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Effects of 42-year long-term fertilizer management on soil phosphorus availability, fractionation,adsorption–desorption isotherm and plant uptake in flooded tropical rice

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The crop Journal 2015年第5期3卷 387-395页

作者： Pratap Bhattacharyya Amaresh Kumar Nayak Mohammad Shahid Rahul Tripathi Sangita Mohanty Anjani Kumar Rajagounder Raja Bipin Bihari Panda Banwari Lal Priyanka Gautam Chinmaya Kumar Swain Koushik Singha Roy Pradeep Kumar Dash Division of crop Production Central Rice Research Institute

Soil phosphorus(P) fractionation, adsorption, and desorption isotherm, and rice yield and P uptake were investigated in flooded tropical rice(Oryza sativa L.) following 42-year fertilizer and manure application. The treatments included low-input [unfertilized control without N, P, or K(C0N0)], farmyard manure(FYM)(C1N0), NP(C0NP), NPK(C0NPK), FYM + NP(C1NP), and high-input treatment, FYM + NPK(C1NPK). Grain yield was increased significantly by 74%over the control under the combined application of FYM + NPK. However, under low- and high-input treatments, yield as well as P uptake was maintained at constant levels for 35 *** the same period, high yield levels and P uptake were maintained under the C0 NP, C0 NPK,and C1 NPK treatments. These are unique characteristics of a tropical flooded ecosystem, which is a self-sustaining system for rice production. The Fe–P fraction was highest compared to the Ca–P and Al–P fractions after 42 years of fertilizer application and was significantly higher under FYM + NPK treatment. The P adsorption capacity of soil was highest under the low-input treatment and lowest under long-term balanced fertilization(FYM + NPK). In contrast, P desorption capacity was highest under NPK and lowest in the control treatment. Long-term balanced fertilization in the form of FYM + NPK for 42 years lowered the bonding energy and adsorption capacity for P in soil but increased its desorption potential, increasing P availability to the plant and leading to higher P uptake and yield maintenance.

关键词： Long-term fertilization Phosphorus adsorption Phos

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Identification and functional characterization of the AGO1 ortholog in maize

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第8期58卷 749-758页

作者： Dongdong Xu Hailong Yang Cheng Zou Wen-Xue Li Yunbi Xu Chuanxiao Xie institute of crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Eukaryotic Argonaute proteins play primary roles in mi RNA and si RNA pathways that are essential for numerous developmental and biological processes. However, the functional roles of the four Zm AGO1 genes have not yet been characterized in maize（Zea mays L.）. In the present study, Zm AGO1 a was identified from four putative Zm AGO1 genes for further characterization. Complementation of the Arabidopsis ago1-27 mutant with Zm AGO1 a indicated that constitutive overexpression of Zm AGO1 a could restore the smaller rosette, serrated leaves, later flowering and maturation, lower seed set, and darker green leaves at late stages of the mutant to the wild-type phenotype. The expression profiles of Zm AGO1 a under five different abiotic stresses indicated that Zm AGO1 a shares expression patterns similar to those of Argonaute genes in rice, Arabidopsis, and ***, variation in Zm AGO1 a alleles among diverse maize germplasm that resulted in several amino acid changes revealed genetic diversity at this locus. The present data suggest that Zm AGO1 a might be an important AGO1 ortholog in maize. The results presented provide further insight into the function of ZmAGO1a.

关键词： AGO1 functional complementation maize ZmAGO1a

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Response of grain yield to plant density and nitrogen rate in spring maize hybrids released from 1970 to 2010 in Northeast China

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The crop Journal 2016年第6期4卷 459-467页

作者： Chunrong Qian Yang Yu Xiujie Gong Yubo Jiang Yang Zhao Zhongliang Yang Yubo Hao Liang Li Zhenwei Song Weijian Zhang institute of crop Cultivation and Farming Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in Northeast ChinaMinistry of Agriculture institute of crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture

