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Computer modeling of high-pressure leaching process of nickel laterite by design of experiments and neural networks

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International Journal of Minerals,metallurgy and Materials 2012年第7期19卷 584-594页

作者： Milovan Milivojevic Srecko Stopic Bernd Friedrich Boban Stojanovic Dragoljub Drndarevic Technical and Business College ime process metallurgy and metal recycling RWTH Aachen University Department of Mathematics and Informatics Faculty of Science University of Kragujevac

Due to the complex chemical composition of nickel ores, the requests for the decrease of production costs, and the increase of nickel extraction in the existing depletion of high-grade sulfide ores around the world, computer modeling of nickel ore leaching process be- came a need and a challenge. In this paper, the design of experiments （DOE） theory was used to determine the optimal experimental design plan matrix based on the D optimality criterion. In the high-pressure sulfuric acid leaching （HPSAL） process for nickel laterite in ＂Rudjinci＂ ore in Serbia, the temperature, the sulfuric acid to ore ratio, the stirring speed, and the leaching time as the predictor variables, and the degree of nickel extraction as the response have been considered. To model the process, the multiple linear regression （MLR） and response surface method （RSM）, together with the two-level and four-factor full factorial central composite design （CCD） plan, were used. The proposed re- gression models have not been proven adequate. Therefore, the artificial neural network （ANN） approach with the same experimental plan was used in order to reduce operational costs, give a better modeling accuracy, and provide a more successful process optimization. The model is based on the multi-layer neural networks with the back-propagation （BP） learning algorithm and the bipolar sigmoid activation function.

关键词： nickel laterite leaching computer simulation design of experiments (DOE) response surface method (RSM) neural networks

Low-temperature chlorination roasting technology for the simultaneous recovery of valuable metals from spent LiCoO_(2)cathode material

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International Journal of Minerals,metallurgy and Materials 2025年第1期32卷 80-91页

作者： Junjie Shi Changle Hou Jingjing Dong Dong Chen Jianzhong Li Key Laboratory for Ecological metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral(Ministry of Education) Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China School of metallurgy Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China

With the continuous increase in the disposal volume of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),properly recycling spent LIBs has become essential for the advancement of the circular *** study presents a systematic analysis of the chlorination roasting kinetics and proposes a new two-step chlorination roasting process that integrates thermodynamics for the recycling of LIB cathode *** activation energy for the chloride reaction was 88.41 kJ/mol according to thermogravimetric analysis–derivative thermogravimetry data obtained by using model-free,model-fitting,and Z(α)function(αis conversion rate).Results indicated that the reaction was dominated by the first-order(F1)model when the conversion rate was less than or equal to 0.5 and shifted to the second-order(F2)model when the conversion rate exceeded *** conditions were determined by thoroughly investigating the effects of roasting temperature,roasting time,and the mass ratio of NH_(4)Cl to LiCoO_(2).Under the optimal conditions,namely 400℃,20 min,and NH_(4)Cl/LiCoO_(2)mass ratio of 3:1,the leaching efficiency of Li and Co reached 99.43% and 99.05%,*** of the roasted products revealed that valuable metals in LiCoO_(2)transformed into CoCl_(2) and ***,the reaction mechanism was elucidated,providing insights for the establishment of a novel low-temperature chlorination roasting technology based on a crystal structure *** technology can guide the development of LIB recycling processes with low energy consumption,low secondary pollution,high recovery efficiency,and high added value.

关键词： spent lithium-ion battery thermodynamics chlorination roasting kinetics circular economy

Overview of in-situ oxygen production technologies for lunar resources

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International Journal of Minerals,metallurgy and Materials 2025年第2期32卷 233-255页

作者： Youpeng Xu Sheng Pang Liangwei Cong Guoyu Qian Dong Wang Laishi Li Yusheng Wu Zhi Wang College of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang University of TechnologyShenyang 110870China CAS Key Laboratory of Green process and Engineering National Engineering Research Center for Green Recycling of Strategic Metal ResourcesInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

