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Typhoon-and pollution-driven enhancement of reactive bromine in the mid-latitude marine boundary layer

National Science Review 2024年第4期11卷 93-101页

作者： Shanshan Wang Qinyi Li Ruifeng Zhang Anoop Sharad Mahajan Swaleha Inamdar Nuria Benavent Sanbao Zhang Ruibin Xue Jian Zhu Chenji Jin Yan Zhang Xiao Fu Alba Badia Rafael P.Fernandez Carlos A.Cuevas Tao Wang Bin Zhou Alfonso Saiz-Lopez institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB) National Research Council (CONICET) Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University institute of Eco-Chongming(IEC) Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and climate Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas CabreraCSIC Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Environment research institute Shandong University Centre for climate Change research Indian Institute of Tropical MeteorologyMinistry of Earth Sciences Department of Chemistry University of Colorado Boulder institute of Environment and Ecology Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua University Sostenipra research Group Institute of Environmental Science and Technology(ICTA)Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona(UAB)

Tropospheric reactive bromine is important for atmospheric chemistry,regional air pollution,and global climate.Previous studies have reported measurements of atmospheric reactive bromine species in different environments,and proposed their main sources,e.***.sea-salt aerosol（SSA）,oceanic biogenic activity,polar snow/ice,and volcanoes.Typhoons and other strong cyclonic activities（e.***.hurricanes） induce abrupt changes in different earth system processes,causing widespread destructive effects.However,the role of typhoons in regulating reactive bromine abundance and sources remains unexplored.Here,we report field observations of bromine oxide（BrO）,a critical indicator of reactive bromine,on the Huaniao Island（HNI）in the East China Sea in July 2018.We observed high levels of BrO below 500 m with a daytime average of9.7±4.2 pptv and a peak value of ～26 pptv under the influence of a typhoon.Our field measurements,supported by model simulations,suggest that the typhoon-induced drastic increase in wind speed amplifies the emission of SSA,significantly enhancing the activation of reactive bromine from SSA debromination.We also detected enhanced BrO mixing ratios under high NOxconditions（ppbv level） suggesting a potential pollution-induced mechanism of bromine release from SSA.Such elevated levels of atmospheric bromine noticeably increase ozone destruction by as much as ～40% across the East China Sea.Considering the high frequency of cyclonic activity in the northern hemisphere,reactive bromine chemistry is expected to play a more important role than previously thought in affecting coastal air quality and atmospheric oxidation capacity.We suggest that models need to consider the hitherto overlooked typhoon-and pollution-mediated increase in reactive bromine levels when assessing the synergic effects of cyclonic activities on the earth system.

关键词： reactive bromine atmospheric chemistry marine boundary layer atmospheric oxidation capacity marine emission

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Evaluation of soil loss severity and ecological restoration approach for sustainable agriculture in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya region

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第5期21卷 1509-1521页

作者： Arshad ASHRAF Imran AHMAD climate Energy and Water Research InstituteNational Agricultural Research Centre(NARC)Islamabad 44000Pakistan

Soil erosion has resulted in removal of the topsoils containing fine soil particles and plant nutrients, causing decrease in soil fertility in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalaya(HKH) region. The existing production of cereal crop grains has been reduced to one third of the potential crop grains production owing to land degradation and poor farming practices. It is necessary to assess risk of soil loss and identify appropriate controlling measures to address issues of low agriculture productivity and water insecurity in the region. In the present study, severity of soil loss was predicted using Revised Universal Loss Equation(RUSLE) and ecological measures were identified for sustainable mountain agriculture in the HKH region of Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Overall 62.6% area was found to have very low risk of soil loss, i.e., 100 t/(ha·yr) in about 6.8% and 7.4% areas respectively. The mean rate of soil loss was about 41.9 t/(ha·yr) in the Hindu Kush, 31.1 t/(ha·yr) in the Himalayas, 18.8 t/(ha·yr) in the Karakoram and overall 29.7 t/(ha·yr) in the three HKH ranges. As such no considerable measures have been adopted by the communities for restoration of the degraded areas except raising fruit/farm trees and supporting limited social forestry for their livelihoods. The slopes cleared for cultivation and susceptible to erosion may be stabilized through sowing/planting of multi-purpose plant species and formation of proper bench terraces. The conservation of forest ecosystem and pastures at higher elevations would help in reducing overland water flow, risk of flash flood hazard and minimizing sediment loads in the downstream. It is essential to adopt site-specific resource conservation techniques and restore possible ecosystem health for sustainable agriculture and economic development in the region in future.

