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Cosmic Contributions to the Deposition of Petroleum Source Rocks: Review and Analysis

International Journal of Geosciences 2023年第11期14卷 1123-1145页

作者： Heinz-Jürgen Brink independent researcher Hannover Germany

The development of globally distributed Phanerozoic petroleum source rocks is concentrated on time intervals, which correlate convincingly with climatic driven glaciation epochs of Earth’s history, repeated every 150 million years, and during sea level high stands and maxima of global magmatism with a period of 300 million years. The 150 million year periodicity appears to be related to the path of the solar system through the spiral arms of the Milky Way and the 300 million year periodicity to changes of the spiral system. The spiral arms are preferred birth places of new stars, of which the larger ones have only smaller lifespans. Their preliminary deaths ended with explosions and selectively with the development of so-called white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes. The times of the explosions of intermediate (sun-like) stars can be determined by measuring the present brightness of the dwarfs. Not surprisingly the last two maxima of recordable near solar system star explosions took place during the presumably spiral arms driven glacial epochs in Eocene to present and Upper Jurassic times. Such near solar system star explosions may have been the source of intense neutrino showers, cosmic rays and star dust. This dust contained all kinds of chemical elements, including phosphorus and uranium. Such cosmic phosphorus may have supported, through fertilizing, the distribution of life on Earth additionally to local phosphorus resources via bloom of biota in lakes and oceans and the enhanced growth of plants on land across all climatic zones. Subsequently it maintained the development of petroleum source rocks of all organic matter types within black shales and coals. Via the distribution of remnants of exploding stars—mainly white dwarfs, but neutron stars and black holes have to be counted as well—a cosmic contribution can therefore casually linked to the deposition of petroleum source rocks on Earth, not only purely correlatively by their contemporaneous appearances.

关键词： Cosmic Rays Cosmic Dust Milky Way Spiral Arms Stars Phosphorus Uranium Petroleum Source Rock

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High-Intensity Interval Training v/s Steady-State Cardio in Rehabilitation of Neurological Patients

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Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 2023年第2期11卷 35-44页

作者： Thorin Thorbjørnssønn Birkeland independent researcher Oslo Norway

Neuropathy is nerve damage that can cause chronic neuropathic pain, which is challenging to cure and has a significant financial burden. Exercise therapies, including High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and steady-state cardio, are being explored as potential treatments for neuropathic pain. This systematic review compares the effectiveness of HIIT and steady-state cardio for improving function in neurological patients. This article provides an overview of the systematic review conducted on the effects of exercise on neuropathic patients, with a focus on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and steady-state cardio. The authors conducted a comprehensive search of various databases, identified relevant studies based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and used the EPPI automation application to process the data. The final selection of studies was based on validity and relevance, with redundant articles removed. The article reviews four studies that compare high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on various health outcomes. The studies found that HIIT can improve aerobic fitness, cerebral blood flow, and brain function in stroke patients;lower diastolic blood pressure more than MICT and improve insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content in obese individuals, potentially helping with the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. In people with multiple sclerosis, acute exercise can decrease the plasma neurofilament light chain while increasing the flow of the kynurenine pathway. The available clinical and preclinical data suggest that further study on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and its potential to alleviate neuropathic pain is justified. Randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise, which could lead to consensus and specific HIIT-based advice for patients with neuropathies.

关键词： Neurological Diseases Neuropathies High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Steady-State Cardio Exercise

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Part III: Explaining the “Extra” Heat of Intergalactic Hydrogen Clouds with Probabilistic Spacetime

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2023年第2期9卷 542-551页

作者： Dennis Doren James Harasymiw independent researcher Wisconsin USA

Recent observations have consistently shown a greater degree of heat in intergalactic hydrogen clouds when redshift z < 2 than what well-designed simulations have indicated. The reason for this “extra” energy has not been established, with the latest hypothesis being the effect of a certain type of dark matter. This paper presents a contrasting straightforward non-dark explanation for the extra energy based on the Probabilistic Spacetime Theory (PST). Both the dark matter and PST models are shown to involve the creation of new photons to explain the thermal enigma, but with very different underlying mechanisms. As this is the third paper in a three-part series of articles on the utility of that theory, a discussion is offered at the end of this paper concerning what the collective set of three articles has shown. Despite dark entities being hypothesized as a cause of all three reviewed research findings, dark entities are not needed to explicate the excess energy documented in each paper. Instead, the PST offers explanations for the reviewed research findings based solely on its five tenets and no dark entities. When viewed from an even larger context of other studies’ unexpected results, the PST was found to be a comprehensive yet parsimonious cosmological theory worthy of further testing.

