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Biofilm three-dimensional architecture influences in situ pH distribution pattern on the human enamel surface

International Journal of Oral Science 2017年第2期9卷 74-79页

作者： Jin Xiao Anderson T Hara Dongyeop Kim Domenick T Zero Hyun Koo Geelsu Hwang Eastman institute for Oral health University of Rochester Medical Center Department of Cariology Operative Dentistry and Dental Public HealthOral Health Research InstituteIndiana University School of Dentistry Biofilm Research Laboratories Levy Center for Oral HealthDepartment of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral HealthSchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania

To investigate how the biofilm three-dimensional(3D) architecture influences in situ pH distribution patterns on the enamel surface. Biofilms were formed on human tooth enamel in the presence of 1% sucrose or 0.5% glucose plus 0.5% fructose. At specific time points, biofilms were exposed to a neutral pH buffer to mimic the buffering of saliva and subsequently pulsed with 1% glucose to induce re-acidification. Simultaneous 3D pH mapping and architecture of intact biofilms was performed using two-photon confocal microscopy. The enamel surface and mineral content characteristics were examined successively via optical profilometry and microradiography analyses. Sucrose-mediated biofilm formation created spatial heterogeneities manifested by complex networks of bacterial clusters(microcolonies). Acidic regions(pH<5.5) were found only in the interior of microcolonies,which impedes rapid neutralization(taking more than 120 min for neutralization). Glucose exposure rapidly re-created the acidic niches, indicating formation of diffusion barriers associated with microcolonies structure. Enamel demineralization(white spots),rougher surface, deeper lesion and more mineral loss appeared to be associated with the localization of these bacterial clusters at the biofilm-enamel interface. Similar 3D architecture was observed in plaque-biofilms formed in vivo in the presence of sucrose. The formation of complex 3D architectures creates spatially heterogeneous acidic microenvironments in close proximity of enamel surface, which might correlate with the localized pattern of the onset of carious lesions(white spot like) on teeth.

关键词： biofilms demineralization dental caries exopolysaccharides microcolonies pH microenvironments plaque Streptococcus mutans

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of Farm Size in China in Context of Rapid Urbanization

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Chinese Geographical Science 2013年第5期23卷 607-619页

作者： TAN Minghong Guy M ROBINSON LI Xiubin XIN Liangjie institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Centre for Rural health&community Development University of South Australia

During the last 30 years, China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization, with about 1.2 x 107 rural people migrating annually into urban areas. Meanwhile, especially since 1995, the rural population has been declining, which is closely linked to land circulation and the increase in farm size in many villages. Increasing scale of farming operations is often regarded as a key to avoiding the abandonment of farmland and to increasing the income of rural farmers. However, until now, there has been little research on the spatial and temporal variability of farm size at the national level in China. Using data from the national agricultural cen- sus and rural household surveys, this study examines the characteristics of land use circulation and the consequent changes in the area of farmland per household. The results show that： 1） 12.2% of rural households were involved in land circulation at the national level. The highest amounts of land circulation have occurred in those provinces where the farmland per capita is more than 0.2 ha or less than 0.1 ha; 2） over 80% of households operate less than 0.6 ha of farmland; 3） the proportion of mid-sized farms （between 0.2 ha and 0.6 ha per household） has decreased while the smallest and the largest farms have increased. This bears some similarity with the phenomenon known as the ＇disappearing middle＇, referring to the changes in farm size. This study establishes a framework for interpreting the factors affecting the changes in farm size in China, which include two promoting factors （urbanization and agriculture） and four hindering fac- tors （agricultual land system, household registration, stable clan system, and farmland loss）.

