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Progress in self-powered sensors—Moving toward artificial intelligent and neuromorphic system

Nano research 2023年第9期16卷 11801-11821页

作者： Feng Wen Chan Wang Chengkuo Lee Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 117583Singapore center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS(CISM) National University of SingaporeSingapore 117608Singapore National University of singapore Suzhou research Institute(NUSRI) Suzhou 215123China NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme(ISEP) National University of SingaporeSingapore 119077Singapore

Wearable and flexible electronics are shaping our life with their unique advantages of light weight,good compliance,and desirable *** marching into the era of Internet of Things(IoT),numerous sensor nodes are distributed throughout networks to capture,process,and transmit diverse sensory information,which gives rise to the demand on self-powered sensors to reduce the power ***,the rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI)and fifth-generation(5G)technologies provides an opportunity to enable smart-decision making and instantaneous data transmission in IoT *** to continuously increased sensor and dataset number,conventional computing based on von Neumann architecture cannot meet the needs of brain-like high-efficient sensing and computing applications *** electronics,drawing inspiration from the human brain,provide an alternative approach for efficient and low-power-consumption information ***,this review presents the general technology roadmap of self-powered sensors with detail discussion on their diversified applications in healthcare,human machine interactions,smart homes,*** leveraging AI and virtual reality/augmented reality(VR/AR)techniques,the development of single sensors to intelligent integrated systems is reviewed in terms of step-by-step system integration and algorithm *** order to realize efficient sensing and computing,brain-inspired neuromorphic electronics are next briefly ***,it concludes and highlights both challenges and opportunities from the aspects of materials,minimization,integration,multimodal information fusion,and artificial sensory system.

关键词： wearable and flexible electronics self-powered sensors virtual reality/augmented reality(VR/AR)and artificial intelligence(AI)-enhanced system neuromorphic electronics

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A Novel 1×2 Thermo-Optic Multimode Interference Switch Structure Based on Photodefinable Benzocyclobutene （BCB 4024-40） Polymer on Silica

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Chinese Physics Letters 2006年第10期23卷 2796-2798页

作者： M.H.Ibrahim Mee-Koy Chin N.M.Kassim A.B.Mohammad Photonics research Croup Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Malaysia Photonics research center Nanyang Technological University Singapore

A novel 1× 2 multimode interference photonics switch structure based on thermal controlling effect is proposed. A ridge waveguide of photosensitive polymer, benzocyclobutene （BCB 4024-40） on silica clad is used as a design structure. A temperature changes as a result of electrode heating are analysed by employing a two-dimensional finite difference thermal model considering both conduction and convection mechanisms. The switching characteristics due to changes in effective index are analysed by the two-dimensional finite difference beam propagation method with transparent boundary condition. The proposed structure works well with low crosstalk level of -28 dB and low switching power relatively to the structural upper cladding thickness.

关键词： Thermo-Optic Multimode Interference Switch Structure BCB 4024-40 Silica

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Significantly enhanced of tungsten diselenide functionalization optoelectronic performance phototransistor via surface

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Nano research 2017年第4期10卷 1282-1291页

作者： Bo Lei Department of Physics National University of Singapore Singapore 117542 Singapore 2 Centre forAdvanced D Materials and Graphene research Centre National University of Singapore Singapore 117546 Singapore Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China National University of singapore (Suzhou) research Institute 377 Lin Quan Street Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou 215123 China

Two-dimensional （2D） layered transition metal dichalcogenides （TMDs） have attracted enormous research interests and efforts towards the development of versatile electronic and optical devices, owing to their extraordinary and unique fundamental properties and remarkable prospects in nanoelectronic applications. Among the TMDs, tungsten diselenide （WSe2） exhibits tunable ambipolar transport characteristics and superior optical properties such as high quantum efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate significant enhancement in the device performance of WSe2 phototransistor by in situ surface functionalization with cesium carbonate （Cs2CO3）. WSe2 was found to be strongly doped with electrons after Cs2CO3 modification. The electron mobility of WSe2 increased by almost one order of magnitude after surface functionalization with 1.6-nm-thick Cs2CO3 decoration. Furthermore, the photocurrent of the WSe2-based phototransistor increased by nearly three orders of magnitude with the deposition of 1.6-nm-thick Cs2CO3. Characterizations by in situ photoelectron spectroscopy techniques confirmed the significant surface charge transfer occurring at the Cs2COB/WSe2 interface. Our findings coupled with the tunable nature of the surface transfer doping method establish WSe2 as a promising candidate for future 2D materials- based optoelectronic devices.

