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HEN:a novel hybrid explainable neural network based framework for robust network intrusion detection

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第7期67卷 72-90页

作者： Wei WEI Sijin CHEN Cen CHEN Heshi WANG Jing LIU Zhongyao CHENG Xiaofeng ZOU School of Computer Science and Engineering Xi'an University of TechnologyShaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Future Technology South China University of Technology Shenzhen research Institute of Hunan University School of Computer Science Hunan University of Technology and Business Institute for infocomm research (I2R) Agency for Science Technology and Reseach (A*STAR)

With the rapid development of network technology and the automation process for 5G, cyberattacks have become increasingly complex and threatening. In response to these threats, researchers have developed various network intrusion detection systems(NIDS) to monitor network traffic. However, the incessant emergence of new attack techniques and the lack of system interpretability pose challenges to improving the detection performance of NIDS. To address these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid explainable neural network-based framework that improves both the interpretability of our model and the performance in detecting new attacks through the innovative application of the explainable artificial intelligence(XAI)method. We effectively introduce the Shapley additive explanations(SHAP) method to explain a light gradient boosting machine(Light GBM) model. Additionally, we propose an autoencoder long-term short-term memory(AE-LSTM) network to reconstruct SHAP values previously generated. Furthermore, we define a threshold based on reconstruction errors observed during the training phase. Any network flow that surpasses the specified threshold is classified as an attack flow. This approach enhances the framework's ability to accurately identify attacks. We achieve an accuracy of 92.65%, a recall of 95.26%, a precision of 92.57%,and an F1-score of 93.90% on the dataset NSL-KDD. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach generates detection performance on par with state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： explainable artificial intelligence light gradient boosting machine machine learning network intrusion detection Shapley additive explanation hybrid explainable neural network (HEN)

Vision Transformers with Hierarchical Attention

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Machine Intelligence research 2024年第4期21卷 670-683页

作者： Yun Liu Yu-Huan Wu Guolei Sun Le Zhang Ajad Chhatkuli Luc Van Gool Institute for infocomm research(I2R) A*STARSingapore 138632Singapore Institute of High Performance Computing(IHPC) A*STARSingapore 138632Singapore Computer Vision Lab ETH ZürichZürich 8092Switzerland School of Information and Communication Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(UESTC)Chengdu 611731China

This paper tackles the high computational/space complexity associated with multi-head self-attention(MHSA)in vanilla vision *** this end,we propose hierarchical MHSA(H-MHSA),a novel approach that computes self-attention in a hierarchical ***,we first divide the input image into patches as commonly done,and each patch is viewed as a ***,the proposed H-MHSA learns token relationships within local patches,serving as local relationship ***,the small patches are merged into larger ones,and H-MHSA models the global dependencies for the small number of the merged *** last,the local and global attentive features are aggregated to obtain features with powerful representation *** we only calculate attention for a limited number of tokens at each step,the computational load is reduced ***,H-MHSA can efficiently model global relationships among tokens without sacrificing fine-grained *** the H-MHSA module incorporated,we build a family of hierarchical-attention-based transformer networks,namely *** demonstrate the superiority of HAT-Net in scene understanding,we conduct extensive experiments on fundamental vision tasks,including image classification,semantic segmentation,object detection and instance ***,HAT-Net provides a new perspective for vision *** and pretrained models are available at https://***/yun-liu/HAT-Net.

关键词： Vision transformer hierarchical attention global attention local attention scene understanding.

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常识问答研究综述

软件学报 2024年第1期35卷 236-265页

作者：范怡帆邹博伟徐庆婷李志峰洪宇苏州大学计算机科学与技术学院江苏苏州215006 infocomm research Institute of Singapore Singapore 138635Singapore

常识问答是一项重要的自然语言理解任务,旨在利用常识知识对自然语言问句进行自动求解,以得到准确答案.常识问答在虚拟助手或社交聊天机器人等领域有着广泛的应用前景,且其蕴涵了知识挖掘与表示、语言理解与计算、答案推理和生成等关键... 详细信息

常识问答是一项重要的自然语言理解任务,旨在利用常识知识对自然语言问句进行自动求解,以得到准确答案.常识问答在虚拟助手或社交聊天机器人等领域有着广泛的应用前景,且其蕴涵了知识挖掘与表示、语言理解与计算、答案推理和生成等关键科学问题,因而受到工业界和学术界的广泛关注.首先介绍常识问答领域的主要数据集;其次,归纳不同常识知识源在构建方式、常识来源和表现形式上的区别;同时,重点分析并对比前沿常识问答模型,以及融合常识知识的特色方法.特别地,根据不同问答任务场景中常识知识的共性和特性,建立包含属性、语义、因果、语境、抽象和意图6大类的知识分类体系.以此为支撑,针对常识知识数据集建设,感知知识融合和预训练语言模型的协作机制,以及在此基础上的常识知识预分类技术,进行前瞻性的研究,并具体报告上述模型在跨数据集迁移场景下的性能变化,及其在常识答案推理中的潜在贡献.总体上,包含对现有数据和前沿技术的回顾,也包含面向跨数据知识体系建设、技术迁移与通用化的预研内容,借以在汇报领域技术积累的前提下,为其理论和技术的进一步发展提供参考意见.

