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Diffusion tensor imaging in the courtroom:Distinction between scientific specificity and legally admissible evidence

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023年第19期11卷 4477-4497页

作者： Jennifer Christine van Velkinburgh Mark D Herbst Stewart M Casper Science Communication Filipodia Publishing LLCSanta FeNM 87505United States Diagnostic Radiology Independent Diagnostic Radiology IncSt PetersburgFL 33711United States Personal Injury Law Casper&DeToledo LLCStamfordCT 06905United States

Interest and uptake of science and medicine peer-reviewed literature by readers outside of a paper’s topical subject,field or even discipline is *** the application of knowledge from one field or discipline to others can stimulate innovative solutions to problems facing modern society,it is also fraught with danger for *** the practice of law in the United States,academic papers are submitted to the courts as evidence in personal injury litigation from both the plaintiff(complainant)and *** transcendence of an academic publication over disciplinary boundaries is immediately met with the challenge of application by a group that inherently lacks in-depth knowledge on the scientific method,the practice of evidence-based medicine,or the publication process as a structured and internationally synthesized process involving peer review and guided by ethical standards and norms.A modern-day example of this is the ongoing conflict between the sensitivity of diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)and the legal standards for admissibility of evidence in litigation cases of mild traumatic brain injury(mTBI).In this review,we amalgamate the peer-reviewed research on DTI in mTBI with the court’s rationale underlying decisions to admit or exclude evidence of DTI abnormalities to support claims of brain *** found that the papers which are critical of the use of DTI in the courtroom reflect a primary misunderstanding about how diagnostic biomarkers differ legally from relevant and admissible *** clinical use of DTI to identify white matter abnormalities in the brain at the chronic stage is a valid methodology both clinically as well as forensically,contributes data that may or may not corroborate the existence of white matter damage,and should be admitted into evidence in personal injury trials if supported by a *** also delve into an aspect of science publication and peer review that can be manipulated by scientists and clinicians to

关键词： Diffuse axonal injury Mild brain injury Magnetic resonance imaging Neuroimaging Medicolegal Litigation Medical jurisprudence Ethics Peer review Publishing

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The Standard Model Theory [May Be] a Wrong Theory

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2023年第3期9卷 602-610页

作者： Vaggelis Talios National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Athens Greece independent Researcher E/M Projects Designer and Contractor Engineer Athens Greece

The Standard Model is the theory of Physics that describes the elementary particles of matter and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, between them. The theory of the Standard Model does not include the description of the gravitational interactions. It is a very well founded theory that has predicted many experimental results, such as the existence of many particles and has withstood many experimental tests. The key missing piece of the theory to fill in was the Higgs boson, whose existence was reasonably suspected and confirmed by CERN’s ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. The current synthesis of the theory was completed in the mid-1970s, after the experimental confirmation of the existence of the quarks, and then confirmed, with the discovery of the Higgs boson, in 2012. All these, are according to the established views of science. But according to the opinions of many scientists, opinions with which I as the author of this paper agree, the theory of the Standard Model is a wrong theory because, while it makes some successful predictions, it does not answer to a number of many other questions that it should answer for its final establishment. Specifically and according to established views, the theory cannot explain the existence of dark matter and dark energy, the behavior of neutrinos and the existence of particles with very different masses. It is also questionable whether the Higgs boson, discovered in the ATLAS experiment is actually the particle that contributes to the creation of the mass of the elementary particles of matter, and whether the Higgs mechanism is theoretically a correct mechanism. There is doubt if the interactions, actually be created by the exchange of bosons? If bosons are really exist? And not any convincing explanation is given by the theory, for the case that, the bosons exist as particles, where were they found? And how do they work? For replace, or fill the void will be left by the theory of the Standard Model, which I b

关键词： Standard Model Elementary Particles Higgs Boson New Model Interactions

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Improved Resuscitation Method for Choking Victims

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Open Journal of Emergency Medicine 2021年第4期9卷 143-149页

