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development and Evolution of the Size of Polygonal Fracture Systems during Fluid-Solid Separation in Clay-Rich deposits

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Journal of Earth Science 2018年第6期29卷 1319-1334页

作者： Teodolina Lopez Raphael Antoine Josédarrozes Michel Rabinowicz david Baratoux CESBIO Universite de ToulouseCNES/CNRS/IRD/UPSloulousePrance International Space Science institute(ISSI) BernSwitzerland CEREMA Laboratoire Regional de RouenGroupe Sciences de la TerreCS 90245F-76121 Le Grand QuevillyFrance GET Universite de ToulouseUPS/CNRS/IRD/CNESToulouseFrance institut fondamental d'afrique noire(IFAN) Cheikh Anta DioDakarSenegal

In continental and oceanic conditions, clay-rich deposits are characterised by the development of polygonal fracture systems（PFS）. PFS can increase the vertical permeability of clay-rich deposits（mean permeability ≤10-16 m2） and are pathways for fluids. On continents, the width of PFS ranges from centimeters to hundreds of meters, while in oceanic contexts they are up to a few kilometers large. These structures are linked to water-solid separation during deposition, consolidation and complete fluid squeeze of the clay horizon. during the last few decades, modeling of melt migration in partially molten plastic rocks led to rigorous quantifications of two-phase flows with a particular emphasis on 2d and 3d induced flow structures. The numerical modeling shows that the melt migrates on distances almost equal to a few times the compaction length L that depends on permeability and viscosity. Consequently, polygonal structures in partially molten plastic rocks are resulted from the melt-rock separation and their sizes are proportional to L. Applying these results to fluid-solid separation in clay-rich horizons, we show that（1） centimetric to kilometric PFS are resulted from the dramatic increase of L during compaction and（2）, this process involves agglomerates with 100 μm to 1 mm size.

关键词： compaction clay deposit agglomerates polygonal fractures desiccation cracks

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Comparative Geochemical Study of the Tertiary and Quaternary Lavas of Western Senegal and the Cape Verde Islands: Geodynamic Implications

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International Journal of Geosciences 2015年第11期6卷 1193-1213页

作者： diomaye Yatte dinna Pathé diallo Ibrahima Sagna département de Géologie Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénégal institut fondamental d’afrique noire (IFAN) Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénégal

The western area of Senegal was the site of a basic volcanism in the Tertiary and Quaternary. That volcanism had caused the formation of alkaline olivine basalts, basanites and nephelinites from microlitic and porphyritic texture to dolerite texture. The geochemistry of major elements shows that the Quaternary basalts are more aluminous and more siliceous, but they contain less magnesium, less iron and less calcium than the Tertiary basalts. Two types of basalt occur here, based on the characteristics of the major elements in the Tertiary lavas: the highly undersaturated basalts of the Cape Verde Peninsula and the slightly undersaturated basalts of the Thiès Plateau. The characteristics of the trace elements reveal shallow interactions due to the contamination and/or assimilation, and to the fractional crystallization, but not due to the heterogeneity of the source. The strong enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and the slight enrichment in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), the anomalies which are negative in K and Pb and positive in Nb, Ta and Eu of the Tertiary and Quaternary basalts of Western Senegal and similar anomalies of the same elements (Pb not analyzed) described in the Cape Verde islands, allow us to establish links between the petrogenetic mechanisms that had caused the formation of the basalts of this Islands and Western Senegal. Moreover, the volcanic activity in Western Senegal (of continental lntraplate type) and that of the Cape Verde Islands (oceanic intraplate type) are probably related to the hot spot located on the vertical of the Cape Verde.

