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Broomcorn millet cultivation in the SW East European Plain since the second millennium BC

Science China Earth Sciences 2024年

作者： Ting AN Luoya ZHU Jie TIAN Chenghao WEN Meng YANG Hongxing HAO Magda LAZAROVICI Gheorghe LAZAROVICI School of Art and archaeology Zhejiang University institute of archaeology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Zhengzhou institute of Cultural Relics and archaeology institute of archaeology iasi

The early trans-Eurasian exchange and its influence on the dynamics of human-land relationships is an emerging topic involving multiple disciplines. The southwestern part of the Eastern European Plain was a key hub for early East-West interaction. Broomcorn millet, a crop domesticated in China, was introduced into the region about 3,600 years ago, significantly earlier than in other parts of Europe. This research employs systematic archaeobotanical flotation and AMS radiocarbon dating at two sites in Romania:Baia-?n Muchie and Dobrov??. The findings demonstrate that broomcorn millet cultivation in this region has persisted for over 2,000 years, exhibiting significant diachronic fluctuations. Millet was most intensively utilized during the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age (1200–800 BC) and the Late Roman Empire (AD 250–400), periods which were characterized by rapid climatic changes. It may have been cultivated as a “disaster relief” crop to mitigate the challenges posed by extreme drought and cold. The millet grains from the study area are similar in dimensions to those reported in East Asia;however, grains from the Romanian sites are thinner and longer. The route traversing the Caucasus and the northern Black Sea likely served as a key passage through which millet entered Europe from West Asia. This research provides valuable data on the chronology of millet cultivation in the SW Eastern European Plain and enhances our understanding of early East-West exchanges and their impact on human-environment interactions in critical regions.

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Plant food sources and stone tools' function at the site of Shunshanji based on starch grain analysis

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第8期59卷 1574-1582页

作者： YANG YuZhang LI WeiYa YAO Ling CHENG ZhiJie LUO WuHong ZHANG JuZhong LIN LiuGen GAN HuiYuan YAN Long Department for the History of Science and Scientific archaeology University of Science and Technology of China Faculty of archaeology Leiden University institute of archaeology Nanjing Museum

The upper-middle Huai River valley(HRV) is located in the transition zone in the middle of eastern China. Previous studies have shown that the past populations in the upper HRV obtained plant food through gathering and cultivation of both rice and millet during the middle Neolithic. However, for the middle HRV it is not very clear what methods were used by humans to obtain plant food in that time. In this paper, starch grain analysis was carried out on 17 stone tools and 29 cauldron pottery sherds unearthed at Shunshanji(8.5–7.0 kyr BP), which is known as the earliest Neolithic site in the middle HRV excavated so far. Here, ancient starches from Coix lacryma-jobi, Triticeae, Oryza sativa, Trichosanthes kirilowii and one unidentified specie were recovered. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of food strategies as observed in the middle HRV. It demonstrates that both gathering and cultivation of rice took place during the middle-Neolithic. Among the identified species, Coix lacryma-jobi appears to have been the main plant food at Shunshanji. Moreover, it is clear that Oryza sativa was not consumed as much as other plant species according to the occurrence frequency of different starch grains. Starch grains were also found on the used surfaces of grinding stone implements as well as pestles, which means that these stone tools were used for food processing. In addition, axes from Shunshanji may also have been used for food processing as well as wood working because starches were also found on the edge of axes. Information about subsistence strategies and tool use at Shunshanji will also be helpful to understanding the utilization of plants and agricultural development in the middle HRV during the early-middle Neolithic period.

关键词： Shunshanji Starch grain analysis Utilization of plants Development of agriculture Function of stone tools

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Exact solution for the rotational flow of a generalized second grade fluid in a circular cylinder

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2009年第6期25卷 777-785页

作者： I.Siddique D.vieru COMSATS institute of Information Technology LahorePakistan Technical University of iasi 6600 IasiRomania

This paper deals with the rotational flow of a generalized second grade fluid, within a circular cylinder, due to a torsional shear stress. The fractional calculus approach in the constitutive relationship model of a second grade fluid is introduced. The velocity field and the resulting shear stress are determined by means of the Laplace and finite Hankel transforms to satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. The solutions corresponding to second grade fluids as well as those for Newtonian fluids are obtained as limiting cases of our general solutions. The influence of the fractional coefficient on the velocity of the fluid is also analyzed by graphical illustrations.