关键词： farm size land circulation urbanization China

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Convergence of COVID-19 and recurrent stroke:In-hospital mortality risks explored

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World Journal of Virology 2025年第1期14卷 5-8页

作者： Basavraj S Nagoba Shree V Dhotre Ajay M Gavkare Sachin S Mumbre Pradnya S Dhotre Department of Microbiology Maharashtra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research(Medical College)Latur 413531India Department of Microbiology Ashwini Rural Medical CollegeSolapur 413001India Department of community Medicine Ashwini Rural Medical CollegeSolapur 413001India Department of Biochemistry Ashwini Rural Medical CollegeSolapur 413001India

This editorial comments on the article by Desai et al,which investigates the impact of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)on in-hospital mortality among patients with recurrent stroke using data from the 2020 National Inpatient *** findings reveal significantly higher mortality rates in COVID-19-positive patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients,particularly among middle-aged individuals,males,and ethnic *** editorial explores the underlying mechanisms contributing to these outcomes and discusses the clinical implications for targeted management strategies in high-risk *** results emphasize the need for comprehensive approaches to mitigate the heightened risks faced by recurrent stroke patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

关键词： Recurrent stroke COVID-19 In-hospital mortality Nationwide analysis Stroke admissions Infectious diseases Chronic health conditions Hypercoagulability

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Applying tuberculosis management time to measure the tuberculosis infectious pool at a local level in Ethiopia

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 1392-1400页

作者： Senedu Bekele Gebreegziabher Gunnar Aksel Bjune Solomon Abebe Yimer Amhara Regional State health Bureau Bahir DarEthiopia Department of community Medicine Institute of Health and SocietyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway Oslo University Hospital OsloNorway Department of Bacteriology and Immunology Division of Infectious Disease ControlNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway

Background:Measuring the size of the infectious pool of tuberculosis(TB)is essential to understand the burden and monitor trends of TB control program *** study applied the concept of TB management time to estimate and compare the size of the TB infectious pool between 2009 and 2014 in West Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region,***:New sputum smear-positive and smear-negative pulmonary TB(PTB)and retreatment cases who attended 30 randomly selected public health facilities in West Gojjam Zone from October 2013 to October 2014 were consecutively enrolled in the *** order to determine the infectious period,the TB management time(number of days from the onset of cough until start of anti-TB treatment)was computed for each patient *** number of undiagnosed TB cases was estimated and hence the TB management time for the undiagnosed category was *** total size of the TB infectious pool during the study period for the study zone was estimated as the annual number of infectious person ***:New smear-positive and smear-negative PTB cases contributed 25,050 and 12,931 infectious person days per year to the TB infectious pool,*** retreatment and presently undiagnosed cases contributed 8840 and 34,310 infectious person days per year,*** total size of the TB infectious pool in West Gojjam Zone during the study period was estimated at 81,131 infectious person days per year or 3405 infectious person days per 100,000 population per *** to a similar study done in 2009 in the study area,the current study showed reduction of the TB infectious pool by 244,279 infectious person ***:TB management time is a simple and practical tool that may help to estimate and compare the changes in the size of the TB infectious pool at local *** may also be used as an indicator to monitor the changes in TB control program performance.

关键词： Tuberculosis TB management time Infectious pool West Gojjam zone Ethiopia

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Telemedicine and public health–pearls and pitfalls

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World Journal of Methodology 2025年第2期15卷 177-179页

作者： Ranjeet Kumar Sinha Sony Sinha Prateek Nishant Arvind Kumar Morya Arshi Singh Department of community Medicine Patna Medical CollegePatna 800004BiharIndia Department of Ophthalmology-Vitreo-Retina Neuro-Ophthalmology and OculoplastyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesPatna 801507BiharIndia Department of Ophthalmology ESIC Medical CollegePatna 801103BiharIndia Department of Ophthalmology All India Institute of Medical SciencesHyderabad 508126TelanganaIndia Department of Ophthalmology Guru Nanak Eye CenterNew Delhi 110001India

We hereby comment on the interesting systematic review by Grewal et al where they have provided an overall picture of the current status of available tele-health programs in the United States with emphasis on the Amazon *** analysis is an appreciable effort in discovering the features available and features lacking in these tele-health *** concept of tele-health originated to curtail the need for physical attendance of patients at health clinics,and has been beneficial during the coronavirus disease 2019 *** implore that the pearls and pitfalls of these programs have to be understood by policymakers prior to forming a consensus regarding the availability,accessibility and affordability of these programs as methods of healthcare *** proliferation of tele-health programs in their current form may pose threats to patient and provider safety and medicolegal ***,patients and providers must work together to improve them to meet their expectations and enable them to provide the best care for the ailing public.