The rich resources and unique environment of the Moon make it an ideal location for human expansion and the utilization of extraterrestrial ***,crucial for supporting human life on the Moon,can be extracted from lunar regolith,which is highly rich in oxygen and contains polymetallic *** oxygen and metal extraction can be achieved using existing metallurgical ***,the ample reserves of water ice on the Moon offer another means for oxygen *** paper offers a detailed overview of the leading technologies for achieving oxygen production on the Moon,drawing from an analysis of lunar resources and environmental *** delves into the principles,processes,advantages,and drawbacks of water-ice electrolysis,two-step oxygen production from lunar regolith,and one-step oxygen production from lunar *** two-step methods involve hydrogen reduction,carbothermal reduction,and hydrometallurgy,while the one-step methods encompass fluorination/chlorination,high-temperature decomposition,molten salt electrolysis,and molten regolith electrolysis(MOE).Following a thorough comparison of raw materials,equipment,technology,and economic viability,MOE is identified as the most promising approach for future in-situ oxygen production on the *** the corrosion characteristics of molten lunar regolith at high temperatures,along with the Moon's low-gravity environment,the development of inexpensive and stable inert anodes and electrolysis devices that can easily collect oxygen is critical for promoting MOE technology on the *** review significantly contributes to our understanding of in-situ oxygen production technologies on the Moon and supports upcoming lunar exploration initiatives.

关键词： lunar resources in-situ oxygen production space metallurgy molten lunar regolith electrolysis

A Review on Prerequisites of a Set-Up for Particle Detection by Ultrasonic Waves in Aluminium Melts

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Open Journal of metal 2016年第1期6卷 13-24页

作者： Mertol Gökelma Damien Latacz Bernd Friedrich ime process metallurgy and metal recycling RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

In many applications in aluminium industry, the number of inclusion-critical products increases and the quality of those products depend on the inclusion concentration and size. In order to improve the quality of aluminium products and the effectiveness of the processes, a reliable and cheaper on-line detection method is needed. Ultrasonic detection has been used in steel industry, but relatively rare in aluminium industry, although it would theoretically allow for an online non-intrusive detection of the cleanliness of the melt. In this work, the current information on ultrasonic inclusion detection was gathered and recommendations were provided on the Prerequisites for a set-up for ultrasonic detection of non-metallic inclusions in aluminium as a contribution on previous works. It has been concluded that ultrasonic waves seem promising, and should be experimented more on an industrial level to have a clear view on the potentials of the method.

关键词： Non-metallic Particles Ultrasonic Waves Aluminium Online Detection

A Review on Alternative Gold Recovery Re-agents to Cyanide

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Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2016年第8期4卷 8-17页

作者： Mertol Gökelma Alexander Birich Srecko Stopic Bernd Friedrich ime process metallurgy and metal recycling RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

The importance of gold recovery from low grade ores and flotation tailings is continuously increasing due to raising gold demand and thereby high gold prices. However, due to raising social awareness of the ecological impacts of cyanidic gold extraction and environ-mental specifications, the development and the implementation of alternative hydrometallurgical extraction processes have been a focus for many research institutions in last decades. Present work gives a comparison between compatible extraction reagents, with focus on less harmful processes. The target of this review is to point out the best cyanide-free processes of following methods and reagents: Bioleaching, Chlorination, Aqua Regia, Bromine, Thiocyanate, Thiosulfate and Thiourea leaching. For this propose, the gold leaching reagents are described and discussed in terms of their environmental and economical points of view. As result of this comparison, thiourea stands out as the most promising alternative gold leaching reagent to cyanide.

关键词： Hydrometallurgy Leaching Cyanide Alternative Reagents Recovery

Effect of process Parameter Variation on Purity during Rotary Fractional Crystallization of Aluminum

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Open Journal of metal 2017年第2期7卷 25-38页

作者： Semiramis Friedrich Danilo Coladetti Curtolo Bernd Friedrich ime process metallurgy and metal recycling RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