关键词： Generalized second grade fluid - Exact solutions . Fractional calculus - Velocity field ~ Shear stress

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A preliminary study of early agriculture practices at the Haojiatai site in Luohe city,Henan Province

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第2期64卷 307-317页

作者： Zhenhua DENG Hai ZHANG Wei LI Fawei LIANG Yanpeng CAO Center for the Study of Chinese archaeology Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China School of archaeology and Museology Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Henan Provincial institute of Cultural Relics and archaeology Zhengzhou 450099China

As the most fundamental economic sector of human societies,farming has played a significant role in interactions between humans and the *** study of crop patterns in various regions could not only clarify the economic foundations of early societies,but also greatly improve our understanding of interactions among human beings,the environment,and other *** this regard,this study focuses on early agriculture practices at the Haojiatai site,situated in the cultural and natural transitional region between North and South *** plant remains from this site reveal that foxtail millet was the most important staple crop here during the Longshan and Xinzhai periods(4300–3800 *** BP),along with common millet and a small amount of rice and *** crop pattern is in contrast to the ancient environmental conditions of this region,and cultural factors such as agriculture traditions and food preferences may have been more important in the formation process of this crop pattern.

关键词： Huang-Huai Plain Longshan period Agriculture pattern Cultural influence

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The emergence, development and regional differences of mixed farming of rice and millet in the upper and middle Huai River Valley, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第9期59卷 1779-1790页

作者： YANG YuZhang CHENG ZhiJie LI WeiYa YAO Ling LI ZhanYang LUO WuHong YUAN ZengJian ZHANG Juan ZHANG JuZhong Department for the History of Science and Scientific archaeology University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China Faculty of archaeology Leiden University Leiden 2333CC the Netherlands Henan Provincial institute of Cultural Relics and archaeology Zhengzhou 450000 China

Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley(HRV). According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligang Culture(7.8–7.0 ka BP) in the upper HRV, and then became a common subsistence economy in the end of the Neolithic(5.0–4.0 ka BP) in both the upper and middle HRV. However, it is still not clear how this mixed farming developed in the upper HRV after its occurrence, nor are the regional differences in the development of mixed farming between the upper and middle HRV during the Neolithic completely understood. In this paper, flotation and starch analyses were conducted on samples from eight archaeological sites in the upper and middle HRV. The results indicate that the mixed farming of rice and millet first appeared in the later phase of the middle Neolithic in the regions of the Peiligang Culture, then developed quite rapidly in the late Neolithic(6.8–5.0 ka BP), finally becoming the main subsistence economy at the end of the Neolithic in the upper HRV. However, there are obvious differences in the emergence and development of agriculture between the middle and upper HRV. Rice farming was the only agricultural system during the middle Neolithic, lasting until the end of the Neolithic, when mixed farming appeared in the middle HRV. Furthermore, although mixed farming appeared in both the upper and middle HRV during the end of the Neolithic, the roles of rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the subsistence economy were not the same. In general, millet was more widely cultivated than rice in the upper HRV, but rice occupied the same or a slightly more prominent position in the middle HRV at the end of the Neolithic. These results are significant for understanding the process of agricultural development and transformation, as well as human adaptation to climatic and cultural variability duringthe Neolithic.

关键词： Upper and middle Huai River Neolithic Mixed farming of rice and millet Agricultural development and transformation Regional differences

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PIXE analysis of proto-porcelain excavated from Tingziqiao kiln site of Deqing(China)

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2014年第3期25卷 14-17页

作者：张斌承焕生郑建明 institute of Modern Physics Fudan University institute of Cultural Relics and archaeology of Zhejiang Province

Particle induced X-ray Emission(PIXE) was used to analyze the proto-porcelain excavated from Tingziqiao kiln site of Warring States(475–221 BC) in Deqing County of Zhejiang Province, China. It was found that the porcelain body and glaze differ from each other in recipes. The porcelain clay of high silicon and low aluminum might be used to make the body of proto-porcelain. Lime and plant or wood ashes might be added into the glaze of the proto-porcelain. Cluster analysis was done to reveal the compositional relationship between the proto-porcelain samples.

