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Direct-Seeded Rice: Genetic Improvement of Game-Changing Traits for Better Adaption

Rice science 2024年第4期31卷 417-433页

作者： Priyanka NEGI Jagadish RANE Rajendra Sadashiv WAGH Tukaram Jayaram BHOR Dipti Digambar GODSE Priyanka JADHAV C.ANILKUMAR Dasari SREEKANTH K.SAMMI REDDY Sharad Ramrao GADAKH K.M.BORAIH C.B.HARISHA P.S.BASAVARAJ Indian Council of agricultural research(icar)-National institute of Abiotic Stress Management Baramati 413115India Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Rahuri 413722India icar-Central institute for Arid Horticulture Bikaner 334006India icar-National Rice research institute Cuttack 753006India icar-Directorate of Weed research Jabalpur 482004India Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Akola 444104India

The sustainability of rice production continues to be a subject of uncertainty and inquiry attributed to shifts in climatic conditions. In light of the impending climate change crisis and the high labor and water costs accompanying it, direct-seeded rice(DSR) is unquestionably one of the most practical solutions. Despite its resource and climate-friendly advantages, early maturing rice faces weed competitiveness and seedling establishment challenges. Resolving these issues is crucial for promoting its wider adoption among farmers, presenting it as a more effective sustainable rice cultivation method globally. Diverse traditional and contemporary breeding methods are employed to mitigate the limitations of the DSR approach, leveraging advanced techniques such as speed breeding and genome editing. Focusing on key traits like mesocotyl length elongation, early seedling vigor, root system architecture, and weed competitiveness holds promise for transformative improvements in DSR adaptation at a broader scale within farming communities. This review aims to summarize how these features contribute to increased crop production in DSR conditions and explore the research efforts focusing on enhancing DSR adaptation through these traits. Emphasizing the pivotal role of these game-changing traits in DSR adaptation, our analysis sheds light on their potential transformative impact and offers valuable insights for advancing DSR practices.

关键词： climate change direct-seeded rice aerobic rice early vigor trait

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Higher Grain-Filling Rate in Inferior Spikelets of Tolerant Rice Genotype Offset Grain Yield Loss under Post-Anthesis High Night Temperatures

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Rice science 2024年第5期31卷 572-586,I0059-I0061页

作者： Nitin SHARMA Bhupinder SINGH Subbaiyan Gopala KRISHNAN Haritha BOLLINEDI Pranab Kumar MANDAL Milan Kumar LAL Prakash Kumar JHA P.V.Vara PRASAD Anjali ANAND Division of Plant Physiology Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute(IARI)New Delhi 110012India Division of Environment Science ICAR-IARINew Delhi 110012India Division of Genetics ICAR-IARINew Delhi 110012India icar-National institute for Plant Biotechnology New Delhi 110012India Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry ICAR-National Rice Research InstituteCuttack 753006India Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMS 39762USA Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative research on Sustainable Intensification Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA Department of Agronomy Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA

Increased nighttime respiratory losses decrease the amount of photoassimilates available for plant growth and yield. We hypothesized that the increased respiratory carbon loss under high night temperatures(HNT) could be compensated for by increased photosynthesis during the day following HNT exposure. Two rice genotypes, Vandana(HNT-sensitive) and Nagina 22(HNT-tolerant), were exposed to HNT(4 ℃ above the control) from flowering to physiological maturity. They were assessed for alterations in the carbon balance of the source(flag leaf) and its subsequent impact on grain filling dynamics and the quality of spatially differentiated sinks(superior and inferior spikelets). Both genotypes exhibited significantly higher night respiration rates. However, only Nagina 22 compensated for the high respiration rates with an increased photosynthetic rate, resulting in a steady production of total dry matter under HNT. Nagina 22 also recorded a higher grain-filling rate, particularly at 5 and 10 d after flowering, with 1.5- and 4.0-fold increases in the translocation of ^(14)C sugars to the superior and inferior spikelets, respectively. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to respiratory rate on a leaf area basis was negatively correlated with spikelet sterility, resulting in a higher filled spikelet number and grain weight per plant, particularly for inferior grains in Nagina 22. Grain quality parameters such as head rice recovery, high-density grains, and gelatinization temperature were maintained in Nagina 22. An increase in the rheological properties of rice flour starch in Nagina 22 under HNT indicated the stability of starch and its ability to reorganize during the cooling process of product formation. Thus, our study showed that sink adjustments between superior and inferior spikelets favored the growth of inferior spikelets, which helped to offset the reduction in grain weight under HNT in the tolerant genotype Nagina 22.

