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Size fractions of organic matter pools influence their stability: Application of the Rock-Eval® analysis to beech forest soils

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Pedosphere 2022年第4期32卷 565-575页

作者： David SEBAg Eric P.VERRECCHIA Thierry ADATTE Michael AUBERT guillaume CAILLEAU Thibaud deCAENS Isabelle KOWALEWSKI Jean TRAP Fabrice BUREAU Mickael HEDde Normandie Univ Universitéde Rouen Normandie(UNIROUEN)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(CNRS)M2CRouen 76000France institute of Earth Surface Dynamics(IDYST) GeopolisUniversity of LausanneLausanne 1015Switzerland institut Français du Pétrole Energies Nouvelles(IFPEN) Earth Sciences and Environmental Technologies DivisionRueil-Malmaison 92852France institute of Earth Sciences(ISTE) GeopolisUniversity of LausanneLausanne 1015Switzerland Normandie Univ Universitéde Rouen Normandie(UNIROUEN)Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculturel'Alimentation et l'Environnement(INRAE)LaboratoireÉtude et COmpréhension de la bioDIVersité(ECODIV)Rouen 76000France Laboratory of Microbiology Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel 2000Switzerland Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive(CEFE) Universitéde MontpellierCNRSEcole Pratique des Hautes Etudes(EPHE)Institut de Recherche pour le Développement(IRD)Montpellier 34000France Eco&Sols INRAEIRDUniversitéde MontpellierMontpellier 34000France

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a complex heterogeneous mixture formed through decomposition and organo-mineral interactions, and characterization of its composition and biogeochemical stability is challenging. From this perspective, Rock-Eval® is a rapid and efficient thermal analytical method that combines the quantitative and qualitative information of SOM, including several parameters related to thermal stability. This approach has already been used to monitor changes in organic matter (OM) properties at the landscape, cropland, and soil profile scales. This study was aimed to assess the stability of SOM pools by characterizing the grain size fractions from forest litters and topsoils using Rock-Eval® thermal analysis. Litter (organic) and topsoil samples were collected from a beech forest in Normandy (France), whose management in the last 200 years has been documented. Fractionation by wet sieving was used to separate large debris (> 2 000 μm) and coarse (200–2 000 μm) and fine particulate OM (POM) (50–200 μm) in the organic samples as well as coarse (200–2 000 μm), medium (50–200 μm), and fine (de thermal parameters sensitive enough to study fine-scale soil processes. In the organic layers, quantitative and qualitative changes were explained by the progressive decomposition of labile organic compounds from plant debris to the finest organic particles. Meanwhile, the grain size fractions of topsoils presented different characteristics. The coarse organo-mineral fractions showed higher C contents, albeit with a different composition, higher thermal stability, and greater decomposition degree than the plant debris forming the organic layer. These results are consistent with those of previous studies that microbial activity is more effective in this fraction. The finest fractions of topsoils showed low C contents, the highest thermal stability, and low decomposition degree, which can be explained

关键词： aggregate decomposition litter organo-mineral interaction plant-microbe-soil continuum soil organic matter thermal analysis topsoil

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A universal route to efficient non-linear response via Thomson scattering in linear solids

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National Science Review 2023年第7期10卷 203-212页

作者： Yongzheng Wen Flavio giorgianni Igor Ilyakov Baogang Quan Sergey Kovalev Chen Wang Carlo Vicario Jan-Christoph deinert Xiaoyu Xiong Joe Bailey Min Chen Alexey Ponomaryov Nilesh Awari Andrea Rovere Jingbo Sun Roberto Morandotti Luca Razzari gabriel Aeppli Junjie Li Ji Zhou State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Paul Scherrer institut Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences institut de Physique école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) Centreénergie Matériaux et Télécommunications (EMT) department of Physics and Quantum Center ETH Zürich

Non-linear materials are cornerstones of modern optics and *** dependence on the intrinsic properties of particular materials,however,inhibits the at-will extension of demanding non-linear effects,especially those second-order ones,to widely adopted centrosymmetric materials(for example,silicon) and te chnologically important burgeoning spectral domains(for example,terahertz frequencies).Here we introduce a universal route to efficient non-linear responses enabled by exciting non-linear Thomson scattering,a fundamental process in electrodynamics that was known to occur only in relativistic electrons in metamaterial composed of linear *** a mechanism modulates the trajectory of charges,either intrinsically or extrinsically provided in solids,at twice the driving frequency,allowing second-harmonic generation at terahertz frequencies on crystalline silicon with extremely large non-linear susceptibility in our proof-of-concept *** offering a substantially material-and frequency-independent platform,our approach opens new possibilities in the fields of on-demand non-linear optics,terahertz sources,strong field light-solid interactions and integrated photonic circuits.

