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The Simultaneous Repression Of CCR and CAD, Two Enzymes of the Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway, Results in Sterility and Dwarfism in Arabidopsis thaliana

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Molecular Plant 2011年第1期4卷 70-82页

作者： Johanne Thevenin Brigitte Pollet Bruno Letarnec Luc Saulnier Lionel Gissot Alessandra Maia-Grondard Catherine Lapierre Lise Jouanin Institut Jean Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) INRA-AgroParisTech UMR1318 78026 Versailles Cedex France Unite de Recherche 1268 Biopolymeres Assemblages Interactions (BIA) INRA BP71627 44316 Nantes Cedex 03 France Laboratoire Commun de Cytologie et d'lmagerie Vegetale IJPB INRA-AgroParisTech UMR1318 78026 Versailles France Plateau technique de Chimie du vegetal IJPB INRA-AgroParisTech UMR1318 78026 Versailles France

Cinnamoyl CoA reductase （CCR） and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （CAD） catalyze the last steps of mono- lignol biosynthesis. In Arabidopsis, one CCR gene （CCR1, Atlg15950） and two CAD genes （CAD C At3g19450 and CAD D At4g34230） are involved in this pathway. A triple cad c cad d ccrl mutant, named ccc, was obtained. This mutant displays a severe dwarf phenotype and male sterility. The lignin content in ccc mature stems is reduced to 50% of the wild-type level. In addition, stem lignin structure is severely affected, as shown by the dramatic enrichment in resistant inter-unit bonds and incorporation into the polymer of monolignol precursors such as coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, and ferulic acid. Male sterility is due to the lack of lignification in the anther endothecium, which causes the failure of anther de- hiscence and of pollen release. The cc~ hypolignified stems accumulate higher amounts of flavonol glycosides, sinapoyl malate and feruloyl malate, which suggests a redirection of the phenolic pathway. Therefore, the absence of CAD and CCR, key enzymes of the monolignol pathway, has more severe consequences on the phenotype than the individual absence of each of them. Induction of another CCR （CCR2, Atlg80820） and another CAD （CAD1, At4g39330） does not compensate the absence of the main CCR and CAD activities. This lack of CCR and CAD activities not only impacts lignification, but also severely affects the development of the plants. These consequences must be carefully considered when trying to reduce the lignin content of plants in order to facilitate the lignocellulose-to-bioethanol conversion process.

关键词： Arabidopsis auxin Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (CAD) Cinnamoyl CoA Reductase (CCR) cell wall dwarfism lignins phenolics sterility.

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Dynamics of Strigolactone Function and Shoot Branching Responses in Pisum sativum

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Molecular Plant 2013年第1期6卷 128-140页

作者： Elizabeth A. Dun Alexandre de Saint Germain Catherine Rameau Christine A. Beveridge The University of Queensland School of Biological Sciences St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin INRA UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech F-78000 Versailles France

Strigolactones （SLs）, or their metabolites, were recently identified as endogenous inhibitors of shoot branch- ing. However, certain key features and dynamics of SL action remained to be physiologically characterized. Here we show that successive direct application of SL to axillary buds at every node along the stem can fully inhibit branching. The SL inhibition of early outgrowth did not require inhibitory signals from other growing buds or the shoot tip. In add- ition to this very early or initial suppression of outgrowth, we also found SL to be effective, up to a point, at moderating the continuing growth of axillary branches. The effectiveness of SL at affecting bud and branch growth correlated with the ability of SL to regulate expression of PsBRC1. PsBRC1 is a transcription factor that is expressed strongly in axillary buds and is required for SL inhibition of shoot branching. Consistent with a dynamic role of the hormone, SL inhibition of bud growth did not prevent buds from later responding to a decapitation treatment, even though SL treatment immediately after decapitation inhibits the outgrowth response. Also, as expected from the hypothesized branching control network in plants, treatment of exogenous SL caused feedback down-regulation of SL biosynthesis genes within 2 h. Altogether, these results reveal new insights into the dynamics of SL function and support the premise that SLs or SL-derived metabolites function dynamically as a shoot branching hormone and that they act directly in axillary buds.

关键词： hormonal regulation dormancy shoot branching.