High pure and ultrapure Aluminum is increasingly used in highly corrosion resistant applications or to replace copper in conductive parts such as high voltage cable and transformers due to their higher electrical conductivity properties. Ultrapure Aluminum is also used in semiconductors industry. Hence, the market demands innovative refining technologies, which consume less energy, take less time and lead to higher resource efficiencies. The most common methodology to produce ultrapure Aluminum is zone refining, based on the principle of fractional crystallization. Zone refining is however a very time-consuming process. In order to achieve a purity of 6N, several passes along the crucible with each full day treatment must be carried out. Also this method cannot be conducted continuously. This paper presents first time a new and eco-efficient method, which offers high potential to meet the mentioned multi-dimensional demands. Firstly, distribution coefficients of main impurities in Aluminum—a deciding factor to forecast and assess the removal behavior of impurities-were studied theoretically as a function of temperature using thermo-chemical calculation in FactSageTM. Secondly, the innovative method using a rotating and gas cooled crystallizer (“cooled finger”) was developed to validate the principle. The influencing process parameters such as temperature gradient, cooling gas flow rate, etc. were experimentally investigated and the theoretical results could be verified.

关键词： Fractional Crystallization Aluminum High Purity Distribution Coefficient Temperature Gradient Cooled Finger FactSage Burton-Prim-Slichter Model

Production of High Purity metals: A Review on Zone Refining process

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Journal of Crystallization process and Technology 2018年第1期8卷 33-55页

作者： Xiaoxin Zhang Semiramis Friedrich Bernd Friedrich ime process metallurgy and metal recycling RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

Purification is a primary application of zone melting, in which the improvement of efficiency, production yield and minimum achievable impurity level are always the research focus due to the increasing demand for high purity metals. This paper has systematically outlined the whole development of related research on zone refining of metals including basic theories, variants of zone refining, parametric optimization, numerical models, and high purity analytical methods. The collection of this information could be of good value to improve the refining efficiency and the production of high purity metals by zone refining.

关键词： Zone Refining Zone Melting High Purity Distribution Coefficient Aluminium Germanium Ultra-Pure metal

High Purity Germanium, a Review on Principle Theories and Technical Production Methodologies

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Journal of Crystallization process and Technology 2017年第4期7卷 65-84页

作者： Danilo C. Curtolo Semiramis Friedrich Bernd Friedrich ime Institute of process metallurgy and metal recycling RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

Since the early 1950’s the use of Germanium has been continuously growing as new applications are being developed. Its first commercial usage as the main material, from which the semiconductors were made, was later replaced by Silicon. The applications were then shifted to a key component in fiber optics, infrared night vision devices and space solar cells, as well as a polymerization catalyst for polyethylene terephthalate (PET). With the advance development in new technologies, the attentions have been brought back to Germanium due to its excellent semiconductor properties. New applications on the field of high efficiency solar cells, SiGe based chips, LED technologies, etc., are being developed and show a great potential. According to DERA (Deutsche Rohstoffagentur/German Mineral Resources Agency), the demand for Ge will grow considerably by 2030, pushed mostly by the increase in the fiber optics market and advanced materials sector [1]. Therefore, this paper focuses on an overview of the production chain of Germanium, especially from its concentrate up to the single crystal growth of its valuable ultra-pure metallic form to be used in high technological applications.

关键词： Germanium Fractional Crystallization Crystallization Refining High Purity Zone Melting Czochralski

Effect of crystallization on purity of volatile metallic magnesium prepared from a one-step multi-region condensation process under vacuum condition

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2022年第11期10卷 3281-3287页

作者： Bin Yang Dong Liang Neng Xiong Yang Tian Baoqiang Xu Yongnian Dai The State Key Laboratory of Complex Non-ferrous metal Resources Clean Utilization Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming 650093China National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum metallurgy Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming 650093China Faculty of metallurgical and Energy Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming 650093China ime Institute of process metallurgy and metal recycling RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen 52056Germany

We hereby report a green and simple volatilization-condensation process to prepare high-purity magnesium in different crystal forms under vacuum condition. This method can be also used for the analysis of other metals, which can be separated by the same concept. In addition, Mg condensation is a very fast process, and the corresponding easy growth of the Mg crystals is promoted when the concentration of magnesium vapor is raised. From the view of crystallization, ultrafast crystal growth of high-purity magnesium is a barrier-free and orderly process. Interestingly, different condensed forms of Mg obtained via this ultrafast volatilization-condensation process are showing different purities. The distinct morphological formation of Mg in different condensed form is probably attributed to the differences of surface energy change of Mg during the condensation process.

关键词： Mg Purity Vacuum Condensation Crystallization