关键词：常识问答常识知识源常识知识类型

Recent research in mechanical properties of geopolymer-based ultrahigh-performance concrete:A review

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2024年第2期32卷 67-88页

作者： G.Murali Division of research&Innovation Uttaranchal UniversityDehradun 248007India

Due to the growing need for sustainable and ultra-high-strength construction materials,scientists have created an innovative ultra-high-performance concrete called Geopolymer based ultra-highperformance concrete(GUHPC).Besides,in the last few decades,there have been a lot of explosions and ballistic attacks around the world,which have killed many civilians and fighters in border *** this context,this article reviews the fresh state and mechanical properties of ***,the ingredients of GUHPC and fresh properties such as setting time and flowability are briefly ***,the review of compressive strength,flexure strength,tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of fibrous ***,the blast and projectile impact resistance performance was ***,the microstructural characteristics were reviewed using the scanning electron microscope and X-ray Powder *** review outcome reveals that the mechanical properties were increased when 30%silica fume was added to a higher dose of steel fibre to improve the microstructure of *** is hypothesized that the brittleness of GUHPC was mitigated by adding 1.5%steel fibre reinforcement,which played a role in the decrease of contact explosion cratering and *** the need for cement in GUHPC was a key factor in the review,indicating a promising potential for lowering carbon ***,GUHPC research is still in its early stages,so more study is required before its full potential can be utilized.

关键词： Mechanical properties Blast Projectile impact Fibre Geopolymer Silica fume Alkaline activators

research on ozone formation sensitivity based on observational methods:Development history,methodology,and application and prospects in China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第4期138卷 543-560页

作者： Wanghui Chu Hong Li Yuanyuan Ji Xin Zhang Likun Xue Jian Gao Cong An State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China Environment research Institute Shandong UniversityQingdao 266237China

Observation-based method for O_(3)formation sensitivity research is an important tool to analyze the causes of ground-level O_(3)pollution,which has broad application potentials in determining the O_(3)pollution formation mechanism and developing prevention and control *** paper outlined the development history of research on O_(3)formation sensitivity based on observational methods,described the principle and applicability of the methodology,summarized the relative application results in China and provided recommendations on the prevention and control of O_(3)pollution in China based on relevant study results,and finally pointed out the shortcomings and future development prospects in this field in *** overview study showed that the O_(3)formation sensitivity in some urban areas in China in recent years presented a gradual shifting tendency from the VOC-limited regime to the transition regime or the NO_(x)-limited regime due to the implementation of the O_(3)precursors emission reduction policies;O_(3)pollution control strategies and precursor control countermeasures should be formulated based on local conditions and the dynamic control capability of O_(3)pollution control measures should be *** are still some current deficiencies in the study field in ***,it is recommended that a stereoscopic monitoring network for atmospheric photochemical components should be further constructed and improved;the atmospheric chemical mechanisms should be vigorously developed,and standardized methods for determining the O_(3)formation sensitivity should be established in China in the near future.

关键词： Observation-based method Ozone formation sensitivity Ozone pollution prevention and control VOCs NO_(x) OBM

Progress in research on the exploration and evaluation of deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region,China

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Energy Geoscience

Energy Geoscience 2024年第2期5卷 1-13页

作者： Herong Zheng Jun Luo Petroleum Exploration and Production research Institute SINOPECBeijing 102206China

Deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region,China,offer significant potential for sustainable *** diverse igneous rock formations along the southeast coast present intricate geological challenges that impede exploration and evaluation *** this study,we address critical concerns related to the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region's deep geothermal resources,encompassing heat source composition,formation conditions,strategic favorable areas,and exploration *** methods involve the analysis of regional geothermal reservoirs and cap *** findings include:the primary heat sources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan region consist of the radioactive heat generation from granites in the crust,heat conduction in the mantle,and,in specific areas like Yangjiang and Shantou,melts within the middle and lower crust;the deep,high-temperature geothermal resources in the region predominantly reside in basins'depressed *** areas are characterized by the confluence of triple heat sources:heat from the Earth's crust,mantle,and other supplementary sources;our analysis led to the identification of three strategic areas favorable for deep geothermal resources in the Fujian-Guangdong-Hainan *** are the Beibu Gulf Basin's continental area,the Yuezhong Depression,and the Fuzhou-Zhangzhou area.

