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Effect of Limited Single Irrigation on Yield of Winter Wheat and Spring Maize Relay Intercropping

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Pedosphere 2007年第4期17卷 529-537页

作者： ZHANG Bu-Chong HUANG Gao-Bao LI Feng-Min State Key Laboratory of Arid agroecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 （China）. Department of Water Resources Engineering Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070 （China） School of Agronomy Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070 （China） State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland farming on Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangling 712100 （China）

A field experiment was conducted during the 2002/2003 cropping season of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） and spring maize （Zea mays） to evaluate the effect of limited single drip irrigation on the yield and water use of both crops under relay intercropping in a semi-arid area of northwestern China. A controlled 35 mm single irrigation, either early or late, was applied to each crop at a certain growth stage. Soil water, leaf area, final grain yield and yield components such as the thousand-grain weight, length of spike, fertile spikelet number, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per spike were measured, and water use efficiency and leaf area index were calculated for the irrigated and non-irrigated relay intercropping treatments and sole cropping controls. The results showed that yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and leaf area index in the relay intercropping treatments were affected by limited single drip irrigation during various growth stages of wheat and maize. The total yields in the relay intercropping treatment irrigated during the heading stage of wheat and the heading and anthesis stage of maize were the highest among all the treatments, followed by that irrigated during the anthesis stage of wheat and silking stage of maize; so was the water use efficiency. Significant differences occurred in most yield components between the irrigated and non-irrigated relay-intercropping treatments. The dynamics of the leaf area index in the relay-intercropped or solely cropped wheat and maize showed a type of single-peak pattern, whereas that of the relay intercropping treatments showed a type of double-peak pattern. Appropriately, limited single irrigation and controlled soil water content level could result in higher total yield, water use efficiency, and leaf area index, and improved yield components in relay intercropping. This practice saved the amount of water used for irrigation and also increased the yield. Therefore, heading stage of whe

关键词： leaf area index limited single irrigation water use efficiency winter wheat and spring maize relay intercropping yield and yield components

Effectiveness of ten commercial maize cultivars in inducing Egyptian broomrape germination

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2016年第2期3卷 137-146页

作者： Xiaoxin YE Jinnan JIA Yongqing MA Yu AN Shuqi DONG College of Forestry Northwest A&F University The State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland farming Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F University Northeast Institute of Geography and agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Agriculture Shanxi Agricultural University

Egyptian broomrape(EB),Phelipanche aegyptiaca,is a devastating root parasite,causing enormous crop losses around the *** has the potential to influence the growth of other plants through releasing certain allelochemicals and is able to induce germination of at least three broomrape *** determine whether maize could be used as a trap crop for EB,10 maize cultivars were tested for their ability to induce EB *** results showed that maize cultivars can induce EB germination,and that germination rates in a cut-root experiment and a hydroponic experiment were *** cvs Changcheng 799 and Zhengdan 958 induced the highest EB germination rates,while cvs Luyu 13 and Zhengyu 203 were the least *** four maize cultivars were further studied in a pot *** soil,rhizosphere soil extracts,root extracts and shoot extracts from these cultivars were all able to induce EB germination,with *** 799 inducing the highest germination *** extracts generally induced higher germination rates than shoot *** is suggested that Changcheng799 could be planted as a trap crop for control of EB.

关键词： allelopathy Egyptian broomrape maize seed germination trap crop

Net energy yield and carbon footprint of summer corn under different N fertilizer rates in the North China Plain

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第8期14卷 1534-1541页

作者： WANG Zhan-biao WEN Xin-ya ZHANG Hai-lin LU Xiao-hong CHEN Fu College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Farming System Ministry of Agriculture

Excessive use of N fertilizer in intensive agriculture can increase crop yield and at the same time cause high carbon（C） *** study was conducted to determine optimized N fertilizer application for high grain yield and lower C emissions in summer corn（Zea mays L.）.A field experiment, including 0（N0）, 75（N75）, 150（N150）, 225（N225）, and 300（N300） kg N ha–1 treatments, was carried out during 2010–2012 in the North China Plain（NCP）.The results showed that grain yield, input energy, greenhouse gas（GHG） emissions, and carbon footprint（CF） were all increased with the increase of N rate, except net energy yield（NEY）.The treatment of N225 had the highest grain yield（10 364.7 kg ha–1） and NEY（6.8%）, but the CF（0.25） was lower than that of N300, which indicates that a rate of 225 kg N ha–1 can be optimal for summer corn in *** GHG emision compontents, N fertilizer（0–51.1%） was the highest and followed by electricity for irrigation（19.73–49.35%）.We conclude that optimazing N fertilizer application rate and reducing electricity for irrigation are the two key measures to increase crop yield, improve energy efficiency and decrease GHG emissions in corn production.