关键词： non-linear optical materials terahertz harmonic generation Thomson scattering magneto-electric coupling metamaterial

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Preface to the special issue on Mesoscopic Solar Cells

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2016年第1期9卷 1-2页

作者： Michael graitzel Laboratoire de Photoniques et Interfaces Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Energy crisis and environment pollution are the main challenges of human beings in the 21th century. developing solar cells with high efficiency and stability at low production cost is an effective way to achieve ＂price parity＂ with fossil-fuel-based grid power and large-scale use of solar energy. Since the breakthrough of dye-sensitized solar cells （DSSCs） in 1991, mesoscopic solar cells have been developing fast. Especially in the past three years, the power conversion efficiency （PCE） of perovskite solar cells based on mesoporous structure increased at an amazing rate.

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Three‐terminal perovskite/integratedbackcontactsilicon tandem solar cells under low light intensity conditions

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Interdisciplinary Materials 2022年第1期1卷 148-156页

作者： Hiroyuki Kanda Valentin Dan Mihailetchi Marie-Estelle gueunier-Farret Jean-Paul Kleider Zakaria Djebbour Jose Alvarez Baranek Philippe Olindo Isabella Malte R.Vogt Rudi Santbergen Philip Schulz Fiala Peter Mohammad K.Nazeeruddin James P.Connolly group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials Ecole Polytechnique Federale de LausanneValais WallisSionSwitzerland International Solar Energy Research Center ISC-Konstanz E.V.KonstanzGermany Centrale Supelec CNRSLaboratoire de Genie Electrique et Electronique de ParisUniversite Paris-SaclayGif-sur-YvetteFrance CNRS Laboratoire de Genie Electrique et Electronique de ParisSorbonne UnibversiteParisFrance CNRS Institut Photovoltaique d'Île de France(IPVF)PalaiseauFrance department EFESE EDF Lab Paris‐SaclayEDF R&DPalaiseauFrance delft university of Technology(TU delft) DelftThe Netherlands Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory Ecole Polytechnique Federale de LausanneNeuchatelSwitzerland

The current climate and energy crisis urgently needs solar cells with efficiencies above the 29% single junction efficiency ***/perovskite tandem solar cells are a solution,which is attracting much *** silicon/perovskite tandem cells in 2-terminal and 4-terminal configurations are well documented,the three-terminal concept is still in its *** has significant advantages under low light intensities as opposed to concentrated sunlight,which is the critical factor in designing tandem solar cells for low-cost terrestrial *** study pre-sents novel studies of the sub-cell performance of the first three-terminal perovskite/silicon selective band offset barrier tandem solar cells fabricated in an ongoing research *** study focuses on short circuit current and operating voltages of the subcells under light intensities of one sun and *** studies show that the perovskite bulk carrier lifetime is insensitive to illumination,while the silicon cell's lifetime decreases with decreasing light *** combination of perovskite and silicon in the 3T perovskite-silicon tandem therefore reduces the sensitivity of V_(OC) to light intensity and maintains a relatively higher V_(OC) down to low light intensities,whereas silicon single-junction cells show a marked *** technological advantage is proposed as a novel advantage of three-terminal perovkite/silicon solar cells for low light intensities of one sun or less.

关键词： low light intensity conditions perovskite solar cells tandem solar cells three-terminal perovskite/Si solar cells

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The rise of 3D cellular spheroids: efficient culture via upward growth from a superamphiphobic surface

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National Science Review 2019年第6期6卷 1068-1069页

作者： Paul J.Dyson institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Cell culture assays are extensively used in drug discovery and development programs, biomedical research, and in many others areas of science. Currently,2D monolayer cellular assays serve as the gold standard. However, while they provide seemingly indispensable information on drug activity, it is estimated that of the putative drug candidates selected

关键词： The rise of 3D cellular spheroids efficient culture via upward growth from a superamphiphobic surface

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Donor design and modification strategies of metal-free sensitizers for highly-efficient n-type dye-sensitized solar cells

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2016年第1期9卷 3-37页

作者： Xiaoyu ZHANg Michael graitzel Jianli HUA Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and institute of Fine Chemicals East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China Laboratoire de Photoniques et Interfaces Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

Dye-sensitized solar cells （DSSCs） cannot be developed without the research on sensitizers. As the key of light harvesting and electron generation, thousands of sensitizers have been designed for the application in DSSC devices. Among them, organic sensitizers have drawn a lot of attention because of the flexible molecular design, easy synthesis and good photovoltaic performance. Recently, new record photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of 11.5% for DSSCs with iodide electrolyte and 14.3% for DSSCs with cobalt electrolyte and co-sensitization have been achieved with organic sensitizers. Here we focus on the donor design and modification of organic sensitizers. Several useful strategies and corresponding typical examples are presented.

