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Impact of Improved Cookstoves on the Level of Household Exposure to CO and PM_2.5 in Sub-Saharan Cities: The Case of the City of Ouagadougou

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2023年第2期12卷 50-66页

作者： Lucmane Koala Kayaba Haro Ousmane Coulibaly Bernard Nana Issoufou Ouarma Edwige Ouedraogo Tizane Daho Oumar Sanogo Antoine Béré Laboratoire de physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (LPCE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologie (IRSAT) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso institut des Sciences (IDS) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Air pollution is one of the major global threats to human health. In Burkina Faso, more than 80% of the population uses solid fuels as the main source of cooking energy. This paper reports a comparative study on the exposure of household to the carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted by improved cookstoves (ICS) or traditional cookstoves (TCS). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou for 4 months during the rainy season (July to October) in households with an outdoor kitchen. The investigation involved 92 households where air pollutants, such as PM2.5 and CO were measured with Indoor Air Pollution Meters (IAP meter). These measurements were focused on the concentration levels of the pollutants during cooking. The results of this study show high levels of PM2.5 and CO for all type of stoves. Wood stoves led to higher PM2.5 and lower CO emissions than charcoal stoves. ICS reduce emissions of indoor air pollutants compared to TCS. This reduction raised up to 82% for PM2.5 and 37% for CO. The analysis of the data measured with the student test (t-test) shows that there is a statistically significant difference between the average values of the concentrations of the pollutants emitted with the TCS compared to ICS, except for CO emissions measured on multi-pot sizes cookstoves (MM). This study shows that the concentrations of indoor air pollutants are very high regardless of the type of cookstoves used. The CO exposure obtained varies from 119.10 to 362.72 μg/m3 for 15-minute and 10.83 - 55.11 μg/m3 for 1-hour exposure. The exposure in PM2.5 varies from 4762 to 16,257 μg/m3 for 15-minute and 106.63 to 1597 μg/m3 for 1-hour of exposure. It was noted that the CO exposure levels obtained over 15-minute of exposure are 1.36 to 4.15 times higher than the WHO recommendation and 1.8 times higher for an exposure time of one hou

关键词： Biomass Cookstove Particulate Matters Carbon Monoxide

Realization of High Efficient Ferroelectric Perovskite Nanoparticles in Biopolymer-Matrix Solar Cells under Low Lighting

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Journal of Modern Physics 2023年第7期14卷 1019-1033页

作者： Rémi Ndioukane Fanta Baldé Ndéye Coumba Yandé Fall Abdoul Kadri Diallo Diouma Kobor Jeanne Solard Laurence Motte Laboratoire de Chimie et de physique des Matériaux (LCPM) University Assane Seck of Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Senegal Centrale de Proximité en Nanotechnologies de Paris Nord Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Villetaneuse Paris France Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS) University Paris 13 Paris France

The idea to use ferroelectric materials (PZN-PT) came from the fact that the ferroelectric nature could facilitate electric charges accumulation on the interfaces of the solar cell. Thus, it would increase the open circuit voltage Voc which could reach more than 10 V. This would directly impact the efficiency which is proportional to Voc, thus hoping to obtain solar efficiency never equaled by the halide perovskites which are less stable and less resistant in aggressive environments. In this work, the solar cells produced gave an exceptional record efficiency of 39.32% with a very high open circuit voltage (Voc) of 3.50 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 0.118 mA/cm2 and an FF of 0.72 measured in the positive polarization direction under 3825 lux (5.6 W/m2) lighting. The negative polarization direction under 4781 lux (7 W/m2) lightning gave a current density of 2 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of 2.30 V and an FF of 0.35.

关键词： Perovskite Nanoparticles Thin Film Ferrophotovoltaic Solar Cell

Gold and Base Metals Associated with Uranium Mineralization in Some Lower Carboniferous Rock Units in the Wadi Abu El Mogheirat Area, Southwestern Sinai, Egypt

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第6期95卷 2087-2099页

作者： Osama R.SALLAM Abdalla S.ALSHAMI Abd Elhadi A.ABBAS E.GUIBAL Nuclear Materials Authority CairoEgypt institut Mines Telecom-Mines Ales Centre des Materiaux des Mines d’AlesUniversityMontpellierFrance

The Lower Carboniferous sediments at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat consist of four stratigraphic formations, from base upwards: Um Bogma, El Hashash, Magharet El Maiah and Abu Zarab formations. The most-concentrated radioactive anomalies at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat are in the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation. The gibbsitic marl in this formation shows the highest uranium contents(around 710 ppm). Gibbsitic marl and black gibbsite of the middle Um Bogma Formation show higher enrichment in Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, U, V, Ce and Th. Black gibbsite contains the highest total rare earth elements concentration, especially in terms of LREEs, while gibbsitic marl contains the highest content of HREEs. Anomalous contents of gold at Wadi Abu El Mogheirat are recorded for the first time in the gibbsitic marl(content: 10.4 ppm), black gibbsite(2.8 ppm) of the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation and in the siltstones of the El Hashash Formation(0.6 ppm). Gibbsitic marl shows the presence of uranothorite, celestite, zircon, atacamite, barite, xenotime and rutile. These characteristic demonstrate that the middle member of the Um Bogma Formation constitutes a potential source for gold. This conclusion is reinforced by the potential to exploit other metals such as Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, U, V, Th and Ce as by-products.