关键词： climate change Erodibility Indus basin Land degradation Slope stabilization

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Projecting Spring Consecutive Rainfall Events in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on Triple-Nested Dynamical Downscaling

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第8期41卷 1539-1558页

作者： Yanxin ZHENG Shuanglin LI Noel KEENLYSIDE Shengping HE Lingling SUO Department of Atmospheric Science CMA-CUG Joint Centre for Severe Weather and Climate and Hydro-geological Hazards China University of Geosciences Geophysical institute University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research institute of Atmospheric Physics and climate Change research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Three Gorges National Climatological Observatory Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center and Bjerknes Centre for climate research Nansen-Zhu International research Centre Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

Spring consecutive rainfall events(CREs) are key triggers of geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGR), China. However, previous projections of CREs based on the direct outputs of global climate models(GCMs) are subject to considerable uncertainties, largely caused by their coarse resolution. This study applies a triple-nested WRF(Weather research and Forecasting) model dynamical downscaling, driven by a GCM, MIROC6(Model for Interdisciplinary research on climate, version 6), to improve the historical simulation and reduce the uncertainties in the future projection of CREs in the TGR. Results indicate that WRF has better performances in reproducing the observed rainfall in terms of the daily probability distribution, monthly evolution and duration of rainfall events, demonstrating the ability of WRF in simulating CREs. Thus, the triple-nested WRF is applied to project the future changes of CREs under the middle-of-the-road and fossil-fueled development scenarios. It is indicated that light and moderate rainfall and the duration of continuous rainfall spells will decrease in the TGR, leading to a decrease in the frequency of CREs. Meanwhile, the duration, rainfall amount, and intensity of CREs is projected to regional increase in the central-west TGR. These results are inconsistent with the raw projection of MIROC6. Observational diagnosis implies that CREs are mainly contributed by the vertical moisture advection. Such a synoptic contribution is captured well by WRF, which is not the case in MIROC6,indicating larger uncertainties in the CREs projected by MIROC6.

关键词： consecutive rainfall events geological hazards projection Three Gorges Reservoir area triple-nested downscaling

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Accurate Shortwave Radiation Simulation with a Two-Layer Aerosol Model in Xinjiang Region

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Journal of Meteorological research 2024年第1期38卷 69-87页

作者： Guan HUANG Yonghang CHEN Qiong LIU Pengtao WANG Qianshan HE Qing HE Shuai LI Weiling SHAO Ting FAN School of Tourism&research institute of Human Geography Xi’an International Studies UniversityXi’an 710128 Center for Silk Road and Eurasian Civilization Studies Xi’an International Studies UniversityXi’an 710128 College of Environmental Science and Engineering Donghua UniversityShanghai 201620 Shanghai Meteorological Service Shanghai 200030 Shanghai Key Laboratory of meteorology and Health Shanghai 200030 Taklimakan Desert meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration Institute of Desert MeteorologyUrumqi 830002 Xinjiang climate Centre Xinjiang Meteorological ServiceUrumqi 830002