关键词： Western Senegal Basalts Tertiary Quaternary Cape Verde

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Petrological and Structural Approach to Understanding the Mechanism of Formation and development of Paleoproterozoic Calc-Alkaline Volcanic Rocks of West Africa’s Craton: An Example of the Mako and Foulde Groups (Kedougou Inlier in Western Senegal)

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International Journal of Geosciences 2015年第7期6卷 675-691页

作者： Adrien Gozo Mahamadane diène dinna Pathé diallo Edmond dioh Mamadou Gueye Papa Moussa Ndiaye département de Géologie Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal institut des Sciences de la Terre Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal institut fondamental d’afrique noire (IFAN) Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal

The calc-alkaline volcanic formations in the western part of the Kedougou-Kenieba inlier crop out in three complexes: the Foulde in the North and the areas of Mako and Baniomba in the South. These complexes which either combine with the tholeiites or cut across the sedimentary formations are composed of thin veins and massive lava flows. They have many petrographic similarities and show chemical characteristics that resemble those of island-arc rocks. At the tectonic level, the d1 deformation phase preceding the formation of the basins and the transpressive tectonics including an oblique convergence may account for the structural evolution of the Mako volcanic belt. Its occurrence in different basins may be evidenced by the composition of some lithophilic components like the Sr, Ba, U, Rb and the composition of clinopyroxenes enriched in TiO2, FeO, Na2O in the Foulde calc-alkaline volcanic rocks that developed in a sedimentary environment.

关键词： Volcanism Calc-Alkaline Kedougou-Kenieba Inlier Tectonic Stress Transpressive Tectonics

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Theoretical Establishment of the Mass Balance Equation and determination of the Proportion (S)ffof Fossil Fuels as an Indicator of the Suess Effect

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2021年第1期11卷 114-124页

作者： Maurice Ndeye Matar Sène doudou diop Radiocarbon Laboratory Institut Fondamentale d’Afrique Noire (IFAN) Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar Dakar-Fann Senegal department of Physics Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar Dakar-Fann Senegal Botanic Laboratory Institut Fondamentale d’Afrique Noire (IFAN) Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar Dakar-Fann Senegal

Mass balance equations can be used to quantify the level of fossil carbon dioxide (CO2)ff at a given site by using samples of tree leaves or tree rings. These sites are often densely populated and highly industrialized areas. In this case, in addition to the natural carbon dioxide level of the site, there are several other components that are added to it. The approaches we propose in this paper are based on the isotopic fractionation of carbon and the laws of matter conservation. Mathematical equations are derived from this and we propose approaches to establish them. Our method has allowed us to come to the conclusion of the relationship that is already found in literature. But we term this relationship in another way by introducing the fraction of carbon modern F and the proportion of CO2 derived from fossil fuels, which will be noted (S)ff for the following. As an indicator of the Suess Effect, we have calculated these values in our different sites. Wooded areas sites which are located in urban areas have higher value of proportion of fossil fuel (S)ff .

关键词： Suess Effect Radiocarbon Mass Balance Fossil Fuel

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Polycyclic Evolution of Paleoproterozoic Rocks in the Southwestern Part of the Mako Group(Eastern Senegal,West Africa)

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International Journal of Geosciences 2014年第7期5卷 739-748页

作者： Papa Moussa Ndiaye Edmond dioh Famara diatta Alassane Traore Makhoudia Fall Ousmane Balde département de Géologie Universite Cheikh Anta DiopDakarSénégal institut fondamental d’afrique noire Universite Cheikh Anta DiopDakarSénégal institut de Technologie Nucléaire Appliquée Universite Cheikh Anta DiopDakarSénégal

After an extensional stage giving rise to tholeiitic basalts and gabbros, the south western part of Kédougou Kéniéba Inlier (KKI) was affected by three phases of compressionnal deformation. The first phase (d1) was related to NE-SW stress that led to northeastward thrusting. Early granitoids would be implemented during this tectonic event. The second phase (d2) was due to East-West compressional stress that created combined strike sleep faults: NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW respectively sinistral and dextral. during this phase, some volcanic rocks and gabbros were mylonitized, hydrothermalized and transformed into quartzites. These quartzites were considered as sedimentary rocks in previous studies. Granitic plutons and andesites took place during this tectonic phase. d3 deformation occurred towards the end of the Eburnean orogeny. It would be held in two episodes. In the first episode, WNW-ESE stresses created conjugate shears: sinistral NNW-SSE and dextral NE-SW. In the second episode, stresses moved toward the NE-SW direction and made the resulting brittle structures arranged in NS dextral corridors.