关键词： high night temperature inferior grain pasting property radiolabeled sugar superior grain

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Effect of Moringa oleifera on semen quality profiles in endangered Teressa goat under tropical humid island ecosystem

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Asian pacific Journal of Reproduction 2024年第2期13卷 89-96页

作者： P.Perumal Jai Sunder A.K.De A.K.Nahak D.K.Chaurasia T.C.Balamurugan D.Bhattacharya icar-Central Island agricultural research institute Port Blair-744105Andaman and Nicobar IslandsIndia OUAT-College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Bhubaneswar-751003OdishaIndia TANUVAS-Veterinary College and research institute Salem-636112Tamil NaduIndia

Objective:To investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on semen quality parameters in Teressa goat ***:A total of 25 semen samples from six bucks were selected for the *** of 150×10^(6) were incubated in 0,300,500 and 700μg of leaf extract as groupⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ,*** stored semen samples were analysed for motility,viability,total sperm abnormalities,plasma membrane,acrosomal and nuclear integrities,seminal plasma intracellular enzymes[aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)]and total antioxidant capacity(TAC)and spermatozoa malondialdehyde(MDA)and cholesterol efflux in comparison with the control group(groupⅠ)for up to 72 ***:Moringa oleifera leaf extract(500μg/150×10^(6) spermatozoa)-treated semen had significantly higher motility,viability,plasma membrane,acrosomal and nuclear integrities,and TAC(P<0.05),and had significantly lower total sperm abnormalities,AST,ALT,LDH,MDA production and cholesterol efflux compared to those in other Moringa oleifera leaf extract treated(300 or 700μg/150×10^(6) spermatozoa)and control groups at different hours of liquid storage(P<0.05).Semen quality parameters and TAC showed an increasing trend and total sperm abnormalities,MDA production,leakage of intra-cellular enzymes and cholesterol efflux showed a decreasing trend from group Ⅰto group Ⅲand then an opposite trend from group Ⅲ to group Ⅳ at different hours of liquid ***:Moringa oleifera leaf extract 500μg/150×10^(6) spermatozoa can be used for liquid semen preservation in Teressa goat at Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

关键词： Moringa oleifera Semen Teressa goat Andaman and Nicobar Islands

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Downscaling Seasonal Precipitation Forecasts over East Africa with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第3期41卷 449-464页

作者： Temesgen Gebremariam ASFAW Jing-Jia LUO institute for Climate and Application research(icar)/CIC-FEMD/KLME/ILCEC Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China institute of Geophysics Space Science and Astronomy Addis Ababa UniversityAddis Ababa 1176Ethiopia

This study assesses the suitability of convolutional neural networks(CNNs) for downscaling precipitation over East Africa in the context of seasonal forecasting. To achieve this, we design a set of experiments that compare different CNN configurations and deployed the best-performing architecture to downscale one-month lead seasonal forecasts of June–July–August–September(JJAS) precipitation from the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Climate Forecast System version 1.0(NUIST-CFS1.0) for 1982–2020. We also perform hyper-parameter optimization and introduce predictors over a larger area to include information about the main large-scale circulations that drive precipitation over the East Africa region, which improves the downscaling results. Finally, we validate the raw model and downscaled forecasts in terms of both deterministic and probabilistic verification metrics, as well as their ability to reproduce the observed precipitation extreme and spell indicator indices. The results show that the CNN-based downscaling consistently improves the raw model forecasts, with lower bias and more accurate representations of the observed mean and extreme precipitation spatial patterns. Besides, CNN-based downscaling yields a much more accurate forecast of extreme and spell indicators and reduces the significant relative biases exhibited by the raw model predictions. Moreover, our results show that CNN-based downscaling yields better skill scores than the raw model forecasts over most portions of East Africa. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of CNN in downscaling seasonal precipitation predictions over East Africa,particularly in providing improved forecast products which are essential for end users.