To harness the rich solar energy resources in Xinjiang Region of Northwest China,this study tries to address the issue of lack of downward surface shortwave radiation(DSSR)observations and the need to improve the accuracy of satellite retrieval and numerical simulation of DSSR under varied sky and meteorological conditions.(1)A two-layer aerosol model specific to Xinjiang was developed to capture the vertical distributions of aerosols based on multiple data sources including lidar,GPS sounding,ground meteorological observations,and profiles from the ECMWF reanalysis version 5(ERA5)data.The results show that the ERA5/PBLH(planetary boundary layer height)and ERA5/ALH(aerosol layer height)could be used to establish the two-layer aerosol model and characterize the vertical distribution of aerosols in Xinjiang Region.(2)Using the Santa Barbara Discrete Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART)model,a localized inverse model of clear-sky DSSR was established.After parameter adjustment and using the optimal combination of input parameters for DSSR simulation together with the two-layer aerosol model,the model-simulated DSSR(DSSRSBD)under clear-sky conditions improved significantly compared to the initial results,with all fitting indices greatly improved.(3)In addition,the study demonstrated that the impact of the two-layer aerosol model on DSSR was more pronounced under dust conditions than clear-sky conditions.(4)Using the localized clear-sky DSSR inversion model and its required parameters,simulations were also conducted to capture the spatiotemporal distribution of DSSR under clear-sky conditions in Xinjiang from 2017 to 2019.The annual average DSSR_(SBD)under clear-sky conditions in Xinjiang during 2017–2019 was 606.78 W m^(-2),while DSSR from CERES(DSSR_(CER))under the same conditions was generally higher(703.95 W m^(-2)).(5)It is found that satellite remote sensing products experienced data loss in high-altitude snow areas,where numerical simulation technology could serve as a valuable complement.

关键词： downward surface shortwave radiation(DSSR) aerosol vertical distribution Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System(CERES) Santa Barbara Discrete Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART) Xinjiang

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Diagnostic Study of an Extreme Explosive Cyclone over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension Region

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第3期23卷 605-617页

作者： ZHANG Shuqin LIAO Qinghua LIU Chunlei GAO Xiaoyu LONG Jingchao LI Pengyuan XU Jianjun College of Ocean and meteorology Guangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088China South China Sea institute of Marine meteorology Guangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088China CMA-GDOU Joint Laboratory for Marine meteorology Guangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088China Key Laboratory of climate Resources and Environment in Continental Shelf Sea and Deep Sea of Department of Education of Guangdong ProvinceGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China Department of Marine meteorology Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Climate LaboratoryKey Laboratory of Physical OceanographyOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China

Explosive cyclones(ECs)occur frequently over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension region.The most rapidly intensified EC over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension region during the 42 years(1979-2020)of cold seasons(October-April)was studied to reveal the variations of the key factors at different explosive-developing stages.This EC had weak low-level baroclinicity,mid-level cyclonic-vorticity advection,and strong low-level water vapor convergence at the initial explosive-developing stage.The low-level baroclinicity and mid-level cyclonic-vorticity advection increased substantially during the maximum-deepening-rate stage.The diagnostic analyses using the Zwack-Okossi equation showed that diabatic heating was the main contributor to the initial rapid intensification of this EC.The cyclonic-vorticity advection and warm-air advection enhanced rapidly in the middle and upper troposphere and contributed to the maximum rapid intensification,whereas the diabatic heating weakened slightly in the mid-low troposphere.The relative contribution of the diabatic heating decreased from the initial explosive-developing stage to the maximum-deepening-rate stage due to the enhancement of other factors(the cyclonic-vorticity advection and warm-air advection).Furthermore,the physical factors contributing to this EC varied with the explosive-developing stage.The non-key factors at the initial explosive-developing stage need attention to forecast the rapid intensification.

关键词： explosive cyclone diabatic heating cyclonic-vorticity advection rapid intensification the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension region

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Study on the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and heat source characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 117-133页

作者： Yujie LI Xiaoqing GAO Yaoming MA Zeyong HU Zhenchao LI Liwei YANG Xiao JIN Xiyin ZHOU Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions of Chinese Academy of Sciences Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic meteorology Tianjin Institute of Meteorological ScienceTianjin 300074China institute of Tibetan Plateau research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