关键词： Intergalactic Medium Absorption Lines Lyman-α Forest Probabilistic Spacetime Dark Photons Dark Matter

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An Attempt to Make Non-Elementary Functions That Are Giving Solutions to Some Second-Order Nonlinear Autonomous ODEs

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2022年第1期10卷 56-67页

作者： Magne Stensland independent researcher Moldjord Norway

In this paper, we define an exponential function whose exponent is the product of a real number and the upper limit of integration in a non-elementary integral that can be arbitrary. We are using Abel’s methods, described by Armitage and Eberlein. The key is to start with a non-elementary integral function, differentiating and inverting, and then define a set of functions. Differentiating these functions twice give second-order nonlinear ODEs that have the defined set of functions as solutions.

关键词： Non-Elementary Functions Second-Order Nonlinear Autonomous ODE

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The President Who Is Beyond Good and Evil:A Nietzschean Pantomime

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2022年第2期12卷 109-118页

作者： Bradley Y.Bartholomew independent researcher SydneyAustralia

This paper draws many parallels between Guy Debord‟s Society of the Spectacle and the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche particularly Beyond Good and Evil and Thus Spake Zarathustra in anticipating and predicting the rise of the Superman,the 45th President of the United States Donald J.Trump.Debord identified the spectacle as“The moment when the commodity has achieved the total occupation of life”.What Debord didn‟t foresee is the rise of Donald J.Trump which Nietzsche would describe as the“noontide”or transcendence of the society of the spectacle,and indeed the eternal recurrence of the society of the spectacle.The spectacle is capable of regenerating itself in perpetuity through the essential slogan in Trumpism-make America great again!Nietzsche prophesizes that nihilism will be turned into the new religion where he predicts the rise of the Superman.Here it will be argued that Donald J.Trump is the nominal head of this new religion and may therefore be identified as the Anti-Christ.

关键词： Nietzsche Debord Spectacle Anti-Christ Superman Donald J.Trump nihilism Zarathustra

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Separating Space and Time for Dimensional Analysis and Euclidean Relational Modeling

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2023年第9期11卷 2704-2738页

作者： Steven D. P. Moore independent researcher Milton Canada

The theory of relativity links space and time to account for observed events in four-dimensional space. In this article we describe an alternative static state causal discrete time modeling system using an omniscient viewpoint of dynamical systems that can express object relations in the moment(s) they are observed. To do this, three key components are required, including the introduction of independent object-relative dimensional metrics, a zero-dimensional frame of reference, and application of Euclidean geometry for modeling. Procedures separate planes of matter, extensions of space (relational distance) and time (duration) using object-oriented dimensional quantities. Quantities are converted into base units using symmetry for space (Dihedral360), time (Dihedral12), rotation (Dihedral24), and scale (Dihedral10). Geometric elements construct static state outputs in discrete time models rather than continuous time using calculus, thereby using dimensional and positional natural number numerals that can visually encode complex data instead of using abstraction and irrationals. Static state Euclidean geometric models of object relations are both measured and expressed in the state they are observed in zero-time as defined by a signal. The frame can include multiple observer frames of reference where each origin, point, is the location of a distinct privileged point of reference. Two broad and diverse applications are presented: a one-dimensional spatiotemporal orbital model, and a thought experiment related to a physical theory beyond Planck limits. We suggest that expanding methodologies and continued formalization, novel tools for physics can be considered along with applications for computational discrete geometric modeling.

关键词： Spacetime Relationalism Quantum Classical Signal Discrete Geometry

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Standard Model Review and a New 5D Multi-Brane Proposition

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2022年第1期8卷 195-227页

作者： Jami Hossain independent researcher Gurgaon India

Based on a comprehensive review of mainly the non-quantum aspects of the standard model of cosmology, the 5 dimensional models, and the analysis here, we propose a 5 dimensional model with expanding 4D multi-branes. A review of the standard model in the context of many new developments and discoveries in cosmology in the recent times, such as the accelerated expansion of the universe, Plank cosmic microwave measurements, dark energy survey, Hubble tension etc. tends to indicate that the standard model is essentially a patchwork of different theoretical models that have been pieced together in an attempt to explain different aspects of the astrophysical observations, which do not necessarily emanate from a full end-to-end understanding of a physical process. The purpose of each individual theoretical piece such as “inflation” is limited to providing an explanation to the problem area or a gap in our understanding. A number of new theories such as the five-dimensional universe, the bulk and brane, extended theories of gravity, and conformal cyclic cosmology offer alternate ways of addressing the existential aspects of the universe but these models too remain hypothetical with shortcomings and a lack of conclusive evidence. The model proposed by us, presents a way forward in addressing dark matter and dark energy as manifestations of the multiple underlying branes in the aftermath of the big-bang. In the process, we present a theorem of the dimensionality of the expanding universe, which necessitates the need for at least one more dimension in addition to the 4 dimensions of spacetime. While carrying out the review of the standard model, we present new analysis and facts that strengthen the case for the 5th dimension. According to the multi-brane hypothesis presented here, our observed universe could be one of the many branes, and it is more likely than not that in the aftermath of the big-bang that generated our brane, more branes were generated, which further points towards a much more pro

关键词： Big-Bang Dark Matter Dark Energy Cosmological Constant Standard Model Brane 5D Universe Accelerated Expansion