关键词： East Africa seasonal precipitation forecasting downscaling deep learning convolutional neural networks(CNNs)

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ResoNet:Robust and Explainable ENSO Forecasts with Hybrid Convolution and Transformer Networks

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第7期41卷 1289-1298页

作者： Pumeng LYU Tao TANG Fenghua LING Jing-Jia LUO Niklas BOERS Wanli OUYANG Lei BAI Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Shanghai 200072China Zhejiang Meteorological Observatory Hangzhou 310002China institute for Climate and Application research(icar) Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Technical University of Munich Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchPotsdam 14473Germany

Recent studies have shown that deep learning(DL)models can skillfully forecast El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events more than 1.5 years in ***,concerns regarding the reliability of predictions made by DL methods persist,including potential overfitting issues and lack of ***,we propose ResoNet,a DL model that combines CNN(convolutional neural network)and transformer *** hybrid architecture enables our model to adequately capture local sea surface temperature anomalies as well as long-range inter-basin interactions across *** show that ResoNet can robustly predict ENSO at lead times of 19 months,thus outperforming existing approaches in terms of the forecast *** to an explainability method applied to ResoNet predictions of El Niño and La Niña from 1-to 18-month leads,we find that it predicts the Niño-3.4 index based on multiple physically reasonable mechanisms,such as the recharge oscillator concept,seasonal footprint mechanism,and Indian Ocean capacitor ***,we demonstrate for the first time that the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña development can be captured by *** results could help to alleviate skepticism about applying DL models for ENSO prediction and encourage more attempts to discover and predict climate phenomena using AI methods.

关键词： deep learning ENSO CNN transformer

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The Forecast Skills and Predictability Sources of Marine Heatwaves in the NUIST-CFS1.0 Hindcasts

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第8期41卷 1589-1600页

作者： Jing MA Haiming XU Changming DONG Jing-Jia LUO Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/KLME/ILCEC/institute of Climate and Application research(icar) Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingJiangsu 210044China

Using monthly observations and ensemble hindcasts of the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Climate Forecast System(NUIST-CFS1.0) for the period 1983–2020, this study investigates the forecast skill of marine heatwaves(MHWs) over the globe and the predictability sources of the MHWs over the tropical oceans. The MHW forecasts are demonstrated to be skillful on seasonal-annual time scales, particularly in tropical oceans. The forecast skill of the MHWs over the tropical Pacific Ocean(TPO) remains high at lead times of 1–24 months, indicating a forecast better than random chance for up to two years. The forecast skill is subject to the spring predictability barrier of El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). The forecast skills for the MHWs over the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO), tropical Atlantic Ocean(TAO), and tropical Northwest Pacific(NWP) are lower than that in the TPO. A reliable forecast at lead times of up to two years is shown over the TIO, while a shorter reliable forecast window(less than 17 months) occurs for the TAO and ***, the forecast skills for the TIO, TAO, and NWP are seasonally dependent. Higher skills for the TIO and TAO appear in boreal spring, while a greater skill for the NWP emerges in late summer-early autumn. Further analyses suggest that ENSO serves as a critical source of predictability for MHWs over the TIO and TAO in spring and MHWs over the NWP in summer.