There are many types of atmospheric heat engines in land-air systems.The accurate definition,calculation and interpretation of the efficiency of atmospheric heat engines are key to understanding energy transfer and transformation of landair systems.The atmosphere over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)in summer can be regarded as a positive heat engine.The study of the heat engine efficiency is helpful to better understand land-air interaction and thermal-dynamic processes on the QTP.It also provides a new perspective to explain the impact of the QTP on the climate of China,East Asia and even the world.In this paper,we used MOD08 and ERA5 reanalysis data to calculate the atmospheric heat engine efficiency,surface heat source and atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer(May to September)from 2000 to 2020.The average atmospheric heat engine efficiency on the QTP in summer from 2000 to 2020 varies between 1.2%and 1.5%,which is less than 1.6%;the heat engine efficiency in summer is higher than that in June,July and August;the Qaidam Basin is the region with the highest atmospheric heat engine efficiency,followed by the western QTP.The mean surface heat source on the QTP in summer from 2000 to 2020 is 96.0 W m^(−2),the atmospheric heat source is 90.7 W m^(−2),and the release of precipitation condensation latent heat is the most important component of the atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer.There is a strong and significant positive correlation between the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and the surface heat source on the QTP in summer.The precipitation condensation latent heat is the most important component of the atmospheric heat source in summer and can reflect the precipitation process.There is a strong and significant negative correlation between the atmospheric heat engine efficiency and the atmospheric heat source on the QTP in summer.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Plateau climate change Land-air system Atmospheric heat engine Heat source on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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ResoNet:Robust and Explainable ENSO Forecasts with Hybrid Convolution and Transformer Networks

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第7期41卷 1289-1298页

作者： Pumeng LYU Tao TANG Fenghua LING Jing-Jia LUO Niklas BOERS Wanli OUYANG Lei BAI Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Shanghai 200072China Zhejiang Meteorological Observatory Hangzhou 310002China institute for climate and Application research(ICAR) Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Technical University of Munich Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchPotsdam 14473Germany

Recent studies have shown that deep learning(DL)models can skillfully forecast El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events more than 1.5 years in advance.However,concerns regarding the reliability of predictions made by DL methods persist,including potential overfitting issues and lack of interpretability.Here,we propose ResoNet,a DL model that combines CNN(convolutional neural network)and transformer architectures.This hybrid architecture enables our model to adequately capture local sea surface temperature anomalies as well as long-range inter-basin interactions across oceans.We show that ResoNet can robustly predict ENSO at lead times of 19 months,thus outperforming existing approaches in terms of the forecast horizon.According to an explainability method applied to ResoNet predictions of El Niño and La Niña from 1-to 18-month leads,we find that it predicts the Niño-3.4 index based on multiple physically reasonable mechanisms,such as the recharge oscillator concept,seasonal footprint mechanism,and Indian Ocean capacitor effect.Moreover,we demonstrate for the first time that the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña development can be captured by ResoNet.Our results could help to alleviate skepticism about applying DL models for ENSO prediction and encourage more attempts to discover and predict climate phenomena using AI methods.

关键词： deep learning ENSO CNN transformer

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Compound events of heatwave and dust storm in the Taklamakan Desert

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第7期67卷 2073-2083页

作者： Yuzhi LIU Jianping HUANG Ziyuan TAN Chenglong ZHOU Dan LI Yongkun XIE Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid climate Change of the Ministry of Education Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Taklamakan National Station of Observation and research for Desert meteorology in Xinjiang Urumqi 830002China

Taklamakan Desert(TD)has been characterized by numerous heatwaves and dust storms,leading to negative effects on societies and ecosystems at regional and global scales.However,the association between heatwaves and dust storms is poorly known.In this study,we describe the association between heatwaves and dust events and propose a mechanism for such compound events in the TD.The results show that,from 1993 to 2022,the frequency and intensity of heatwaves in the TD have increased at a rate of 0.21 days year^(-1)and 0.02℃ year^(-1),respectively.More than 40% of heatwaves existed with dust events,which significantly lagged behind heatwaves.Mechanically,the higher the air temperature,the hotter and drier the soil,leading to more dust emissions in the TD.In high-occurrence heatwave years,a large-scale wave train of“cyclone-anticyclone-cyclone”in the northwest-southeast direction was found,with the anticyclone of which hovered over the TD region.The anomalous anticyclones favored the formation and maintenance of heatwaves,and subsequent anomalous cyclones in the wave train triggered strong dust events followed by heatwaves.With climate warming,the compound events of heatwave and dust storm are becoming bigger hazards threatening the socioeconomic and ecological security in the TD,the profound study of which is critical to understanding regional extreme responses.