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Dynamic Electron Orbits in Atomic Hydrogen

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现代物理(英文) 2023年第11期14卷 1497-1525页

作者： Gurcharn S. Sandhu independent researcher Chandigarh India

Even after extensive research in Quantum Mechanics, we are still unable to visualize instant-to-instant motion of an electron in hydrogen atom. That is because in QM treatment, potential energy term has been mistakenly assumed to be time-independent instead of depending on the instant-to-instant varying position of the orbiting electron [1]. This has led to wrong and weird solutions for the electron motion in hydrogen atom. Before the advent of wave mechanics, Sommerfeld model of elliptical electron orbits was able to explain most features of hydrogen spectra, except for the features associated with electron spin and magnetic moment interactions. However, the Sommerfeld elliptical orbits were of kinematic origin and could not provide visualization of instant-to-instant dynamic motion of the orbiting electron. Contrary to the QM perspective, we find that central core of the electron behaves as a classical particle while its electrostatic field behaves as a wave phenomenon. As such an electron under Coulomb force moves strictly in accordance with Newtonian laws of motion. In this paper, we develop dynamic electron orbits in hydrogen atom by using energy and angular momentum conservation principle in central force field. We have shown that during photon emission, angular momentum of the orbiting electron is changed by ħ due to recoil action. This may be the origin of various quantization rules. During emission of a photon, elliptical orbit transitions are also computed and plotted. Orbit transition time is of the order of 10-16 seconds. We have extended this methodology to compute electron orbits in hydrogen molecular bond and computed the H2 bond energy.

关键词： Sommerfeld Model Schrödinger Equation Dynamic Electron Orbits Photon Emission

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Ionic Gravitation and Ionized Solid Iron Stellar Bodies

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Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology 2023年第2期9卷 414-437页

作者： Gurcharn S. Sandhu independent researcher Chandigarh India

A well-known but erroneous notion of electron degeneracy pressure has misled Astrophysics for nearly a century now. Because of their electrostatic interactions, the electrons can never exchange their momentum with positive ions through elastic collisions and hence can never provide the so-called electron degeneracy pressure in stellar cores to counter the effect of gravity. In situations of high core densities, when the mean separation distance between atoms or ions becomes less than the normal size of their parent atoms, their electrostatic repulsion will force them into a lattice gridlock, leading to a solid state. All degenerate stellar cores constitute a solid state and the radial and hoop stresses induced by self-gravitation are proportional to the square of radius (r2). As the size of a solid iron stellar core grows, its peripheral region will experience extreme compression and will get partially ionized due to the phenomenon of pressure ionization. All so-called Neutron Stars and Black Holes are in fact Ionized Solid Iron Stellar Bodies (ISISB). The presence of ions in the peripheral regions of the ISISB will be associated with the circulation of degenerate electrons around the surface, thereby producing strong magnetic fields. A positive excess of ionic charge in all ISISB becomes a source of Ionic Gravitation through the process of polarization of neutral atoms and molecules in stellar bodies. These ISISB are the primary constituents of AGN and are the source of all non-stellar radiation and Jets of ionized matter.

关键词： Solid Core Ionic Gravitation Hoop Stress Magnetic Field Black Holes AGN

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An Essay on Zarathustra’s “Of the Vision and the Riddle”

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2022年第7期12卷 372-384页

作者： Bradley Y.Bartholomew independent researcher SydneyAustralia

In this paper an extensive amount of evidence is presented that our genome,and in particular the DNA acts as a quantum computer.The human genome contains approximately 3 billion A-T and G-C base pairs,which reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells.And it estimated that only a fraction(about 4%)of these base pairs is involved in the synthesis of proteins.The prevailing scientific view is that the remainder of the DNA is just“junk”.Here is presented a great deal of evidence about the electronic as well as the quantum mechanical properties of DNA,and once it is accepted that the DNA is an electronic medium,which is operating over and above the mere synthesis of proteins,then it is but a short step to surmise that all that so-called junk DNA is actually capable of storing a sufficient amount of data to generate an entire universe.Given the fact then that our universe is computer generated and virtual,that makes us,indeed all living creatures,pseudophysical robots,and certain properties of our universe such as Gravity and Time purely fictitious.From this point of view then the famous discourse in Thus Spoke Zarathustra“Of the Vision and the Riddle”becomes readily explainable.Zarathustra talks about the Spirit of Gravity as a dwarf that has jumped on his back and is oppressing him.It then jumps off his back and he is able to see our supposedly physical life for what it is-a fiction,and illusion.Likewise the now,the current moment in time in which we are living is referred to as the“gateway”between a fictitious computer-generated past and a hypothetical,as yet undetermined future.An explanation is also given for“eternal recurrence”.Nietzsche is prophesizing that genetic technology will advance to the point where we humans will be cloned from our DNA when we die,and we will be able to live an infinite number of lifetimes.We will be reincarnated.

关键词： Nietzsche Zarathustra eternal recurrence virtual world fictitious forces Time Gravity

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