower Ordovician deposited in a passive continental margin basin with a provenance of quartzose components and showing an affinity with the Yangtze Block.U-Pb age data for 260 detrital zircons from upper Ordovician identify three major age populations as:900-1200 Ma,1400-1800 Ma and 2400-2700 Ma.The detrital zircon age spectrum as well as the paleocurrent directions suggest that upper Ordovician deposited in a foreland basin and showing a close affinity with the Cathaysia Block.It is also suggest that the lower Ordovician continuously accepted the mineral from the Yangtze Block,whereas the provenance of the upper Ordovician sedimentary basin changed from the Yangtze Block to the Cathaysia Block.This change implies a tectonic movement,which caused the transformation of the proto-basin in the Hunan area in SCB from passive continental margin basin to foreland basin probably took place during late Ordovician.This fact also demonstrate that the Caledonian orogeny in South China Block began no later than 453 Ma,and a new crustal evolution model is proposed.

关键词： U-Pb chronology Ordovician Proto-basin Caledonian orogeny South China

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Geostructures, dynamics and risk mitigation of high-altitude and long- runout rockslides

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第1期15卷 66-101页

作者： Yueping Yin Bin Li Yang Gao Wenpei Wang Shilin Zhang Nan Zhang China institute of geological Environment Monitoring China Geological SurveyBeijing100081China Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and geological Safety Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing100081China institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina Geological SurveyBeijing100081China Department of geological Engineering Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu610031China

Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides.Two types of sliding-prone geostructure models,i.***.the fault control type in orogenic belt and the fold control type in platform area,are proposed.Then,large-scale experimental apparatus and associated numerical simulations are conducted to understanding the chain-style dynamics of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow.The results reveal the fragmentation effects,the rheological behaviors and the boundary layer effect of long-runout avalanche-debris flow.The dynamic character-istics of quasi-static-transition-inertia state and solid-liquid coupling in rapid movement of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow are investigated.Finally,the risk mitigation strategy of the non-structure and structure for resilient energy dissipation are illustrated for initiation,transition and deposition zones.The structural prevention and mitigation methods have been successfully applied to the high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in Zhouqu and Maoxian of the Wenchuan earthquake zone,as well as the other major geohazards in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas.

关键词： Rockslide High-altitude and long-runout Sliding-prone geostructure Large-scale experimental apparatus Risk mitigation strategy Structural prevention technique

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Towards the Triassic Configuration of Western Paleotethys

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第6期33卷 1494-1512页

作者： Darko Spahić Department of geological Mapping Geological Survey of Serbia11000BelgradeSerbia

The tectono-paleogeograhic inheritance of barely documented Paleotethyan influence on the Southern Carpathian-Balkan belt is herein reappraised to highlight complex processes occurring along an alternative branched configuration of Triassic fossil subduction zone interfaces.The absence of Paleotethyan oceanic accretionary complexes,and the unavailability of rocks returned from poorly traceable Triassic subduction zones allow no conventional insights into its internal structure.In contrast,the adjoining Dinarides and investigated western Southern Carpathian-Balkan belt contain metamorphic rocks ejected from the precursory Late Paleozoic Paleotethyan active margin.An inventory and reappraisal of Variscan and Cimmerian imprints,far-field effects place the peri-Moesian Southern Carpathian-Balkan belt into the overriding plate position above the Triassic Paleotethyan active margin.Ongoing Permian–Early Triassic dragging of underlying Paleotethyan crustal material beneath external segments of the continental margin is contemporaneous with the onset and formation of several episutural back-arc oceans.These include the Maliac Ocean with a here introduced NNW-SSE striking Lower–Middle Triassic marginal shallow-water clastic-carbonate basin of Getic Unit(Gornjak nappe)that is spatially in line with the“Volvi-Therma”western Rhodope aborted Triassic rift system.The carbonate platform deposition was interrupted by a change in the geodynamic regime at the end of the Middle Triassic(inducing mild compressional deformations and the regional uplift resulting in missing of Upper Triassic sediments).The constraints on the investigated sequences yield that the lagged Paleotethyan closure in the Balkan sector occurred during the late Ladinian-Carnian interval.

关键词： Paleotethys Eocimmerian docking Serbo-Macedonian Unit Mali Jastrebac granitoids Gornjak sequence Upper Triassic unconformity geodynamics

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Quaternary Activity Characteristics and Regional Tectonic Significance of the Jiulong Fault in Jiujiang,Jiangxi Province, China

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年

作者： Xin Qi Yuyong Jiao Qinghua Li Bin Li Faculty of Engineering China University of Geoscience Institute of Geological Survey China University of Geosciences Wuhan Center China Geological Survey