关键词： donors organic sensitizers dye-sensitizedsolar cells (DSSCs)

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design of sediment detention basins: Scaled model experiments and application

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2021年第1期36卷 136-150页

作者： Anita Moldenhauer-Roth guillaume Piton Sebastian Schwindt Mona Jafarnejad Anton J.Schleiss Hydraulic Constructions Platform (PL-LCH) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) université grenoble Alpes Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Pour L'environnement et L'agriculture (IRSTEA)

Sediment detention basins are implemented on mountain rivers to trap solid material that may aggravate the flooding of downstream ***,retention structures built in the past may unnecessarily retain sediment during non-hazardous flood events,resulting in high maintenance costs and sediment deficit *** addition,the so-called spontaneous self-flushing of previously retained sediment during floods has occasionally been *** research suggests to design sediment detention basins for controlling sediment passage with a guiding channel across the deposition area upstream of a hybrid *** barriers consist of a check dam with a slot orifice and an upstream bar screen with a bottom clearance in order to benefit from a combined mechanical-hydraulic retention *** present paper enhances this pioneering research with the help of new experimental data,including a wide range of sediment mixtures and large wood,as well as variable barrier *** design criteria are provided regarding the bar screen and the basin storage *** functionality of the enhanced concept for sediment detention is illustrated by a case study on a physical model:the protection of the Villard-Bonnot village(France) against torrential hazards.

关键词： Sediment continuity Sediment trap Bedload Open check dam Sediment flushing

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A simple catalyst for aqueous phase Suzuki reactions based on palladium nanoparticles immobilized on an ionic polymer

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Science China Chemistry 2016年第4期59卷 482-486页

作者： Saeideh ghazali-Esfahani Emilia Paunescu Mojtaba Bagherzadeh Zhaofu Fei gabor Laurenczy Paul J.Dyson institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne CH-I O15Switzerland Chemistry department Sharif University of TechnologyTehran 11155-3615lran

palladium nanoparticles immobilized on a cross-linked imidazolium-containing polymer were evaluated as a catalyst for Suzuki carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions using water as the solvent. The nanocatalysts show good catalytic activities for aryl iodides and aryl bromides and moderate activity with aryl chloride substrates. Coupling of sterically hindered substrates could also be achieved in reasonable yields. The heterogeneous catalyst is stable, can be stored without precautions to exclude air or moisture, and can be easily recycled and reused.

关键词：纳米催化剂钯纳米粒子离子聚合物偶联反应水相铃木芳基碘化物多相催化剂

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Large anisotropic negative thermal expansion in Cu-TDPAT metalorganic framework:A combined in situ X-ray diffraction and DRIFTS study

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Nano Research 2021年第2期14卷 404-410页

作者： Mehrdad Asgari lia Kochetygov Hassan Abedini Wendy L.Queen institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne(EPFL)-Valais WallisCH-1951 SionSwitzerland gas Engineering department Faculty of PetroleumPetroleum University of Technology(PUT)Ahwaz 61991-71183Iran

Cu-TDPAT(H_(6)TDPAT=2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine),a stable nanoporous metal-organic framework with rht topology,has sparked broad interest as an adsorbent for several chemical separation *** this work,in situ synchrotron diffraction experiments followed by sequential LeBail refinements reveal that Cu-TDPAT shows unusually large anisotropic negative thermal expansion(NTE).The PASCal crystallography tool,used to analyze the magnitude of the NTE,reveals an average volumetric thermal expansion coefficientαv=-20.3 MK^(-1).This value is significantly higher than the one reported for Cu-BTC(also known as HKUST-1),which contains the same Cu-paddlewheel building unit,αv=-12 MK^(-1).In situ synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS)were employed to shed light on the NTE *** these two methods,we were able to elucidate the three main structural motions that are responsible for the NTE *** more pronounced NTE behavior of Cu-TDPAT is attributed to the lower symmetry combined with the more complex ligand structure when compared to *** knowledge obtained in this work is important for understanding the behavior of the adsorbent under transient variable temperature conditions in fixed adsorption beds.

关键词： negative thermal expansion metal-organic frameworks Cu-TDPAT in situ diffraction in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS)

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Polypeptide Brushes grown via Surface-initiated Ring-opening Polymerization of α-Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2015年第7期33卷 931-931,932-946页

作者： Yong Shen 李志波 Harm-Anton Klok Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology cole Polytechnique Fédérale de lausanne (EPFL) Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Laboratoire des Polymères Batiment MXD Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland

Polypeptide brushes are attractive platforms to generate functional and responsive interfaces that are of potential interest due to their possible biodegradability, biocompatibility and tunable secondary structures. Surface-initiated ringopening polymerization（SI-ROP） of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides represents a powerful and versatile strategy to generate polypeptide brushes. This review is an attempt to capture the state-of-the-art in this field and highlights the latest developments in several selected areas. In addition to presenting an overview of the synthetic methods that have been used to generate polypeptide brushes via SI-ROP, this article will discuss the preparation of patterned polypeptide brushes, the conformational properties of surface-tethered polypeptides, ways to control chain orientation at surfaces as well as properties and applications of these thin polymer films.

关键词： Polypeptide brushes Surface α-Amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides Ring-opening polymerization Secondary structure

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