作者： Puthalath Koroth Raghuprasad independent Researcher Odessa USA

Abdominal thrust, popularized by Henry Heimlich in 1975 is the standard resuscitation method for victims of choking. When properly applied, this procedure can and has saved many lives over the years, but the process itself is somewhat difficult to perform. The main reason for this difficulty is the need to reach around the trunk of the victim and then apply sufficient force to generate enough pressure upwards to the diaphragm, to be able to dislodge the food bolus (or foreign body) out of the larynx. This is compounded by the size of the average American, especially when they are overweight or obese, thus the ability to reach the front of the abdomen and then the prospect of actually trying to lift the victim up through brute force is a challenge for most people. Some difficulties are inherent in the emotionally charged and panicky situations in which such resuscitation measures take place. Some scientists have advocated the use of mechanical devices to apply thrust to the abdomen. However, the lack of availability of such assisting devices at home and even in restaurants is a distinct issue. Damage to the xiphisternum or internal organs by excessive force is also an issue, so much so, most authorities recommend a post-resuscitation check up of all victims at a hospital or clinic. The procedure(s) described in this report is much simpler in execution, while being almost effortless, and applicable to victims of any size. It also exploits the objects that are likely to be present where such choking accidents occur, the restaurants and dining rooms, while also taking advantage of the earth’s gravity to dislodge the offending food bolus. If such objects are not available, an alternate method using the rescuer’s free forearm to support the victim’s weight, while keeping him/her folded over is also described.

关键词： Abdominal Thrust Choking Food Bolus Heimlich Maneuver Resuscitation

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修复师眼中的钟表修复工作

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Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology 2020年第S01期4卷 39-60页

作者：马修·里德 independent Conservator UK

This paper investigates a conservator’s approach to a particular subset of physical cultural property:*** looks at established conservation frameworks and practical elements of codes of practice,and considers how the conservator’s perspective will differ from that of a peer engaged solely with an approach to static *** paper considers,through examples of historic technological development,how what we mean by"clock"and how we consider clocks are in a state of constant change of *** are a diverse group of objects,some of which are technically *** conservator must draw together many influences in order to demonstrate professional competence in thinking,delivering an accountable decision-making *** order to illustrate the breadth of the challenge the conservator faces when approaching clocks,the paper gives examples of three contrasting case study objects including one automaton and one electromechanical *** as a group comprise multimedia and multimedium *** perspective of the conservator will draw on professional networks within and without the immediate field,including at times the work of philosophers,scientists,sociologists,and historians in order to maintain objectivity,inform and engender new *** paper concludes with the statement that the perspective of the conservator engaged with clocks should never be fixed,and that solutions to the challenges presented by clocks are never absolute and never permanent,but are in constant context-driven flux.

关键词： clock conservator conservation automaton dynamic mechanism approach function

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Non-axisymmetric Homann stagnation-point flow of Walter’s B nanofluid over a cylindrical disk

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2020年第5期41卷 725-740页

作者： M.KHAN M.SARFRAZ J.AHMED L.AHMAD C.FETECAU Department of Mathematics Quaid-i-Azam UniversityTaxila 47050Pakistan Department of Basic Sciences University of Engineering and TechnologySheringal Upper Dir 18000Pakistan Department of Mathematics Shaheed Benazir Bhutto UniversitySheringal Upper Dir 18000Pakistan Academy of Romanian scientists Bucuresti 050094Romania

The study of non-axisymmetric Homann stagnation-point flow of Walter’s B nanofluid along with magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) and non-linear Rosseland thermal radiation over a cylindrical disk in the existence of the time-independent free stream is considered. Moreover, the notable impacts of thermophoresis and Brownian motion are analyzed by Buongiorno’s model. The momentum, energy, and concentration equations are converted into the dimensionless coupled ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations, which are later numerically solved by altering the values of the pertinent parameters. The numerical and asymptotic solutions for the large shear-to-strain rate ratio γ =a/bfor the parameters of the displacement thicknesses and the wall-shear stress are computed by perturbative expansion and analyzed. Furthermore, the technique bvp4c in MATLAB is deployed as an efficient method to analyze the calculations for the non-dimensional velocities, temperature, displacement thickness, and concentration profiles. It is observed that the two-dimensional displacement thickness parameters α andβ are reduced due to the viscoelasticity and magnetic field effects. Moreover, when the shear-to-strain rate ratio approaches infinity, α is closer to its asymptotic value, while βand the three-dimensional displacement thickness parameter δ1 show the opposite *** outcomes of the viscoelasticity and the magnetic field on the skin friction are also determined. It is concluded that ■ reaches its asymptotic behavior when the shearto-strain rate ratio approaches infinity. Meanwhile, ■ shows different results.