关键词： maize nitrogen fertilizer rate grain yield net energy ratio greenhouse gas emissions

Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat

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The Crop Journal 2017年第3期5卷 231-239页

作者： Yuping Li Hongbing Li Yuanyuan Li Suiqi Zhang State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F University State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources

In wheat, the ear is one of the main photosynthetic contributors to grain filling under drought stress conditions. In order to determine the relationship between stomatal characteristics and plant drought resistance, photosynthetic and stomatal characteristics and water use efficiency(WUE) were studied in two wheat cultivars: the drought-resistant cultivar ‘Changhan 58' and the drought-sensitive cultivar ‘Xinong 9871'. Plants of both cultivars were grown in pot conditions under well-watered(WW) and water-stressed(WS) conditions. In both water regimes,‘Changhan 58' showed a significantly higher ear photosynthetic rate with a lower rate of variation and a significantly higher percentage variation of transpiration compared to control plants at the heading stage under WS conditions than did ‘Xinong 9871' plants. Moreover,‘Changhan 58' showed lower stomatal density(SD) and higher stomatal area per unit organ area(A) under both water conditions. Water stress decreased SD, A, and stomatal width(SW), and increased stomatal length in flag leaves(upper and lower surfaces) and ear organs(awn, glume,lemma, and palea), with the changes more pronounced in ear organs than in flag *** WUE increased slightly, while integral WUE improved significantly in both cultivars. Integral WUE was higher in ‘Changhan 58', and increased by a greater amount, than in‘Xinong 9871'. These results suggest that drought resistance in ‘Changhan 58' is regulated by stomatal characteristics through a decrease in transpiration rate in order to improve integral WUE and photosynthetic performance, and through sustaining a higher ear photosynthetic rate, therefore enhancing overall drought-resistance.

关键词： Wheat Stomatal structure Ear photosynthesis Drought resistance Water use efficiency

Long Term Effects of farming System on Soil Water Content and Dry Soil Layer in Deep Loess Profile of Loess Tableland in China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第6期13卷 1382-1392页

作者： CHENG Li-ping LIU Wen-zhao State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources College of Resource and Environment Science Pingdingshan University University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep loess proifle, which is critical for maintaining the function of the“soil water pool”is rarely studied because deep proifle soil samples are dififcult to collect. In this study, four experimental plots were established in 2005 to represent different farming systems on the Changwu Tableland：fallow land, fertilized cropland, unfertilized cropland, and continuous alfalfa. The soil water content in the 15-m-deep loess proifles was monitored continuously from 2007 to 2012 with the neutron probe technique. The results showed that temporal variations in soil water proifles differed among the four farming systems. Under fallow land, the soil water content increased gradually over time, ifrst in the surface layers and later in the deep soil layers. In contrast, the soil water content decreased gradually under continuous alfalfa. The distributions of soil water in deep soil layers under both fertilized and unfertilized cropland were relatively stable over time. Thus farming system signiifcantly affected soil water content. Seven years after the start of the experiment, the soil water contents in the 15-m-deep proifles averaged 23.4%under fallow land, 20.3%under fertilized cropland, 21.6%under unfertilized cropland, and 16.0%under continuous alfalfa. Compared to measurements at the start of the experiment, both fallow land and unfertilized cropland increased soil water storage in the 15-m loess proifles. In contrast, continuous alfalfa reduced soil water storage. Fertilized cropland has no signiifcant effect on soil water storage. These results suggest that deep soil water can be replenished under the fallow and unfertilized farming systems. Dry soil layers （i.e., those which have soil water content less than the stable ifeld water capacity） in the subsoil of the

关键词： farming system temporal variability soil water dried soil layer Loess Plateau

Residue management induced changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen under different tillage practices in the North China Plain

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第6期18卷 1337-1347页

作者： PU Chao KAN Zheng-rong LIU Peng MA Shou-tian QI Jian-ying ZHAO Xin ZHANG Hai-lin College of Agronomy and Biotechnology China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Farming SystemMinistry of Agriculture

Crop residue retention has been considered a practicable strategy to improve soil organic carbon(SOC)and total nitrogen(TN),but the effectiveness of residue retention might be different under varied tillage *** evaluate the effects of residue management on the distribution and stocks of SOC and TN under different tillage practices,a bifactorial experiment with three levels for tillage practices(no-tillage,rotary tillage,and conventional tillage)and two levels for residue managements(residue retention and residue removal)was conducted in the North China Plain(NCP).Results showed that after a short experimental duration(3–4 years),concentrations of SOC and TN in the 0–10 cm layer were higher under no-tillage than under conventional tillage,no matter whether crop residues were retained or *** retention increased SOC and TN concentrations in the upper layers of soil to some degree for all tillage practices,as compared with residue removal,with the greatest increment of SOC concentration occurred in the 0–10 cm layer under rotary tillage,but in the 10–30 cm layer under conventional *** stocks of SOC in the 0–50 cm depth increased from 49.89 Mg ha–1 with residue removal to 53.03 Mg ha–1 with residue ***,no-tillage did not increase SOC stock to a depth of 50 cm relative to conventional tillage,and increased only by 5.35%as compared with rotary ***,residue retention may contribute more towards SOC sequestration than ***,the combination between residue retention and no-tillage has the greatest advantage in enhancing SOC and TN in the NCP region.