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Can soil microbial diversity influence plant metabolites and life history traits of a rhizophagous insect？ A demonstration in oilseed rape

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Insect Science 2017年第6期24卷 1045-1056页

作者： Tom Lachaise Morgane Ourry Lionel Lebreton Anne-Yvonne Guillerm-Erckelboudt Juliette Linglin Chrystelle Paty Valerie Chaminade Nathalie Marnet Julie Aubert Denis Poinsot Anne-Marie Cortesero Christophe Mougel IGEPP Agrocampus Ouest INRA Universite de Rennes 1 Le Rheu France IGEPP Agrocampus Ouest INRA Universite de Rennes 1 Universite Bretagne-Loire Rennes France inra UR1268 BIA-Le Rheu France inra-AgroParisTech UMR 518 Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences-Paris France

Interactions between plants and phytophagous insects play an important part in shaping the biochemical composition of plants. Reciprocally plant metabolites can influ- ence major life history traits in these insects and largely contribute to their fitness. Plant rhizospheric microorganisms are an important biotic factor modulating plant metabolites and adaptation to stress. While plant-insects or plant-microorganisms interactions and their consequences on the plant metabolite signature are well-documented, the impact of soil microbial communities on plant defenses against phytophagous insects remains poorly known. In this study, we used oilseed rape （Brassica napus） and the cabbage root fly （Delia radicum） as biological models to tackle this question. Even though D. radicum is a belowground herbivore as a larva, its adult life history traits depend on aboveground signals. We therefore tested whether soil microbial diversity influenced emergence rate and fitness but also fly oviposition behavior, and tried to link possible effects to modifications in leaf and root metabolites. Through a removal-recolonization experiment, 3 soil microbial modalities （＂high,＂＂medium,＂＂low＂） were established and assessed through amplicon sequencing of 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes. The ＂medium＂ modality in the rhizosphere significantly improved insect development traits. Plant-microorganism interactions were marginally associated to modulations of root metabolites profiles, which could partly explain these results. We highlighted the potential role of plant-microbial interaction in plant defenses against Delia radicum. Rhizospheric microbial communities must be taken into account when analyzing plant defenses against herbivores, being either below or aboveground.

关键词： Brassica napus Delia radicum life history traits plant primary and secondary metabolites rhizophagous pest soil microbial diversity

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Increase in the Hydrophilicity and Lewis Acid-Base Properties of Solid Surfaces Achieved by Electric Gliding Discharge in Humid Air: Effects on Bacterial Adherence

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Plasma Science and Technology 2009年第2期11卷 187-193页

作者： J.O.KAMGANG M.NAITALI J.-M.HERRY M.-N.BELLON-FONTAINE J.-L.BRISSET R.BRIANDET Laboratory of Interfacial Electrochemistry and Analytical Chemistry University of Rouen inra(National Institute for Agricultural Research) UMR 763 Bio-adhesion and Hygiene of Materials AgroParisTech UMR 763 Bio-adhesion and Hygiene of Materials AgroParisTech UMR763 Bio-adhesion and Hygiene of Materials

This study addressed the effects of treatment with gliding discharge plasma on the surface properties of solid materials, as well as the consequences concerning adherence of a model bacterium. As evaluated by contact angles with selected liquids, plasma treatment caused an increase in surface hydrophilicity and in the Lewis acid-base components of the surface energy of all materials tested. These modifications were more marked for low density polyethylene and stainless steel than for polytetrafiuoroethylene. After treatment, the hydrophilicity of the materials remained relatively stable for at least 20 days. Moreover, analysis of the topography of the materials by atomic force microscopy revealed that the roughness of both polymers was reduced by glidarc plasma treatment. As a result of all these modifications, solid substrates were activated towards micro-organisms and the adherence of S. epidermidis, a negatively charged Lewis-base and mildly hydrophilic strain selected as the model, was increased in almost all the cases tested.

关键词： gliding arc plasma surface energy properties polymers stainless steel surface hydrophilicity atomic force microscopy

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Net energy of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meal in growing pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第4期8卷 875-884页

作者： Zhongchao Li Yakui Li Zhiqian Lv Hu Liu Jinbiao Zhao Jean Noblet Fenglai Wang Changhua Lai Defa Li State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry CentreChina Agricultural University inra UMR Pegase