关键词： gibbsite rare earth elements Um Bogma

Carbon nanotubes decorated α-Al_2O_3 containing cobalt nanoparticles for Fischer-Tropsch reaction

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2013年第2期22卷 279-289页

作者： Yuefeng Liu Thierry Dintzer Ovidiu Ersen Cuong Pham-Huu Laboratoire des Matriaux Surfaces et Procds pour la Catalyse (LMSPC) UMR 7515 CNRS-Universit de Strasbourg (UdS) 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 08 France institut de physique et Chimie des Matriaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) UMR 7504 CNRS-Universit de Strasbourg (UdS) 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 02 France

A new hierarchical composite consisted of multi-walled carbon nanotubes （CNTs） layer anchored on macroscopic a-A1203 host matrix was synthesized and used as support for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS）. The composite constituted by a thin shell of a homogeneous, highly entan-gled and structure-opened carbon nanotubes network and it exhibited a relatively high and fully accessible specific surface area of 76 m2.g-1, compared with that of 5 m2.g-1 of the original a-A1203support. The metal-support interaction between carbon nanotubes surface and cobalt precursor and high effective surface area led to a relatively high dispersion of cobalt nanoparticles. This hierarchically supported cobalt catalyst exhibited a high FTS activity along with an extremely high selectivity towards liquid hydrocarbons compared with the cobalt-based catalyst supported on pristine a-A1203 or on CNTs carriers. This improvement can attribute to the high accessibility of composite surface area com- paring with the macroscopic host structure alone or to the bulk CNTs where the nanoscopic dimension induced a dense packing with low mass transfer which favoured the problem of reactants competitive diffusion towards the cobalt active site. In addition, intrinsic thermal conductivity of decorated CNTs could help the heat dissipating throughout the catalyst body, thus avoiding the formation of local hot spots which appeared in high CO conversion under pure syngas feed in FTS reaction. Cobalt supported on CNTs decorated a-A1203 catalyst also exhibited satisfied high stability during more than 200 h on stream under relatively severe conditions compared with other catalysts reported in the literature. Finally, the macroscopic shape of such composite easily rendered its usage as catalyst support in a fixed-bed configuration without facing problems of transport and pressure drop as encountered with the bulk CNTs.

关键词： carbon nanotubes Fischer-Tropsch synthesis a-A1203 hierarchical support cobalt nanoparticles

Hydrogen storage of Mgi-xMxH2 （M--Ti, V, studied using first-principles calculations re）

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Chinese Physics B 2012年第9期21卷 477-483页

作者： M.Bhihi M.Lakhal H.Labrim A. Benyoussefa A.EI Kenz O.Mounkachi E.K.Hlil Laboratoire de Magnetisme et de physique des Hautes Energies associe au CNRST (URAC 12) Departement de PhysiqueB.P. 1014 Faculte des Sciences Universite Mohammed V-Agdal Rabat Morocco National Centre for Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques ONESTEN Morocco institute of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies MACslR Rabat Morocco Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology Rabat Morocco institut N6el CNRS-UJF 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 France

In this work, the hydrogen storage properties of the Mg-based hydrides, i.e., Mgl-xMxH2 （M=Ti, V, Fe, 0≤ x ≤ 0.1）, are studied using the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker （KKR） calculation with the coherent potential approximation （CPA） . In particular, the nature and concentrations of the alloying elements and their effects are studied. Moreover, the material＇s stability and hydrogen storage thermodynamic properties are discussed. In particular, we find that the stability and the temperature of desorption decrease without significantly affecting the storage capacities.