关键词： no-tillage residue retention residue removal stratification ratio SOC stock total nitrogen stock

Photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen distribution of large-spike wheat in Northwest China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第3期15卷 545-552页

作者： WANG Li-fang CHEN Juan SHANGGUAN Zhou-ping State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F University

The leaf photosynthesis and nitrogen（N） translocation in three large-spike lines and control cultivar（Xi＇nong 979） of winter wheat（Triticum aestivum L.） were studied in 2010–2011 and 2011–2012. The objectives of this study were to investigate the differences in the physiological characteristics of large-spike lines and control cultivar and identify the limiting factors that play a role in improving the yield of breeding materials. The average yield, grain number per spike, kernel weight per spike, and 1 000-kernel weight of the large-spike lines were 16.0, 26.8, 42.6, and 15.4%, respectively, significantly higher than those of control. The average photosynthetic rates（Pn） were not significant between the large-spike lines and control cultivar during the active growth period. The average PSII maximum energy conversion efficiency（Fv/Fm）, PSII actual quantum efficiency（Ф（PSII））, photochemical quenching coefficient（qP）, PSII reaction center activity（Fv′/Fm′） and water-use efficiency（WUE） of the large-spike lines were 1.0, 5.1, 3.6, 0.8, and 43.4%, respectively, higher than those of the control during the active growth stages. The N distribution proportions in different tissues were ranked in the order of grains〉culms＋sheathes〉rachis＋glumes〉flag leaves〉penultimate leaves〉remain leaves. This study suggested that utilization of the large-spike wheat might be a promising approach to obtain higher grain yield in Northwest China.

关键词： wheat nitrogen distribution large-spike lines photosynthetic characteristics yield

Correlation of production constraints with the yield gap of apple cropping systems in Luochuan County, China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第8期18卷 1714-1725页

作者： ZHANG Dong WANG Chong LI Xiao-lin YANG Xiu-shan ZHAO Lu-bang XIA Shao-jie College of Resources and Environmental Sciences China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 P.R.China Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions Ministry of Education Beijing 100193 P.R.China Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and organic farming Beijing 100193 P.R.China

Apple occupies a dominant position in fruit production globally, and has become the main income source of local smallholder farmers in Luochuan County in the Loess Plateau area, one of the largest apple production areas in China. However, the annual productivity of apple orchards in this region remains low and has gradually declined over the years. The distinction and correlation of production constraints can contribute to the promotion of apple orchard productivity and the development of a sustainable orchard system. In the present study, survey data from 71 smallholder farmers were analyzed using a yield gap model to distinguish the production constraints and determine their correlation with the yield gap based on the structural equation model(SEM). The results indicated that the average apple yield in Luochuan County was 29.9 t ha^–1 yr^–1, while the attainable yield(Yatt;the highest yield obtained from the on-farm surveys) was 58.1 t ha^–1 yr^–1. The average explained and unexplainable yield gaps were 26.3 and 1.87 t ha^–1 yr^–1. According to the boundary line analysis, crop load,number of sprayings and base fertilizer N were the top three constraints on apple production in 9.8, 7.8 and 7.8% of the plots, respectively. Among the production constraints, crop load and fruit weight affected apple yield through direct pathways,whereas other constraints influenced apple yield through an indirect pathway based on the SEM, explaining 51% of the yield variance by all the main production constraints. These results can improve the current understanding of production constraints and contribute to the development of management strategies and policies for improving apple yield.

关键词： smallholder farmer boundary line analysis structural equation model (SEM) crop load fertilization tree performance

Species Composition, Richness and Aboveground Biomass of Natural Grassland in Hilly-Gully Regions of the Loess Plateau, China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第11期13卷 2527-2536页

作者： DENG Lei SHANGGUAN Zhou-ping State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F University

In order to study the characteristics of species composition, richness and aboveground biomass of natural grasslands, and then ifnd out the relations between species richness and aboveground productivity of the communities and possible mechanisms to form the relations, four typical grassland communities （Artemisia capillaries （AC）, Thymus quinquecostatus （TQ）, Stipa bungeana （SB） and Stipa grandis （SG）） along with a succession sequence in hilly-gully regions of the Loess Plateau, China, were investigated by ifeld survey and laboratory analysis. The results were summarized as follows：Different succession stages had different species compositions as well as different proportions of plant life forms and photosynthetic types, and Asteraceae, Poaceae and Leguminosae were their dominant species as well as their dominant perennial herb species;and different succession stages had signiifcantly different species richness and aboveground biomasses. There were many relation patterns （linear positive correlation, unrelated relations and unimodal relations） between the species richness and aboveground biomass in different succession stages and a signiifcant unimodal relation between the species richness and aboveground biomass in all the grassland communities and the highest species diversity appeared at a moderate level of productivity. The results suggest the unimodal relations in all the grassland communities are accumulative results of the relations in each succession stage.

关键词： life forms photosynthetic types productivity species diversity