The objective of this study was to identify the response of grain yield to plant density and nitrogen rate in spring maize hybrids released from 1970 to 2010 and grown extensively in Northeast ***-one hybrids were grown for 2 years in Northeast China at densities of 30,000,52,500,75,000,and 97,500 plants ha^(-1)and N application levels of 0,150,300,and 450 kg N ha^(-1).Irrespective of density or nitrogen application rate,grain yields both per plant and per unit area were significantly higher for newer than older *** plant density increased from 30,000 to 97,500 plant ha^(-1),yield per plant of 1970 s,1980 s,1990 s,and 2000 s hybrids decreased by 50%,45%,46%,and 52%,*** response of grain yield per unit area to plant density was *** estimated optimum plant densities were about 58,000,49,000,65,000,and 65,000 plants ha^(-1)for hybrids released in the 1970 s,1980s,1990 s,and 2000 s,*** theoretical optimum densities for the hybrids released from the 1970 s to the 2000 s increased by 1750 plants ha^(-1)decade^(-1).Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased grain yields per plant and per unit area for all *** theoretical optimum N application rates for high yield for hybrids released in the 1970 s and 1980 s were about 280 and 360 kg ha^(-1),and the hybrids from the 1990 s and 2000 s showed highest yield at 330 kg ha^(-1)*** significant difference in the grain yields of 2000 s hybrids between the N levels of 150 to 450 kg ha^(-1)was *** yield gains per plant and per unit area were found,with average increases of 17.9 g plant^(-1)decade^(-1)and936 kg ha^(-1)decade^(-1)over the period 1970–2010,*** gains were attributed mainly to increased yield per plant,contributed by increases in kernel number per ear and1000-kernel *** rates of lodging and barren plants of newer hybrids were significantly lower than those of older ones,especially at high plant density.

关键词： Zea mays L. Grain yield Plant density Nitrogen application rate Northeast China

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Effects of sulfur fertilization and short-term high temperature on wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins

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The crop Journal 2018年第4期6卷 413-425页

作者： Zhiqiang Tao Xuhong Chang Demei Wang Yanjie Wang Shaokang Ma Yushuang Yang Guangcai Zhao institute of crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture

The content of wheat flour proteins affects the quality of wheat flour. Sulfur nutrition in wheat can change the protein content of the flour. The inconsistency and instability of wheat grain quality during grain filling under high temperature stress(HTS) are a major challenge to the production of high-quality wheat. The effects of sulfur fertilization and HTS on wheat flour protein and its components are unknown. In this study, treatments varying two factors: sulfur fertilization and exposure to short-term HTS, at 20 days postanthesis, were applied to two wheat cultivars with differing gluten types. Plants of a stronggluten wheat(Gaoyou 2018) and a medium-gluten wheat(Zhongmai 8) were grown in pots in Beijing in 2015–2017. HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin,gliadin, glutenin, Cys, and Met in wheat kernels, but reduced grain yield, grain weight,protein yield, globulin content, and total starch accumulation. The HTS-induced increase in total protein amount was closely associated with nitrate reductase(NR) and glutamine synthetase(GS) activities in flag leaves. Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starch; Cys, Met; and NR and GS activities. HTS and sulfur fertilization had larger effects on the strong-than on the medium-gluten cultivar. Sulfur fertilization also alleviated the negative effects of HTS on grain yield, protein yield, and starch ***, growing wheat with additional soil sulfur can improve the quality of the flour.

关键词： Triticum aestivum L. Sulfur fertilization Strong gluten Climate warming

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Wheat genome editing expedited by efficient transformation techniques:Progress and perspectives

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The crop Journal 2018年第1期6卷 22-31页

作者： Ke Wang Bisma Riaz Xingguo Ye institute of crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Genome editing is one of the most promising biotechnologies to improve crop *** wheat is a staple food for mankind. In the past few decades both basic and applied research on common wheat has lagged behind other crop species due to its complex,polyploid genome and difficulties in genetic transformation. Recent breakthroughs in wheat transformation permit a revolution in wheat biotechnology. In this review, we summarize recent progress in wheat genetic transformation and its potential for wheat improvement. We then review recent progress in plant genome editing, which is now readily available in wheat. We also discuss measures to further increase transformation efficiency and potential applications of genome editing in wheat. We propose that, together with a high quality reference genome, the time for efficient genetic engineering and functionality studies in common wheat has arrived.