关键词： marine heatwaves NUIST-CFS1.0 hindcasts forecast skill predictability source ENSO

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Optimized protoplast isolation and transfection with a breakpoint:accelerating Cas9/sgRNA cleavage efficiency validation in monocot and dicot

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aBIOTECH 2024年第2期5卷 151-168页

作者： Debasmita Panda Subhasis Karmakar Manaswini Dash Swagat Kumar Tripathy Priya Das Sagar Banerjee Yiping Qi Sanghamitra Samantaray Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra Mirza J.Baig Kutubuddin A.Molla icar National Rice research institute CuttackOdisha 753006India Department of Botany Ravenshaw UniversityCuttackOdisha 753003India Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA

The CRISPR-Cas genome editing tools are revolutionizing agriculture and basic biology with their simplicity and precision ability to modify target genomic ***-predicted guide RNAs(gRNAs)often fail to induce efficient cleavage at target *** target loci are inaccessible due to complex chromatin ***,there is no suitable tool available to predict the architecture of genomic target sites and their ***,significant time and resources are spent on performing editing experiments with inefficient *** in vitro-cleavage assay could provide a rough assessment of gRNA efficiency,it largely excludes the interference of native genomic *** in-vivo testing gives a proper assessment of the cleavage ability of editing reagents in a native genomic ***,we developed a modified protocol that offers highly efficient protoplast isolation from rice,Arabidopsis,and chickpea,using a sucrose gradient,transfection using PEG(polyethylene glycol),and validation of single guide RNAs(sgRNAs)cleavage efficiency of *** have optimized various parameters for PEG-mediated protoplast transfection and achieved high transfection efficiency using our protocol in both monocots and *** introduced plasmid vectors containing Cas9 and sgRNAs targeting genes in rice,Arabidopsis,and chickpea *** dual sgRNAs,our CRISPRdeletion strategy offers straightforward detection of genome editing success by simple agarose gel *** sequencing of PCR products confirmed the editing efficiency of specific ***,we demonstrated that isolated protoplasts can be stored for up to 24/48 h with little loss of viability,allowing a pause between isolation and *** high-efficiency protocol for protoplast isolation and transfection enables rapid(less than 7 days)validation of sgRNA cleavage efficiency before proceeding with stable *** isolation and transfection method can als

关键词： Protoplast Genome editing Transgene-free edited plants Rice Chickpea

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Changes in the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation under Global Warming in CMIP6 Models

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第10期41卷 1984-1998页

作者： Zhefan GAO Chaoxia YUAN Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Institute for Climate and Application Research (ICAR) Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Application Laboratory Japan Agency of Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Changes in the activities of the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation（BSISO） at the end of 21st century under the SSP5-8.5 scenario are assessed by adopting 17 CMIP6 models and the weak-temperature-gradient assumption. Results show that the intraseasonal variations become more structured. The BSISO-related precipitation anomaly shows a larger zonal scale and propagates further northward. However, there is no broad agreement among models on the changes in the eastward and northward propagation speeds and the frequency of individual phases. In the western North Pacific（WNP）, the BSISO precipitation variance is significantly increased, at 4.62% K-1, due to the significantly increased efficiency of vertical moisture transport per unit of BSISO apparent heating. The vertical velocity variance is significantly decreased, at -3.51% K-1, in the middle troposphere, due to the significantly increased mean-state static stability. Changes in the lower-level zonal wind variance are relatively complex, with a significant increase stretching from the northwestern to southeastern WNP, but the opposite in other regions. This is probably due to the combined impacts of the northeastward shift of the BSISO signals and the reduced BSISO vertical velocity variance under global warming. Changes in strong and normal BSISO events in the WNP are also compared. They show same-signed changes in precipitation and large-scale circulation anomalies but opposite changes in the vertical velocity anomalies. This is probably because the precipitation anomaly of strong（normal） events changes at a rate much larger（smaller） than that of the meanstate static stability, causing enhanced（reduced） vertical motion.

关键词： Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation CMIP6 global warming weak-temperature-gradient assumption

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Excipient effect on antimicrobial activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zelylanicum album) oil, Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil and Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) oil

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Infectious Diseases research 2024年第1期5卷 27-31页

作者： Bhoj R Singh Shiv Varan Singh Ravikant Agarwal Akanksha Yadav Division of Epidemiology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research InstituteBareilly 243122India Division of Bacteriology and Mycology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research InstituteBareilly 243122India Division of Livestock Products Technology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research InstituteBareilly 243122India.