关键词： Walter’s B fluid cylindrical disk nanofluid magnetic field non-linear thermal radiation stagnation-point flow

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Relativity Isoframes—A Useful and Potentially Unifying Conceptual Framework

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Journal of Modern Physics 2021年第6期12卷 731-738页

作者： Eugene Terry Tatum independent Researcher Bowling Green KY USA

This brief note introduces the conceptual framework of special and general relativity isoclocks and isoframes. Isoclocks and isoframes, as defined herein, can be used to create geometrical maps of space and time (“space-time”) with and without matter embedded. They are useful for having a mental picture of space-time relationships without having to picture 4-dimensional manifolds, which very few students and scientists are able to do. With the aid of the optical lensing definition of curvature as inverse radius, a new gravitational force equation is derived, which also incorporates Einstein’s mass/energy relation in the mx term. Thus, one may see how it is that gravitational force correlates with its time-embedded curvature-squared (Cx2) space in a more accurate formulation than could be envisioned by Newton. This becomes more apparent in high gamma fields, such as found near a black hole horizon. It is hoped that probability theories, such as quantum field theories in curved space-time, might be adaptable to the general relativity isoframe concept introduced herein.

关键词： Isoframe Isoclock General Relativity Special Relativity Space-Time Black Holes Krogdahl Unification

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A Tip for Decolonising Ecology and Conservation:The English Language is not the Problem,But Look beyond it

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Research in Ecology 2022年第1期4卷 44-46页

作者： Vinícius Londe independent Researcher CampinasSão PauloBrazil

Discussions about bias in publications in ecology and conservation towards authors from the Global North and the underrepresentation of authors from the Global South have increased *** underrepresentation is not novel,but the interest in such discrepancies has gained attention in social media and scientific *** scientists(mainly from the North)have published in top ecology/conservation journals evidence that the number of submitted articles is greater than the number of accepted articles from the Global South[1].The opposite is true for North American,European,and Oceanian authors,i.e.,the percentage of accepted articles is greater than submitted ones[1].In addition,not surprisingly,women are also highly underrepresented among the top-publishing ecologists[2],especially those from the Global South.

关键词： submit gained beyond

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Challenges in the Detection and Attribution of Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperature Trends Since 1850

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2023年第10期23卷 367-386页

作者： Ronan Connolly Willie Soon Michael Connolly Sallie Baliunas Johan Berglund C.J.Butler Rodolfo Gustavo Cionco Ana G.Elias Valery M.Fedorov Hermann Harde Gregory W.Henry Douglas V.Hoyt Ole Humlum David R.Legates Nicola Scafetta Jan-Erik Solheim LászlóSzarka Víctor M.Velasco Herrera Hong Yan Weijia Zhang Center for Environmental Research and Earth Science(CERES) SalemMA 01970USA independent scientists DublinIreland Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science(EPSS) SopronHungary Retired formerly Harvard-Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsCambridgeMA 02138USA independent researcher MalmöSweden Retired formerly Armagh ObservatoryCollege HillArmagh BT619DGNorthern IrelandUK Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Argentina Grupo de Estudios Ambientales Universidad Tecnológica NacionalColón 332San Nicolás(2900)Buenos AiresArgentina Laboratorio de Ionosfera Atmosfera Neutra y Magnetosfera(LIANM)Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y TecnologíaUniversidad Nacional de TucumánAv.Independencia 18004000 TucumánArgentina Instituto de Física del Noroeste Argentino(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas—Universidad Nacional de Tucumán) 4000 TucumánArgentina Faculty of Geography Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityLeninskie Gory St.1Moscow 119991Russia Helmut-Schmidt-University HamburgGermany Center of Excellence in Information Systems Tennessee State UniversityNashvilleTN 37209 USA independent scientist Berkeley SpringsWVUSA Emeritus Professor in Physical Geography Department of GeosciencesUniversity of OsloNorway Professor Emeritus College of EarthOceanand the EnvironmentUniversity of DelawareNewark DE 19716-2541USA Department of Earth Sciences Environment and GeoresourcesUniversity of Naples Federico IIComplesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelovia Cinthia21I-80126 NaplesItaly Retired formerly Department of Physics and TechnologyUiT The Arctic University of Norway9037 TromsøNorway Instituto de Geofisica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCoyoacán04510México D.F.México State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’an 710061China Department of Mathematics and Physics Shaoxing UniversityShaoxing 312000China

Since 2007,the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)has heavily relied on the comparison between global climate model hindcasts and global surface temperature(ST)estimates for concluding that post-1950s global warming is mostly *** Connolly et al.,we cautioned that this approach to the detection and attribution of climate change was highly dependent on the choice of Total Solar Irradiance(TSI)and ST data *** compiled 16 TSI and five ST data sets and found by altering the choice of TSI or ST,one could(prematurely)conclude anything from the warming being“mostly human-caused”to“mostly natural.”Richardson and Benestad suggested our analysis was“erroneous”and“flawed”because we did not use a multilinear *** argued that applying a multilinear regression to one of the five ST series re-affirmed the IPCC's attribution *** also objected that many of the published TSI data sets were ***,here we show that when applying multilinear regression analysis to an expanded and updated data set of 27 TSI series,the original conclusions of Connolly et *** confirmed for all five ST data ***,it is still unclear whether the observed warming is mostly human-caused,mostly natural or some combination of both.