关键词： Telemedicine Remote Access Availability Accessibility Affordability Ethics Privacy Medicolegal liability

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Assessment of reproductive health service utilization in urban slums: Evidence from Western Rajasthan

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Asian pacific Journal of Reproduction 2023年第2期12卷 52-57页

作者： Jyoti Sharma Nitin Kumar Joshi Yogesh Kumar Jain Kuldeep Singh Pankaj Bhardwaj School of Public health All India Institute of Medical SciencesJodhpurIndia Department of community Medicine and Family Medicine and School of Public health All India Institute of Medical SciencesJodhpurIndia

Objective:To assess the utilization of reproductive health services in urban slum of Jodhpur city,***:A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban slums of Jodhpur city amongst 300 married women of reproductive age between March and June ***-structured questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and information about utilization of antenatal care(ANC)services,delivery and post-partum ***:The majority of females were aged less than 25 years(n=195;65.0%),married after 18 years(n=240;80%),living in extended families(n=265;88.3%)and with monthly family income less than 10000 rupees(n=182;60.7%).Statistically significant associations were found between≥4 ANC visits and educational level of secondary and above(OR 2.47,95%CI 1.03–6.28;P=0.04),older age(OR 15.70,95%CI 14.87–16.54 for women aged 26-35 years,OR 16.14,95%CI 12.12–20.01 for women aged≥36 years;Phealth services represents good implementation of reproductive and child health programme at the peripheral level resulting in a stark rise in maternal health indicators in the state of Rajasthan.

关键词： Female Pregnancy Maternal health Maternal health services Prenatal care Postpartum period Facilities and services utilization health services accessibility

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Effect of the new maternity insurance scheme on medical expenditures for caesarean delivery in Wuxi, China： a retrospective pre/post-reform case study

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Frontiers of Medicine 2016年第4期10卷 473-480页

作者： Chun Chen Zhihong Cheng Ping Jiang Mei Sun Qi Zhang Jun Lv School of Public health and Management Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325035 China Research institute of health Development Strategies Fudan University Shanghai 200032 China Affiliated Hospital Jiangnan University Wuxi 214062 China School of community and Environmental health Old Dominion University Norfolk VA 23529 USA

Aiming to control rising medical expenditures and help improve China＇s healthcare systems, this study examined whether a cap-based medical insurance scheme with shared financial interest between the insurance and healthcare providers is effective in containing hospitals＇ C-section medical expenditures. We used 6547 caesarean delivery case records from a teaching tertiary-level general public hospital located in Wuxi, China （2004-2013）, and used the Chow test to investigate the possibility of significant variation in mean medical expenditures for caesarean deliveries pre- and post-reform. We also used paired sample t-tests and linear regression models to compare the mean medical expenditures between insured and uninsured women undergoing caesarean delivery during the post-reform period. After the scheme＇s implementation, medical expenditures for caesarean deliveries declined and the medical expenditures of women covered by the scheme were significantly lower than those of uninsured patients. These findings indicated the scheme＇s effectiveness in minimizing caesarean delivery expenditures. The cap-based medical insurance scheme with shared financial interest between insurance and healthcare providers would likely steer healtbcare providers＇ behaviors in a more cost-effective direction.

关键词： matemity insurance scheme financial incentive caesarean delivery medical expenditure China

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Estimating the pre-and post-diagnosis costs of tuberculosis for adults in Pakistan:household economic impact and costs mitigating strategies

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Global health Research and Policy 2022年第1期7卷 319-328页

作者： Shama Razzaq Aysha Zahidie Zafar Fatmi health Services Academy Opposite National Institute of Health(NIH)Islama-badPakistan Aga Khan University Community Health Sciences Stadium RoadPO Box 3500Karachi 74800Pakistan