关键词： PIXE分析原始瓷中国出土遗址窑 X射线发射聚类分析

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Research on the relationship between site function and environment at the site of Zhongba,Chongqing City,China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第S1期53卷 58-73页

作者： SUN ZhiBin institute of Cultural Relics and archaeology of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 610041,China institute of Cultural Relics and archaeology of Sichuan Province Chengdu China

The Zhongba site has been demonstrated to be a location of salt production based on multi-disciplinary research including salt archaeology,environmental archaeology,zooarchaeology,paleobotany,and other natural science *** continuity of salt production from the Han Dynasty to the present day as understood primarily from ancient texts can now be traced back to even earlier times. Based on the characteristics of cultural layer deposits,features,and artifacts,Zhongba can be clearly distinguished from known settlements,and from bronze,iron,pottery and porcelain *** to various natural science examinations,the major impurities in local salt brine are also found in floor features,brine troughs,and rounded bottom pots at the site even though NaCl itself was not *** traces were left over from the salt production process rather than being naturally *** and its constituent features and artifacts share many common characters with other salt production sites around the ***,the Zhongba site can be confidently identified as a salt production site where activity continued for several thousand *** formation of the site cannot be separated from salt production,and it is also highly related to its natural environment.

关键词： Zhongba site function salt production environmental relationships

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Characteristics of the short rachillae of rice from archaeological sites dating to 7000 years ago

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第12期52卷 1654-1660页

作者： ZHENG YunFei SUN GuoPing CHEN XuGao Zhejiang Province institute of Relics and archaeology Hangzhou 310014 China

The abscission layer formed on a pedicel situated at the basal part of a short rachilla is an important characteristic for discriminating between wild, japonica, and indica rice. The short rachillae of paddy rice grains excavated from the Kuahuqiao, Luojiajiao, and Tianluoshan sites, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and dating to 7000 years old, were observed. The results showed that the short rachillae could be divided into two types: a wild type and japonica type. These results indicated that the rice had been domesticated, but was a primitive cultivated rice that retained some of the characteristics of wild rice. The results also suggested that the rice was changing to resemble japonica type rice. Based on the ratios of wild and japonica types, it was inferred that rice domestication began 10000 years ago.

关键词：考古学水稻农业生产栽培技术

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Tripolye Mega-Sites:“Collective Computational Abilities”of Prehistoric Proto-Urban Societies?

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Journal of Social Computing 2022年第1期3卷 75-90页

作者： Johannes Müller Robert Hofmann Mila Shatilo the institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric archaeology Kiel UniversityKiel 24106Germany

In the East European region between Prut and Dnieper,proto-urban mega-sites developed ca.4100−3600 BCE with population agglomerations of around 10000 inhabitants per *** outline of complexity categories,based on *** et al.(2018),illustrates that“computational abilities”are first developed to make the shift from dispersed to agglomerated settlement *** development of an internal decision-making system for a polity that organizes communication via public buildings on different levels,together with a site-specific track system,may be responsible for this shift(or made it possible).However,after generations,this communication pattern was not developed into further collective communication abilities(e.g.,into a writing system),while at the same time a tendency toward centralizing decision processes probably destroyed the communication *** ultimately led to the collapse of Tripolye mega-sites.

关键词： non-state societies social constitution Chalcolithic mega-sites Tripolye

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Feeding prehistoric coastal community:A study of marine faunal remains at the Jingtoushan site

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1574-1590页

作者： Endong WU Guoping SUN Ying ZHANG School of Culture History and LanguageAustralian National UniversityCanberra 2600Australia Zhejiang Provincial institute of Cultural Relics and archaeology Hangzhou 310012China National Centre for archaeology Beijing 100013China

This article examines the abundant marine mollusc,and fish remains at the Jingtoushan shell midden(8,300 to7,800 cal a BP)in Zhejiang Province,China,to investigate the fishing economy,community development,the palaeoenvironment,and their interactions among the prehistoric populations in the lower Yangtze River Basin and southeastern coastal *** also attempts to explore the prosperity and decline of coastal settlements in China during the Neolithic Age and the potential reasons for their rise and fall,*** on the ecological and biological principles of marine animals,standard zooarchaeological methods and radiocarbon dating analysis are used for sampling,identification,measurement,and *** show that at least 11 mollusc taxa and 14 fish taxa can be identified from the Jingtoushan faunal *** ancient Jingtoushan residents possibly lived in a settlement close to the coast and engaged in inshore and offshore fishing,hunting,and gathering as their primary subsistence strategies,with low-level rice cultivation as a supplementary means of ***,the changes in the coastal environment could be one of the reasons why the Jingtoushan residents abandoned their *** research contributes to Chinese Neolithic archaeology with new evidence of the exploitation of marine resources around 8000 a BP in the eastern coastal areas and the relationship between Neolithic community development and environmental changes.

关键词： Neolithic Age Marine faunal remains Fishing economy Palaeoenvironment Community development

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