关键词： Sun:activity (Sun:)solar-terrestrial relations Earth

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How much has the Sun influenced Northern Hemisphere temperature trends?An ongoing debate

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2021年第6期21卷 131-198页

作者： Ronan Connolly Willie Soon Michael Connolly Sallie Baliunas Johan Berglund C.John Butler Rodolfo Gustavo Cionco Ana G.Elias Valery M.Fedorov Hermann Harde Gregory W.Henry Douglas V.Hoyt Ole Humlum David R.Legates Sebastian Liming Nicola Scafetta Jan-Erik Solheim Laszlo Szarka Harry van Loon Victor M.Velasco Herrera Richard C.Willson 晏宏 Weijia Zhang Center for Environmental Research and Earth Science(CERES) SalemMA 01970USA independent scientists DublinIreland Retired formerly Harvard-Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsCambridgeMA 02138USA independent researcher MalmoSweden Retired formerly Armagh ObservatoryCollege HillArmagh BT619DGNorthern IrelandUK Comision de Investigaciones Cientlficas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Argentina Grupo de Estudios Ambientales Universidad Tecnologica NationalColpn 332San Nicolas(2900)Buenos AiresArgentina Laboratorio de Fisica de la Atmosfera Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y TecnologlaUniversidad National de TucumanAv.Independencia 18004000 TucumanArgentina Instituto de Fisica del Noroeste Argentino(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientficas y Tecnicas-Universidad Nacional de Tucuman) 4000 TucumanArgentina Faculty of Geography LomonosovMoscow State UniversityLeninskie Gory St.1Moscow 119991Russia Helmut-Schmidt-University HamburgGermany Center of Excellence in Information Systems Tennessee State UniversityNashvilleTN 37209 USA independent scientist Berkeley SpringsWVUSA Emeritus Professor in Physical Geography Department of GeosciencesUniversity of OsloNorway College of Earth Oceanand the EnvironmentUniversity of DelawareNewark DE 19716-2541USA Institute for Hydrography Geoecology and Climate SciencesHauptstra/3e 476315 AgeriSwitzerland Department of Earth Sciences Environment and GeoresourcesUniversity of Naples Federico nComplesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelovia Cinthia2180126 NaplesItaly Retired formerly Department of Physics and TechnologyUiT The Arctic University of Norway9037 TromspNorway ELKH Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science 9400 SopronCsatkai utca 6-8Hungary Retired formerly National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderColoradoUSA Instituto de Geofisica Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoCiudad UniversitariaCoyoacan04510Mexico D.F.Mexico Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor(ACRIM) CoronadoCA 92118USA State Key Laboratory of Loe

In order to evaluate how much Total Solar Irradiance(TSI)has influenced Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature trends,it is important to have reliable estimates of both *** different estimates of the changes in TSI since at least the 19th century were compiled from the *** of these estimates are"low variability"and half are"high variability".Meanwhile,five largely-independent methods for estimating Northern Hemisphere temperature trends were evaluated using:1)only rural weather stations;2)all available stations whether urban or rural(the standard approach);3)only sea surface temperatures;4)tree-ring widths as temperature proxies;5)glacier length records as temperature *** standard estimates which use urban as well as rural stations were somewhat anomalous as they implied a much greater warming in recent decades than the other estimates,suggesting that urbanization bias might still be a problem in current global temperature datasets-despite the conclusions of some earlier ***,all five estimates confirm that it is currently warmer than the late 19th century,i.e.,there has been some"global warming"since the 19th *** each of the five estimates of Northern Hemisphere temperatures,the contribution from direct solar forcing for all sixteen estimates of TSI was evaluated using simple linear least-squares *** role of human activity on recent warming was then calculated by fitting the residuals to the UN IPCC’s recommended"anthropogenic forcings"time *** all five Northern Hemisphere temperature series,different TSI estimates suggest everything from no role for the Sun in recent decades(implying that recent global warming is mostly human-caused)to most of the recent global warming being due to changes in solar activity(that is,that recent global warming is mostly natural).It appears that previous studies(including the most recent IPCC reports)which had prematurely concluded the former,had done so be

关键词： Sun:activity (Sun:)solar terrestrial relations (Sun:)sunspots Sun:faculae,plages

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