Background:Many herbal essential oils are potential antimicrobials but their pharmaceutical utility is restricted due to a lack of suitable excipients to mollify their dermatotoxicity and irritant property,and outcome of their therapeutic use may vary with different diluents ***:Effect of 16 diluents(dimethyl sulfoxide,liquid paraffin,glycerine,oils of mustard,sunflower,rice bran,palm,groundnut,olive,coconut,sesame,avocado,jojoba,castor,linseed and soybean)was assessed on antimicrobial activity of 2%cinnamon(Cinnamomum zelylanicum album),thyme(Thymus vulgaris)and ajowan(Trachyspermum ammi)oils using agar well diffusion *** effect of excipients was evaluated on six Candida albicans,five Escherichia coli,four Acinetobacter lwoffii,two strains each of Staphylococcus aureus,Enterobacter agglomerans,and Enterococcus faecium and one strain each of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus,Escherichia fergusonii,Klebsiella oxytoca,*** ***,Leclercia adecarboxylata,Paenibacillus amylolyticus,Proteus mirabilis,***,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Raoultella terrigena,Staphylococcus capitis ***,***,***,*** and Streptococcus ***:Thyme oil(2%)maintained it antimicrobial activity on dilution in dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerine,and ajowan oil(2%)completely lost its antibacterial activity in all diluents except dimethyl ***,cinnamon oil partially lost its antimicrobial activity upon dilution in glycerine,vegetable,and mineral oils in comparison to dimethyl *** oil was the best vegetable oil,almost comparable to dimethyl sulfoxide and castor oil was the worst diluent for maintaining antimicrobial activity of cinnamon ***:The study indicated the non-suitability of vegetable oils for pharmaceutical formulations of essential oils except olive oil for dilution of cinnamon oil and glycerol for thyme oil to replace dimethyl sulfoxide as diluent.

关键词： essential oils herbal antimicrobials herbal drug-resistance Bacteria Candida

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A comparative study on antimicrobial susceptibility of uroculturome of humans in health and urinary tract infections

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Infectious Diseases research 2024年第3期5卷 9-21页

作者： Bhoj Raj Singh Himani Agri Division of Epidemiology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research InstituteIzatnagar 243122India

Background:The uroculturome indicates the profile of culturable microbes inhabiting the urinary tract,and it is often required to do a urine culture to find an effective antimicrobial to treat urinary tract infections(UTIs).Methods:This study targeted to understand the profile of culturable pathogens in the urine of apparently healthy(128)and humans with clinical UTIs(161)and their antimicrobial *** the urine samples were analyzed to quantify microbial load and determine the diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of microbes following standard microbiological ***:In urine samples from UTI cases,microbial counts were 1.2×10^(4)±6.02×10^(3) colony-forming units(cfu)/mL,while in urine samples from apparently healthy humans,the average count was 3.33±1.34×10^(3) cfu/*** eight samples(six from UTI cases and two from apparently healthy people,Candida(*** 3,*** 1,*** 1,*** 1,*** 1,*** 1)and Rhizopus species(1)were *** krusei was detected only in a single urine sample from a healthy person and *** was detected both in urine of healthy and clinical UTI ***-positive(G+ve)bacteria were more commonly(Odds ratio,1.98;CI99,1.01-3.87)detected in urine samples of apparently healthy humans,and Gram-negative(G−ve)bacteria(Odds ratio,2.74;CI99,1.44-5.23)in urines of UTI *** urine samples of 161 UTI cases,a total of 90 different types of microbes were detected and,73 samples had only a single type of *** contrast,49,29,3,4,1,and 2 samples had 2,3,4,5,6 and 7 types of bacteria,*** most common bacteria detected in urine of UTI cases was Escherichia coli(52 samples),in 20 cases as the single type of bacteria,other 34 types of bacteria were detected in pure form in 53 *** 128 urine samples of apparently healthy people,88 types of microbes were detected either singly or in association with others,from 64 urine samples only a single type of bact

关键词： uro-microbiome UTI antibiotic susceptibility testing herbal antimicrobials ESBL carbapenem resistance MDR multiple herbal drug resistance

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