Obtaining geological and landform dislocation features, as well as the measured stratigraphic activity age, provides direct evidence to evaluate fault activity, which is more difficult to do in areas with low tectonic activity, such as eastern and central China. A detailed investigation of the fault activity,trenching,drillingjointgeologicalprofile,geologicalsurvey,andchronologicalanalysiswere used to obtain the spatial geometry, fault kinematics, and activity chronology of the Jiulong fault. The conclusionsareasfollows:(1) TheJiulongfaultwasafracturezonecomposedoffourbranchfaults,with a width of around 30–40 m and good extendibility, while the maximum surface rupture length was373 m.(2) The Jiulong fault has many strata dislocations, and the dislocation distance decreased from bottom to top, demonstrating synsedimentary structure characteristics, with a maximum stratigraphic dislocation distance of 18.2 m.(3) Preliminary analysis suggested the Jiulong fault as a secondary fractureoftheXiangfan-Guangjifaultzoneandprovidedevidenceofthesoutheastwardextensionofthe Xiangfan-Guangji fault. A preliminary hypothesis purported the Xiangfan-Guangji fault as the seismogenic fault of the Ms 5.0 magnitude earthquake in 1911.(4) According to OSL and ESR dating analyses, the upper breakpoint of the Jiulong fault cuts into the Late Pleistocene Xingang Formation (Qp3x)strata, and the latest active age of the Jiulong fault was 57.6 ka. The chronology analysis confirmed an active fault from the Late Pleistocene and identified a weak tectonic in Jiujiang Province, which represents the largest active fault outcrop uncovered in the area so far. This study provides evidence and research materials for the evaluation of fault activity and seismic stability in this region.

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A ca. 2.2Ga Acidic Magmatic Event at the Northern Margin of the Yangtze Craton: Evidence from U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotope Analysis of Zircons from the Kongling Complex

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第2期92卷 872-873页

作者： XU Daliang WEI Yunxu PENG Lianhong DENG Xin HU Kun LIU Hao Wuhan Center of geological survey China Geological Survey Research Center of Granitic Diagenesis and Mineralization China Geological Survey Institute of Geological Survey China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)

Objective The Yangtze craton collisional orogeny at ca. extensional events at ca. 1 experienced Paleoproterozoic 1.95-2.0 Ga and post-orogenic 85 Ga related to amalgamation of the Columbia （Nuna） supercontinent （Zhao and Cawood, 2012）. A ca. 2.15 Ga suprasubduction zone ophiolitic melange was recongized in the Archean- Paleoproterozoic Kongling Complex of the northern Yangtze craton （Han et al., 2017）. However, the tectonic evolution in early Paleoproterozoic from 2.4 Ga to 2.2 Ga remains unclear. We report here the presence of a suite of Paleoproterozoic （2.2 Ga） granites in the Huangling dome, northern Yangtze craton, which may provide important insights into crustal growth processes in the craton prior to the assembly of Columbia.

关键词： Pb Hf Acidic Magmatic Event at the Northern Margin of the Yangtze Craton Evidence from U-Pb Dating and Hf Isotope Analysis of Zircons from the Kongling Complex Ga

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Characteristics and dynamic analysis of the February 2021 long-runout disaster chain triggered by massive rock and ice avalanche at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第2期15卷 296-308页

作者： Tiantian Zhang Yueping Yin Bin Li Xiaojie Liu Meng Wang Yang Gao Jiawei Wan Kaushal Raj Gnyawali institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing100081China China institute of geological Environment Monitoring China Geological SurveyBeijing100081China College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics Chang’an UniversityXi’an710100China Sichuan geological survey institute Chengdu610081China Natural Hazards Section Himalayan Risk Research Institute(HRI)Bhaktapur44800Nepal

A massive rock and ice avalanche occurred on the western slope of the Ronti Gad valley in the northern part of Chamoli,Indian Himalaya,on 7 February 7,2021.The avalanche on the high mountain slope at an elevation of 5600 m above sea level triggered a long runout disaster chain,including rock mass avalanche,debris avalanche,and flood.The disaster chain had a horizontal travel distance of larger than 17,600 m and an elevation difference of 4300 m.In this study,the disaster characteristics and dynamic process were analyzed by multitemporal satellite imagery.The results show that the massive rock and ice avalanche was caused by four large expanding discontinuity planes.The disaster chain was divided into five zones by satellite images and field observation,including source zone,transition zone,dynamic entrainment zone,flow deposition zone,and flood zone.The entrainment effect and melting water were recognized as the main causes of the long-runout distance.Based on the seismic wave records and field videos,the time progress of the disaster was analyzed and the velocity of frontal debris at different stages was calculated.The total analyzed disaster duration was 1247 s,and the frontal debris velocity colliding with the second hydropower station was approximately 23 m/s.This study also carried out the numerical simulation of the disaster by rapid mass movement simulation(RAMMS).The numerical results reproduced the dynamic process of the debris avalanche,and the mechanism of long-runout avalanche was further verified by parametric study.Furthermore,this study discussed the potential causes of disaster and flood and the roles of satellite images and seismic networks in the monitoring and early-warning.

关键词： Rock and ice avalanche Disaster chain Long-runout Entrainment Flood

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