关键词： Paleoproterozoic Eastern Senegal Volcanic-Rocks Polycyclic deformation Silicification

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Traditional Mead “Bessoudioury” from Senegal: Process and Characterization

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2018年第12期9卷 1424-1433页

作者： Oumar Ibn Khatab Cisse Bou Ndiaye Papa Guedel Faye Nicolas Cyrille Ayessou Mathieu Gueye Mady Cisse Codou Mar diop Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Sénégal Centre d’Etudes sur la Sécurité Alimentaire et les Molécules Fonctionnelles (CESAM) Dakar Sénégal institut fondamental d’afrique noire (IFAN) Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Sénégal

Mead is a beverage obtained by alcoholic fermentation of honey, with an ethanol content of 8% to 18% by volume. In Africa, mead manufacturing methods rely on heating honey and adding extracts of fruits, herbs or spices. “Bessoudioury” mead is then prepared according to the traditional process of the Bassari and Bedick peoples of Kedougou (Senegal). This work on “Bessoudioury” aims to describe and characterize the manufacturing processes. It was also to evaluate the chemical and microbiological characteristics. The study focused on three Kedougou production sites. The manufacturing process of “Bessoudioury” includes a honey heating, a formulation step by adding wine of either Borassus aethiopicum Mart. or Elaeis guineensis. This step is followed by a fermentation’s one during two days. Wine is considered as the essential sources of yeasts for the production of alcohol. “Bessoudioury” has an ethanol content of 8% (v/v). Moulds and Streptococcus were not detected in this mead. According to its polyphenols content, this mead has a nutritional interest, but the process deserves to be reviewed to preserve nutrients.

关键词： Honey Mead Fermentation Bessoudioury

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Traditional Pathway of Oil Extraction from Quassia undulateSeeds and Its Chemical Characteristic

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2021年第5期12卷 452-461页

作者： Ndiaye Seyni Gueye Mathieu Baldé Samba Ndiaye Bou Ayessou Nicolas Cyrille Laboratoire Eau-Energie-Environnement et Procédésindustriels (LE3PI) ESP-UCAD Dakar Sénégal Center for Studies on Food Safety and Functional Molecules (CESAM-RESCIF) ESP-UCAD Dakar Sénégal Laboratoire UMI 3189 Bp206 Dakar Département de Botanique et de Géologie Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (IFAN) Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Sénégal

In Africa, traditional vegetable oil extraction often involves the use of plants in the manufacturing process. Quassia undulate oil is thus traditionally prepared. An expedition went to Kédougo (a region in southeastern Senegal involving women of the Bassaris community) in June 2018 to study the Q. undulate oil traditional extraction mode. Thus, the objective of this study is to follow the traditional extraction of Qdana;">dana;">

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Quassia undulata Oil Exploitation: Extraction’s Yield, Phytochemical Profile of Seeds and Oilcake Nutritional Value

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2022年第2期13卷 136-146页

作者： Ndiaye Seyni Ndiaye Bou Cissé Oumar Ibn Khatab Cissé Mady Gueye Mathieu Qi Zhang Ayessou Nicolas Cyrille Mensah Center for Studies on Food Safety and Functional Molecules (CESAM-RESCIF) ESP-UCAD Dakar Sénégal Oil Crops Research institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (OCRI-CAAS) Wuhan China Laboratoire UMI 3189 Institut Fondamentale d’Afrique Noire (IFAN) Cheikh Anta Diop Département de Botanique et de Géologie Dakar Senegal