Background: Two experiments were conducted to estimate the net energy(NE) of corn, soybean meal, expel er-pressed rapeseed meal(EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal(SE-RSM) using indirect calorimetry and to validate the NE of these four ingredients using pig growth ***: In Exp.1, 24 barrows(initial BW = 36.4 ± 1.6 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets which included a corn basal diet,a corn-soybean meal basal diet and two rapeseed meal diets containing 20% EP-RSM(9.5% ether extract) or SE-RSM(1.1% ether extract) substituted for corn and soybean meal. The design allowed the calculation of NE values of corn,soybean meal and rapeseed meals according to the difference method. In Exp.2, 175 growing pigs(initial BW = 36.0± 5.2 kg) were fed 1 of 5 diets for 28 d, with five pigs per pen and seven replications(pens) per treatment in order to validate the measured energy values. Diets were a corn-soybean meal diet and four diets including 10% or 20% EP-RSM and 10% or 20% ***: The NE of corn, soybean meal, EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 12.46, 11.34, 11.71 and 8.83 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The NE to ME ratio of corn(78%) was similar to tabular values, however, the NE to ME ratios of soybean meal(70%) and rapeseed meal(76%) were greater than tabular values. The greater NE value in EP-RSM than in SE-RSM is consistent with its higher EE content. Increasing EP-RSM or SE-RSM did not affect the growth performance of pigs and the caloric efficiency of NE was comparable for al ***: The NE of EP-RSM was similar to soybean meal, and both were greater than SE-RSM. The DE, ME and NE values measured in Exp.1 are confirmed by results of Exp. 2 with comparable caloric efficiencies of DE, ME or NE for all diets.

关键词： Caloric efficiency Growing pig Heat production Net energy Rapeseed meal

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A common metabolomic signature is observed upon inoculation of rice roots with various rhizobacteria

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2020年第2期62卷 228-246页

作者： Marine Valette Marjolaine Rey Florence Gerin Gilles Comte Florence Wisniewski-Dyé Universite de Lyon Universite Lyon1Ecologie MicrobienneCNRS UMR-5557INRA UMR-1418VetAgroSup43 boulevard du 11 novembre 191869622 VilleurbanneFrance

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR),whose growth is stimulated by root exudates,are able to improve plant growth and *** those,bacteria of the genus Azospirillum were shown to affect root secondary metabolite content in rice and maize,sometimes without visible effects on root *** studies also revealed that expression of several genes involved in stress and plant defense was affected,albeit with fewer genes when a strain was inoculated onto its original host ***,we investigated,via a metabolic profiling approach,whether rice roots responded differently and with gradual intensity to various PGPR,isolated from rice or not.A common metabolomic signature of nine compounds was highlighted,with the reduced accumulation of three alkylresorcinols and increased accumulation of two hydroxycinnamic acid amides(HCAA),identified as N-p-coumaroylputrescine and *** was accompanied by the increased transcription of two genes involved in the N-feruloylputrescine biosynthetic ***,exposure to a rice bacterial pathogen triggered a reduced accumulation of these HCAA in roots,a result contrasting with previous reports of increased HCAA content in leaves upon pathogen *** of HCAA,that are potential antimicrobial compounds,might be considered as a primary reaction of plant to bacterial perception.

关键词： PGPR various rhizobacteria root exudates

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Leaf Epidermal Cells： A Trap for Lipophilic Xenobiotics

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2006年第9期48卷 1063-1068页

作者： Zhiqian Liu umr inra-ENSAR Amelioration des Plantes et Biotechnologies végétales BP 35327 35653 Le Rheu Cedex France

Plant surfaces are covered by a layer of cuticle, which functions as a natural barrier to protect plants from mechanical damage, desiccation, and microbial invasion. Results presented in this report show that the epicuticular wax and the cuticle of plant leaves also play an important role in resisting xenobiotic invasion. Although the epicuticular wax is impermeable to hydrophilic xenobiotics, the cuticle not only restricts the penetration of hydrophilic compounds into leaf cells, but also traps lipophilic ones. The role of the epidermal cells of plant leaves in resisting xenobiotic invasion has been neglected until now. The present study shows, for the first time, that the epidermal cells may reduce or retard the transport of lipophilic xenobiotics into the internal tissues through vacuolar sequestration. Although the guard cells appear to be an easy point of entry for xenobiotics, only a very small proportion of xenobiotics present on the leaf surface actually moves into leaf tissues via the guard cells .

关键词： cuticle epidermal cells plants wax xenobiotics

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Combining Metabolomics and Gene Expression Analysis Reveals that Propionyl- and Butyryl- Carnitines Are Involved in Late Stages of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

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Molecular Plant 2014年第3期7卷 554-566页

作者： Jerome Laparre Universite de Toulouse UPS UMR 5546 Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales BP 42617 F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan France CNRS UMR 5546 BP 42617 F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan France Universite de Toulouse INSA UPS INP LISBP Toulouse France inra UMR792 Ingenierie des Systemes Biologiques et des Procedes Toulouse France CNRS INRA Toulouse France CNRS UMR5504 Toulouse France

The arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） symbiosis is a widespread mutualistic association between soil fungi （Glomeromycota） and the roots of most plant species. AM fungi are obligate biotrophs whose development is partially under the control of their plant host. We explored the possibility to combine metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to find putative mycorrhiza-associated metabolites regulating AM fungal development. Methanol extracts of Medicago truncatula roots colonized or not with the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis were analyzed and compared by ultra- high-performance liquid chromatography （UHPLC）, high-resolution mass spectrometry （Q-TOF）, and multivariate statisti- cal discrimination. We detected 71 mycorrhiza-associated analytes exclusively present or at least 10-fold more abundant in mycorrhizal roots. To identify among these analytes those that could regulate AM fungal development, we fraction- ated by preparative and semi-preparative HPLC the mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root extracts and established how the 71 analytes were distributed among the fractions. Then we tested the activity of the fractions on germinating spores of R. irregularis by quantifying the expression of 96 genes known for their diverse in planta expression patterns. These investigations reveal that propionyl- and butyryl-carnitines accumulated in mycorrhizal roots. The results suggest that these two molecules regulate fungal gene expression in planta and represent interesting candidates for further biologi- cal characterization.

关键词： metabolomics AM fungi symbiosis plant metabolites carnitines transcriptomic screening.

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Plant infection by two different viruses induce contrasting changes of vectors fitness and behavior

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Insect Science 2019年第1期26卷 86-96页

作者： Quentin Chesnais Aude Couty Maryline Uzest Veronique Brault Arnaud Ameline FRE CNRS 3498 EDYSAN (Ecologie et Dynamique des Systemes Anthropises) Universite de Picardie Jules Veme33 rue St Leu80039 Amiens CedexFrance inra UMR 0385 BGPICIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgroTA A541KCampus International de Baillarguet34394 Montpellier Cedex 5France umr 1131 SVQV INRA-UDS28rue de Herrlisheim68021 Colmar CedexFrance

Insect-vectored plant viruses can induce changes in plant phenotypes,thus influencing plant-vector interactions in a way that may promote their dispersal according to their mode of transmission (i.e.,circulative ***).This indirect vector manipulation requires host-virus-vector coevolution and would thus be effective solely in very specific plant-virus-vector species *** studies suggest this manipulation may depend on multiple factors relative to various intrinsic characteristics of vectors such as transmission *** anintegrative study,we tested the effects of infection of the Brassicaceae Camelina sativa with the noncirculative Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)or the circulative Turnip yellows virus (TuYV)on the host-plant colonization of two aphid species differing in their virus transmission efficiency:the polyphagous Myzus persicae,efficient vector of both viruses,and the Brassicaceae specialist Brevicoryne brassicae,poor vector of TuYV and efficient vector of *** confirmed the important role of virus mode of transmission as plant-mediated effects of CaMV on the two aphid species induced negative alterations of feeding behavior (i.e.,decreased phloem sap ingestion)and performance that were both conducive for virus fitness by promoting dispersion after a rapid *** addition,virus transmission efficiency may also play a role in vector manipulation by viruses as only the responses of the efficient vector to plant-mediated effects of TuYV,that is,enhanced feeding behavior and performances,were favorable to their acquisition and further ***,this work demonstrated that vector transmission efficiency also has to be considered when studying the mechanisms underlying vector manipulation by *** results also re- inforce the idea that vector manipulation requires coevolution between plant,virus and vector.

关键词： aphid vector Cauliflower mosaic virus electrical penetration graph host-plant selection life history traits Turnip yellows virus

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Evidence of Dual Scale Porous Mechanisms During Fluid Migration in Hardwood Species (Ⅱ) A Dual Scale Computational Model to Describe the Experimental Results

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2004年第6期12卷 783-791页

作者： Patrick PERR LERMAB-umr inra/ENGREF/UHP 1093 ENGREF-inra-14 rue Girardet 54042 Nancy Cedex France

The second part of this paper is devoted to the computational modelling of transient water migration in hardwood. During re-saturation, the moisture content, measured during the process by using X-ray attenuation (see part 1 of this paper), increases quickly very close to the cavity, but requires a very long time for the remaining part of the sample to absorb the moisture in wetting. For this configuration and this material, the macroscopic approach fails. Consequently, a dual-porosity approach is proposed. The computational domain uses a 2-D axisymmetric configuration for which the axial coordinate represents the macroscopic longitudinal direction of the sample whereas the radial coordinate allows the slow migration from each active vessel towards the fibre zone to be considered. The latter is a microscopic space variable. The moisture content field evolution depicts clearly the dual scale mechanisms:a very fast longitudinal migration in the vessel followed by a slow migration from the vessel towards the fibre *** macroscopic moisture content field resulting from this dual scale mechanism is in quite good agreement with the experimental data.

关键词： fluid migration dual-porosity computational model hardwood vessel fibre

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