关键词： Deep geothermal resources Geology of geothermal energy Strategic selection

research on the solid particle erosion wear of pipe steel for hydraulic fracturing based on experiments and numerical simulations

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Petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2779-2792页

作者： Si-Qi Yang Jian-Chun Fan Ming-Tao Liu De-Ning Li Jun-Liang Li Li-Hong Han Jian-Jun Wang Shang-Yu Yang Si-Wei Dai Lai-Bin Zhang State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Safety and Emergency Technology China University of Petroleum Oil Production Technology research Institute of Liaohe Oilfield Company Tianjin Gas Storage Branch PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company Petroleum Production Engineering research Institute Daqing Oilfield Company

Erosion wear is a common failure mode in the oil and gas industry. In the hydraulic fracturing, the fracturing pipes are not only in high-pressure working environment, but also suffer from the impact of the high-speed solid particles in the fracturing fluid. Beneath such complex conditions, the vulnerable components of the pipe system are prone to perforation or even burst accidents, which has become one of the most serious risks at the fracturing site. Unfortunately, it is not yet fully understood the erosion mechanism of pipe steel for hydraulic fracturing. Therefore, this article provides a detailed analysis of the erosion behavior of fracturing pipes under complex working conditions based on experiments and numerical simulations. Firstly, we conducted erosion experiments on AISI 4135 steel for fracturing pipes to investigate the erosion characteristics of the material. The effects of impact angle, flow velocity and applied stress on erosion wear were comprehensively considered. Then a particle impact dynamic model of erosion wear was developed based on the experimental parameters, and the evolution process of particle erosion under different impact angles, impact velocities and applied stress was analyzed. By combining the erosion characteristics, the micro-structure of the eroded area, and the micro-mechanics of erosion damage, the erosion mechanism of pipe steel under fracturing conditions was studied in detail for the first time. Under high-pressure operating conditions, it was demonstrated through experiments and numerical simulations that the size of the micro-defects in the eroded area increased as the applied stress increased, resulting in more severe erosion wear of fracturing pipes.

关键词： Erosion wear Applied stress Particle impact dynamics Erosion mechanism

Two-dimensional materials for tunable and nonlinear metaoptics

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Advanced Photonics 2024年第3期6卷 16-34页

作者： Zeng Wang Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth Meng Zhao Jinpeng Nong Yincheng Liu Jinghua Teng Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)

Metaoptics formed by ultrathin and planar building blocks enable compact and efficient optical devices that manipulate light at the nanoscale. The development of tunable metaoptics holds the promise of miniaturized and efficient optical systems that can dynamically adapt to changing conditions or requirements,propelling innovations in fields ranging from telecommunication and imaging to quantum computing and sensing. Two-dimensional(2D) materials show strong promise in enabling tunable metaoptics due to their exceptional electronic and optical properties from the quantum confinement within the atomically thin layers. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements and challenges of 2D material-based tunable metaoptics in both linear and nonlinear regimes and provide an outlook for prospects in this rapidly advancing area.

关键词： metaoptics tunable metaoptics two-dimensional optoelectronics nonlinear optics excitons polaritons

Thermal stability improvement and microstructure optimization of high cobalt content Nd-Fe-B magnets via terbium grain boundary diffusion

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第8期42卷 1531-1538,I0004页

作者： Jiyuan Xu Ruiyang Meng Jing Liu Jiateng Zhang Rui Han Yikun Fang Shengzhi Dong Wei Li Division of Functional Materials research Central Iron and Steel Research InstituteBeijing100081China

The substitution of Fe by Co in the 2:14:1 phase is an effective method to increase the Curie temperature and enhance the thermal stability of the Nd-Fe-B ***,the accumulation of Co ele ment at the grain boundaries(GBs) changes the GBs from nonmagnetic to ferromagnetic and causes the thinlayer GBs to become rare,In this paper,the method of diffusing Tb element was chosen to improve the microstructure and temperature stability of high-Co *** original sintered Nd_(28.5)Dy_(3)-CO_(x)e_(bal)M_(0.6)B_(i)(x=0,6 wt%,12 wt%;M = Cu,Al,Zr) magnets with different Co contents were diffused with Tb by grain boundary diffusion(GBD).After GBD,high-Co magnets exhibit more continuously distributed thin-layer GBs,and their thermal stability is significantly *** high-Co magnets(x=6 wt%),the absolute value of the temperature coefficient of coercivity decreases from 0.603%/K to0.508%/K in the temperature range of 293-413 K,that of remanence decreases from 0.099%/K to 0.091%/K,and the coercivity increases from 18.44 to 25.04 *** electron microscopy(TEM)characterization reveals that there are both the 1:2 phase and the amorphous phase in the high-Co magnet before and after GBD,EDS elemental analysis shows that Tb element is more likely to preferentially replace the rare earth elements in the 2:14:1 main phase than in the 1:2 phase and the amorphous *** concentration of Tb at the edge of the main phase is much higher than that in the 1:2phase and amorphous phase,which is beneficial to the improvement of the *** preferential replacement of Tb elements at the edge of the 2:14:1 phase and thin-layer GBs with a more continuous distribution are synergistically responsible for improving the thermal stability of high-Co *** study indicates that GBD is an effective method to improve the microstructure and thermal stability of high-Co magnets.

关键词： Nd-Fe-B magnets Coercivity Grain boundary diffusion Thermal stability Micro structure Rare earths