Quassia undulata is a plant that belongs to the Simaroubaceae family. In Africa, it occurs in the wooded savannah from Senegal in the west to the Central African Republic in the east. The seeds from the plant are very rich in oil. The traditional extraction of this oil involves a phase of boiling the powder from the seeds in a decoction of Piliostigma thonningii leaves. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of Piliostigma thonningii leaves on the extraction yield, to assess the phytochemical profile of seeds and oilcake and, to determine the nutritional value of the cakes obtained after extraction. Thus, the traditional extraction of oil was carried out in the laboratory and physico-chemical and phytochemical analyses were carried out on the water decoction, the oil and, the oilcake. The results showed that the traditional extraction gives a low extraction yield (5.18% with Pd and 6.12% without Pd) compared to the Soxhlet extraction (56.9%). On the other hand, it was found that oil obtained by traditional extraction in the presence of Piliostigma thonningii leaves was of better physicochemical quality. Finally, oilcake very rich in proteins (36.71% - 42.69%) and mineral elements (110.9 - 152.33 mg/100g of calcium, 544.75 - 620.77 mg/100g of Potassium and 331.11 - 459.68 mg/100g of Magnesium) justify their use in human food. However, investigations should point to the impact of this traditional technique on the elimination of quassinoids, toxins and antihelminth compounds present in the seeds.

关键词： Quassia undulata Piliostigma thonningii Oil Extraction Phytochemical

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distribution and U-Pb Ages of Newly Recognized Regional-Scale dyke Swarms of the Leo Man Craton

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第S1期90卷 29-页

作者： L.BARATOUX M.W.JESSELL U.SOdERLUNd R.E.ERNST M.BENOIT S.NABA C.COURNEdE S.PERROUTY V.METELKA d.YATTE d.P.dIALLO P.M.NdIAYE d.BARATOUX GET IRDCNRSOMP institut fondamental d'afrique noire Cheikh Anta diop dakar CET The University of Western Australia department of Geology Lund University department of Earth Sciences Carleton University Universitéde Ouagadougou Aix Marseille Univ CNRSCEREGE Western University Earth Sciences Department Universite Cheikh Anta diop

Over 20 sets of dolerite dykes crosscutting Paleoproterozoic basement in West Africa were distinguished via the interpretation of regional and high resolution magnetic airborne data of West African Craton

关键词： Pb West

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Nutritional Potential of Two Leafy Vegetables Leptadenia hastatadecne and Senna obtusifoliaLink Consumed in Senegal

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2018年第2期9卷 77-85页

作者： Nicolas Cyrille Ayessou Mady Cissé Mathieu Gueye Cheikh Ndiaye Codou Mar diop 1Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et des Procédés Membranaires Centre d’Etudes sur la Sécurité Alimentaire et les Molécules Fonctionnelles-Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et des Procédés Membranaires Centre d’Etudes sur la Sécurité Alimentaire et les Molécules Fonctionnelles-Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal institut fondamental d’afrique noire Cheikh Anta diop Département de Botanique et Géologie Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal Laboratoire des Biotoxines et Contrô le des Aliments Institut de Technologie Alimentaire (ITA) Route des Pères Maristes Dakar Senegal

This study focused on two woody leafy vegetables Leptadenia hastata decne and Senna obtusifolia Link, commonly consumed in Senegal. Leaves were col-lected from three regions. Then, proximate analyses and micronutrients were carried out to evaluate their nutritional values. Results revealed that protein level of S. obtusifolia (SO) is richer (21.75%) than Leptadenia hastata (LH) (18.16%). The cellulose and carbohydrate contents of the two vegetable’s leaves are in the same order except those of LH from Widou which are less rich in cellulose (8.31%) and richest in carbohydrate (6.35%). These leaves are also good sources of various mineral elements and especially iron. Leaves of LH appear to be richer in iron and magnesium, while SO appears to be richer in calcium. Vitamin C intakes of SO leaves are better than those of LH and respectively range from 142 to 196.5 and 22.5 to 159.5 mg/100 g. According to the use of this leafy vegetable by the populations, a domestication opportunity is thus justified to ensure availability and accessibility of these significant sources of micronutrients.

关键词： Leptadenia hastata Senna obtusifolia Woody Leafy Vegetables Nutritional Values domestication

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