关键词： Triticum aestivum Genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic transformation

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QTL analysis of ear leaf traits in maize(Zea mays L.)under different planting densities

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The crop Journal 2017年第5期5卷 387-395页

作者： Hongwu Wang Qianjin Liang Kun Li Xiaojiao Hu Yujin Wu Hui Wang Zhifang Liu Changling Huang institute of crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Modem maize varieties have become more productive than ever, owing largely to increased tolerance of high plant density. However, the genetics of ear leaf traits under different densities remains poorly understood. In this study, Zhongdan 909 recombinant inbred lines(RILs) derived from a cross between Z58 and HD568 were genotyped for 3072 single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs), and phenotyped for leaf length(LL), leaf width(LW), and leaf angle(LA) of the uppermost ear leaf under three planting densities(52,500,67,500, and 82,500 plants ha-1, respectively). A genetic map was then constructed using1358 high-quality SNPs. The total length of the linkage map was 1985.2 cM and the average interval between adjacent markers 1.46 cM. With increasing density, LL and LW decreased from 63.68 to 63.02 cm and from 8.56 to 8.21 cm, respectively, while LA increased from19.42° to 19.66°. All three traits had high heritabilities, of 0.75, 0.78, and 0.84, *** inclusive composite interval mapping, 23, 25, and 17 quantitative trait loci(QTL) were detected for LL, LW, and LA, respectively. Of these, 35 were simultaneously detected under two or three plant densities, while 30 were detected under only one. Sixty-five individual QTL explained 2.41% to 16.53% of phenotypic variation, while eight accounted for >10%.These findings will help us understand the genetic basis of leaf traits in maize as well as the response of maize to increased plant density.

关键词： Maize Quantitative trait loci Leaf traits Density treatment

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Effects of zinc fertilizer and short-term high temperature stress on wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第9期17卷 1979-1990页

作者： TAO Zhi-qiang WANG De-mei CHANG Xu-hong WANG Yan-jie YANG Yu-shuang ZHAO Guang-cai institute of crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture

Content of wheat flour proteins affects the quality of wheat flour. Zinc nutrition in wheat can change the protein content of the flour. The inconsistency and instability of wheat grain quality during grain filling while under high temperature stress （HTS） are major problems in the production of high quality wheat. At present, there is a lack of studies on zinc fertilizer and HTS effects on wheat flour protein and the content of its components. For this study, treatment combinations of four levels of zinc fertilizers and exposure to a short-term HTS, at 20 d after flowering （D20）, were tested on two wheat cultivars with different gluten levels. Individuals of a strong gluten wheat, Gaoyou 2018 （GY2018）, and a medium gluten wheat, Zhongmai 8 （ZM8）, were grown in pots at the institute of crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing in 2015-2017. We measured grain yield and weight and the activities of two enzymes （nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase） from the flag leaves, collected at D10 and D20. Total protein content, protein yield, and content of four protein components （albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin） were measured from flour produced from the pot-grown plants. HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains, and reduced the grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and flag leaf nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamine synthetase （GS） activities. The results showed that HTS and zinc fertilizer had greater impacts on the strong gluten cultivar compared to the medium gluten cultivar. Under HTS, grain yield decreased by 13 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively; protein yield decreased by 7 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively. Zinc fertilizer increased： grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin contents; protein yield; and NR and GS activities. In contrast, zinc fertilizer reduced the content of globulin. The add

关键词： Triticum aestivum L. zinc fertilizer strong gluten climate warming

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Effects of drought stress on root morphology and spatial distribution of soybean and adzuki bean

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第10期20卷 2639-2651页

作者： Hyen Chung CHUN Sanghun LEE Young Dae CHOI Dong Hyeok GONG Ki Youl JUNG crop Production Technology Research Division National Institute of Crop ScienceMiryang-si 50424Republic of Korea