关键词： Heatwave Dust storm Compound events Taklamakan Desert

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Combinatorial Optimization of Physics Parameterization Schemes for Typhoon Simulation Based on a Simple Genetic Algorithm(SGA)

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Journal of Meteorological research 2024年第1期38卷 10-26页

作者： Zebin LU Jianjun XU Zhiqiang CHEN Jinyi YANG Jeremy Cheuk-Hin LEUNG Daosheng XU Banglin ZHANG China Meteorological Administration–Guangdong Ocean University Joint Laboratory for Marine meteorology South China Sea Institute of Marine MeteorologyGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088 College of Ocean and meteorology Guangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088 Guangzhou institute of Tropical and Marine meteorology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction China Meteorological AdministrationGuangzhou 510640 Shenzhen institute of Guangdong Ocean University Shenzhen 518120 College of Atmospheric Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000

Each physical process in a numerical weather prediction(NWP)system may have many different parameterization schemes.Early studies have shown that the performance of different physical parameterization schemes varies with the weather situation to be simulated.Thus,it is necessary to select a suitable combination of physical parameterization schemes according to the variation of weather systems.However,it is rather difficult to identify an optimal combination among millions of possible parameterization scheme combinations.This study applied a simple genetic algorithm(SGA)to optimizing the combination of parameterization schemes in NWP models for typhoon forecasting.The feasibility of SGA was verified with the simulation of Typhoon Mujigae(2015)by using the Weather research and Forecasting(WRF)model and Typhoon Higos(2020)by using the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport(COAWST)modeling system.The results show that SGA can efficiently obtain the optimal combination of schemes.For Typhoon Mujigae(2015),the optimal combination can be found from the 1,304,576 possible combinations by running only 488 trials.Similar results can be obtained for Typhoon Higos(2020).Compared to the default combination proposed by the COAWST model system,the optimal combination scheme significantly improves the simulation of typhoon track and intensity.This study provides a feasible way to search for the optimal combinations of physical parameterization schemes in WRF and COAWST for more accurate typhoon simulation.This can help provide references for future development of NWP models,and for analyzing the coordination and adaptability of different physical process parameterization schemes under specific weather backgrounds.

关键词： simple genetic algorithm(SGA) combinatorial optimization typhoon forecast numerical weather prediction(NWP)

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Climatic impacts induced by winter wheat irrigation over North China simulated by the nonhydrostatic RegCM4.7

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Advances in climate Change research 2024年第2期15卷 197-210页

作者： Jia WU Zhen-Yu HAN Xue-Jie GAO Zheng-Jia LIU National climate Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Key Laboratory for climate Studies China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China climate Change research Center Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Quantification of the impact of winter wheat irrigation on the climate and the occurrence of extreme climatic events over North China is crucial for regional adaptation planning.Previous related studies mainly focused on the impact on surface processes;however,few focused on the effects of extreme events using high-resolution nonhydrostatic regional climate models.Here,the 9-km-resolution nonhydrostatic RegCM4.7 was coupled with a crop irrigation scheme and an updated winter wheat irrigation dataset to better simulate irrigation effects.Two experiments were conducted with and without winter wheat irrigation to isolate the effects of irrigation.Results showed that irrigation simulation reduces the model biases in temperature,precipitation,latent heat flux,soil moisture,sensitive heat flux,and top-layer soil moisture.Moreover,it also reduces the bias and increases the correlation with observations obtained in irrigated areas,especially in summer,indicating better representation of irrigation schemes.Winter wheat irrigation tends to cause substantial cooling of the local surface maximum,minimum,and mean air temperatures(by-1.68,-0.34,and-0.79℃,respectively)over irrigated areas of North China,with the largest changes observed in relation to maximum temperature.Additionally,precipitation is found to increase during spring and summer,which is strongly related to water vapor transport in the lower levels of the atmosphere.Further analyses indicated that the number of annual mean hot days decrease(-13.9 d),whereas the number of both comfort days(+10.2 d)and rainy days(days with total precipitation greater than 1 mm:+6.6 d)increase over irrigated areas,demonstrating beneficial feedback to human perception and agriculture.Fortunately,although the heat wave risk increases(number of annual mean heat wave days:+5.8 d),the impact is limited to small areas within irrigated region.Additionally,no notable change was found in terms of heavy rainfall events and precipitation intensity,which might be an undereastimation caused by th

关键词： Nonhydrostatic regional climate model Irrigation effect Extreme events North China

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