关键词： first-principles calculation formation energy electronic structure hydrogen storage

design of Fe(3–x)O4 raspberry decorated graphene nanocomposites with high performances in lithium-ion battery

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2016年第2期25卷 270-275页

作者： Olivier Gerber Sylvie Bégin-Colin Benoit P.Pichon Elodie Barraud Sébastien Lemonnier Cuong Pham-Huu Barbara Daffos Patrice Simon Jeremy Come Dominique Bégin institut de physique et Chimie des materiaux de Strasbourg UMR 7504 - CNRS Universite de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 08France RS2E - FR CNRS n 3459 Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse III CIRIMAT 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France French-German Research institute of Saint-Louis 5 rue du General Cassagnou 68300 Saint-Louis France institut de Chimie et Procedes pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Sante UMR 7515-CNRS Universite de Strasbourg 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02 France

Fe（3–x）O4 raspberry shaped nanostructures/graphene nanocomposites were synthesized by a one-step polyol-solvothermal method to be tested as electrode materials for Li-ion battery（LIB）. Indeed, Fe（3–x）O4 raspberry shaped nanostructures consist of original oriented aggregates of Fe（3–x）O4 magnetite nanocrystals, ensuring a low oxidation state of magnetite and a hollow and porous structure, which has been easily combined with graphene sheets. The resulting nanocomposite powder displays a very homogeneous spatial distribution of Fe（3–x）O4 nanostructures at the surface of the graphene sheets. These original nanostructures and their strong interaction with the graphene sheets resulted in very small capacity fading upon Li＋ion intercalation. Reversible capacity, as high as 660 m Ah/g, makes this material promising for anode in Li-ion batteries application.

关键词： Graphene Fe3–xO4 raspberry shaped nanostructures Fe3–xO4/graphene nanocomposites Lithium-ion battery Reversible capacity

Global inventory of Helium-3 in lunar regoliths estimated by a multi-channel microwave radiometer on the Chang-E 1 lunar satellite

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第35期55卷 4005-4009页

作者： FA WenZhe JIN YaQiu Key Laboratory of Wave Scattering and Remote Sensing Information (MOE) Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China institut de physique du Globe de Paris Saint Maur des Fosses 94100 France

Helium-3(3He) implanted by solar wind in the lunar regolith is a valuable resource because of its potential as a fusion *** the basis of the Apollo regolith samples,a linear relationship between 3He abundance and solar wind flux,optical maturity and TiO2 content has been *** successfully launched its first lunar exploration satellite Chang-E 1(CE-1) on October 24,2007.A multi-channeled microwave radiometer was aboard the satellite with the purpose of measuring microwave thermal emission from the lunar surface *** the multi-channel brightness temperature(Tb) observed by CE-1,the global distribution of the regolith thickness was inverted from the multi-channel Tb,and was used to evaluate the total amount of 3He per unit area in the lunar *** global inventory of 3He was estimated as being 6.6×108 kg;3.7×108 kg for the lunar nearside and 2.9×108 kg for the lunar farside.

关键词：微波辐射计月球卫星氦-3 库存估计多通道月球探测卫星聚变燃料

Influence of alkali mixed effect on the mixing enthalpy in 0.75B_2O_3-0.25[xNa_2O-(1-x)K_2O]glass system

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2008年第10期19卷 1252-1255页

作者： A.Kouyate A.P.Ahoussou A.Yapi D.Diabate J.Rogez A.Trokourey Laboratoire de Chimie-physique UFR-SSMTUniversité de Cocody22 BP 582 Abidjan 22Cote d'Ivoire institut des Matériaux de Microélectroniquede Nanoscience de ProvenceIM2NPUMR 6242CNRSUniversité Paul CézanneMarseilleFaculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérme13397 Marseille Cedex 20France

The mixed alkali effect was investigated in the glass system 0.75B2O3-0.25[xNa2O-（1 -x）K20] through thermodynamic properties. The calorimetric measurements were performed in HF solution calorimetry at 298 K. The mixing enthalpy values show non-linear behaviour upon substitution of one alkali ion by another. This thermodynamic non-ideality is caused by the slight variations of distance between metallic cations, the macromolecular structure being unchanged. It can be explained, at least qualitatively, using electrolyte theory based on the Coulombic interactions of charged species originally developed by debye and Hückel.

关键词： Alkali mixed effect Calorimetry Mixing enthalpy Coulombic interactions

Off-shell BRST-VSUSY Superalgebra for D = 4 BF Theories in Superconnection Formalism

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2007年第2X期48卷 309-312页

作者： A. Aidaoui M. Tahiri Laboratoire de physique Théorique Universitd d'Oran Es-Senia 31100 Oran Algeria Centre Universitaire de Béchar Institut des Sciences Exactes B.P. 417 08000 Béchar Algeria

We propose the superconnection formalism to construct the off-shell BRST-VSUSY superalgebra for D = 4 BF theories. The method is based on the natural introduction of physical fields as well as auxiliary fields via superconnections and their associated supercurvatures defined on a superspace. We also give a prescription to build the off-shell BRST-VSUSY exact quantum action.

关键词： BF理论量子理论并协原理测不准关系