Due to global climate change,Korea is facing severe droughts that affect the planting and early vegetative periods of upland *** and adzuki bean are important legume crops in Korea,so it is critical to understand their adaptations to water *** study investigated the changes in root morphological properties in soybean and adzuki bean and quantified the findings using fractal *** experiment was performed at the National institute of crop Science in Miryang,*** and adzuki beans were planted in test boxes and grown for 30 *** boxes were filled with bed soil with various soil moisture *** images were obtained and scanned every two days,and the root properties were characterized by root length,depth and surface area,number of roots,and fractal parameters(fractal dimension and lacunarity).Root depth,length and surface area and the number of roots increased in both crops as the soil moisture content *** fractal dimension and lacunarity values increased as the soil moisture content *** results indicated that the greater the soil moisture,the more heterogeneous the root *** analysis of the morphological properties and fractal parameters indicated that soybean and adzuki bean had different root structure *** soybean and adzuki bean were sensitive to the amount of soil moisture in the early vegetative *** required a soil moisture content greater than 70%of the field capacity to develop a full root structure,while adzuki bean required 100%of the field *** results would be useful in understanding the responses of soybean and adzuki bean to water stress and managing irrigation during cultivation.

关键词： soybean adzuki bean root morphology fractal dimension soil water content

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Tillage and straw mulching impacts on grain yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in Northern Huang–Huai–Hai Valley

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The crop Journal 2015年第5期3卷 445-450页

作者： Zhiqiang Tao Congfeng Li Jingjing Li Zaisong Ding Jie Xu Xuefang Sun Peilu Zhou Ming Zhao institute of crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture

A two-year field experiment(2012–2013) was conducted to investigate the effects of two tillage methods and five maize straw mulching patterns on the yield, water consumption,and water use efficiency(WUE) of spring maize(Zea mays L.) in the northern Huang–Huai–Hai valley of China. Compared to rotary tillage, subsoil tillage resulted in decreases in water consumption by 6.3–7.8% and increases in maize yield by 644.5–673.9 kg ha-1, soil water content by 2.9–3.0%, and WUE by 12.7–15.2%. Chopped straw mulching led to higher yield,soil water content, and WUE as well as lower water consumption than prostrate whole straw mulching. Mulching with 50% chopped straw had the largest positive effects on maize yield, soil water content, and WUE among the five mulching treatments. Tillage had greater influence on maize yield than straw mulching, whereas straw mulching had greater influence on soil water content, water consumption, and WUE than tillage. These results suggest that 50% chopped straw mulching with subsoil tillage is beneficial in spring maize production aiming at high yield and high WUE in the Huang–Huai–Hai valley.

关键词： Northern Huang–Huai–Hai valley Spring maize croppi

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Allelic Variation in Loci for Adaptive Response and Its Effect on Agronomical Traits in Chinese Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第7期13卷 1469-1476页

作者： GAO Li-feng LIU Pan GU Yan-chun JIA Ji-zeng National Key Facility for crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/institute of crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Heading date was an important trait that decided the adaptation of wheat to environments. It was modiifed by genes involved in vernalization response, photoperiod response and development rate. In this study, four loci Xgwm261, Xgwm219, Xbarc23 and Ppd-D1 which were previously reported related to heading time were analyzed based on three groups of wheat including landraces （L）, varieties bred before 1983 （B82） and after 1983 （A83） collected from Chinese wheat growing areas. Generally, heading date of landrace was longer than that of varieties. Signiifcant differences in the heading time existed within the groups, which implied that diversiifcation selection was much helpful for adaptation in each wheat zone. Photoperiod insensitive allele Ppd-D1a was the ifrst choice for both landrace and modern varieties, which promoted the heading date about four days earlier than that of sensitive allele Ppd-D1b. The three SSR loci had different characters in the three groups. Predominant allele combination for each zone was predicted for wheat group L and A83, which made great contribution to advantageous traits. Xgwm219 was found to be signiifcantly associated with heading date in Yellow and Huai River Winter Wheat Zone （Zone II） and spike length in Middle and lower Yangtze Valley Winter Wheat Zone （Zone III）, which implied functional diversiifcation for adaption. Variation for earliness genes provided here will be helpful for whet breeding in future climatic change.

关键词： allele variation adaptation wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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