Background:Despite free tuberculosis(TB)care in Pakistan,patients still have to bear high costs,which push them into *** study estimated the pre-and post-diagnosis costs households bear for TB care,and investigated coping mechanisms among adults≥18 years in Karachi,***:We conducted a cross-sectional study comprising of 516 TB patients identified with completion of at least one month intensive treatment from four public sector health facilities from two institutes in Karachi,Pakistan.A standardized questionnaire to estimate patient’s costs was *** study outcomes were direct medical and non-medical costs,and indirect *** costs were estimated during pre-diagnostic and post-diagnostic phase which includes diagnostic,treatment,and hospitalization phases.A descriptive analysis including mean and standard deviation(±SD),median and interquartile range(IQR),and frequencies and proportions(%)was ***:Out of 516 TB patients,52.1%were female with a mean age of 32.4(±13.7)*** median costs per patient during the pre-diagnostic,diagnostic,treatment and hospitalization periods were estimated at USD63.8/PKR7,377,USD24/PKR2,755,USD10.5/PKR1,217,and USD349.0/PKR40,300,*** total household median cost was estimated at USD129.2/PKR14,919 per *** median indirect cost was estimated at USD52.0/PKR5,950 per *** total,54.1%of patients preferred and consulted private providers in the first place at the onset of symptoms,while,36%attended public healthcare services,5%and 4.1%went to dispensary and pharmacy,respectively,as a first point of ***:TB patients bear substantial out-of-pocket costs before they are enrolled in publically funded TB *** should be provision of transport and food vouchers,also health insurance for in-patient *** advocates a critical investigation into an existing financial support network for TB patients in Pakistan towards reducing the burden.

关键词： Household expenditures Pre-and post-diagnostic costs TB care Adults Pakistan

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Microbiological quality of roof tank water in an urban village in southeastern China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第3期125卷 148-159页

作者： Dong Hu Jie Zeng Jing Chen Wenfang Lin Xinyan Xiao Mingbao Feng Xin Yu Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and health Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen 361021China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Shitang community health Service Center Xiamen 361026China College of the Environment and Ecology Xiamen UniversityXiamen 361005China

Urban villages are unique residential neighborhoods in urban areas in China. Roof tanks are their main form of water supply, and water quality deterioration might occur in this system because of poor hygienic conditions and maintenance. In this study, water samples were seasonally collected from an urban village to investigate the influence of roof tanks as an additional water storage device on the variation in the microbial community structure and pathogenic gene markers. Water stagnation in the roof tank induced significant decreases in chlorine(p community. It is worth noted that the sediment in the pipe will be agitated when the water supply is restored after the water outages, which can trigger an increase in turbidity and bacterial biomass. Overall, the findings provide practical suggestions for controlling microbiological health risks in roof tanks in urban villages.

关键词： Urban village Water storage tank Microbiological water quality Propidium monoazide(PMA)-qPCR Illumina sequencing

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Psychometric validation of the collective asset Utu:associations with coping strategies and resilience during adolescence

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Global health Research and Policy 2023年第1期8卷 392-405页

作者： Megan Cherewick Ronald E.Dahl Daphna Rubin Jenn A.Leiferman Prosper F.Njau Department of community and behavioral health Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz13001 East 17th PlaceAuroraCO 80045USA institute of Human Development University of California Berkeley2121 Berkeley Way WestBerkeleyCA 94720-1690USA health for a Prosperous Nation P.O.Box 13650Dar es SalaamTanzania

Background Utu is a Kiswahili term with a long history of cultural significance in *** conveys a value system of shared,collective *** variants of Utu have been studied in other contexts,a measure of Utu that captures this important collective asset has not been developed in *** aims of this study were to(1)examine dimensional constructs that represent Utu,(2)validate a measurement scale of Utu for use with adolescents,(3)examine differences between orphan and non-orphan adolescents in self-reported Utu and,(4)examine structural paths between adverse life experiences,coping strategies,Utu,and *** This study collected survey data from adolescents from three districts in peri-urban Tanzania in two samples:189 orphan adolescents ages 10-17 in May 2020 and 333 non-orphan adolescents ages 10-14 in August *** factor analysis was used to validate the hypothesized factor structure of the developed Utu *** equation models were used to examine path associations with adverse life experiences,coping and *** The five dimensional constructs comprising the Utu measure included Resource Sharing,Group Solidarity,Respect and Dignity,Collectivity,and *** factor analysis of the Utu measure demonstrated excellent fit(CFI=0.98;TLI=0.97;SRMR=0.024;RMSEA=0.046)and internal consistency(α=0.94)among adolescents in this ***,significant associations were found between Utu and coping(β=0.29,phealth

关键词： Risk Resilience Adolescents Orphans Collective Assets Utu

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