关键词： WSe2 in situ surface transfer doping performance enhancement phototransistor cesium carbonate

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Polychromic carbon black: Laser galvanized multicolour fluorescence display

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Nano research 2019年第4期12卷 733-740页

作者： Sharon Xiaodai Lim Kae Lin Wong Zheng Zhang Antonio H. Castro Neto Chorng-Haur Sow Department of Physics National University of Singapore 2 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117542 Singapore Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Sungai Long Campus Jalan Sungai Long Bandar Sungai Long Cheras Kajang 43000 Selangor Malaysia Institute of Materials research Engineering A*Star (Agency for Science Technology and Research) 2 Fusionopolis Way Innovis Singapore 138634 Singapore center for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene research center National University of Singapore 6 Science Drive 2 Singapore 117546 Singapore

Recovered carbon black (rCB),a very economical and abundance source of material,is transformed into dazzling multicolour fluorescence and visual display for the first time by way of a scanning focused laser *** laser-initiated process is both straightforward and versatile,catering to both micro-and macro-scopic patterning with the sample in ambient or helium *** observed phenomenon is attributed to both chemical and structural induced colouration of rCB ***,carbon infusion of oxidised metal occurs when photothermal reaction takes place in *** laser modification with the sample in helium environment,the powder not only fluoresces due to sulphur impurities,control annealing of these powders results in formation of periodic arrangements of carbon *** periodicity of these arrangement falls within the range of visible wavelength,hence contributing to the visually observable rainbow coloured rCB *** patterned sample is also transferrable using PDMS *** in turn broadens the application of this material in flexible electronic devices/*** measurements show most significant enhancement under yellow light ***,in the presence of an applied potential,the fluorescence detected from the sample can easily be switched *** in all,we present a simple process to add multiple functionalities to a material that is both inexpensive and sustainable.

关键词： recovered carbon black laser modification fluorescence emission photocurrent flexible

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Electroluminescence from pure resonant states in hBN-based vertical tunneling junctions

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第8期13卷 1557-1564页

作者： Magdalena Grzeszczyk Kristina Vaklinova Kenji Watanabe Takashi Taniguchi Konstantin SNovoselov Maciej Koperski Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials National University of SingaporeSingapore 117544Singapore research center for Functional Materials National Institute for Materials ScienceTsukuba 305-0044Japan International center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials ScienceTsukuba 305-0044Japan Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 117575Singapore

Defect centers in wide-band-gap crystals have garnered interest for their potential in applications among optoelectronic and sensor ***,defects embedded in highly insulating crystals,like diamond,silicon carbide,or aluminum oxide,have been notoriously difficult to excite electrically due to their large internal *** address this challenge,we realized a new paradigm of exciting defects in vertical tunneling junctions based on carbon centers in hexagonal boron nitride(hBN).The rational design of the devices via van der Waals technology enabled us to raise and control optical processes related to defect-to-band and intradefect *** fundamental understanding of the tunneling events was based on the transfer of the electronic wave function amplitude between resonant defect states in hBN to the metallic state in graphene,which leads to dramatic changes in the characteristics of electrons due to different band structures of constituent *** our devices,the decay of electrons via tunneling pathways competed with radiative recombination,resulting in an unprecedented degree of tuneability of carrier dynamics due to the significant sensitivity of the characteristic tunneling times on the thickness and structure of the *** enabled us to achieve a high-efficiency electrical excitation of intradefect transitions,exceeding by several orders of magnitude the efficiency of optical excitation in the sub-band-gap *** work represents a significant advancement towards a universal and scalable platform for electrically driven devices utilizing defect centers in wide-band-gap crystals with properties modulated via activation of different tunneling mechanisms at a level of device engineering.

关键词： carbide tunneling defect

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Different fundus imaging modalities and technical factors in AI screening for diabetic retinopathy:a review

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Eye and Vision 2020年第1期7卷 201-213页

作者： Gilbert Lim Valentina Bellemo Yuchen Xie Xin Q.Lee Michelle Y.T.Yip Daniel S.W.Ting School of Computing National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore singapore Eye research Institute Singapore National Eye CentreSingaporeSingapore Duke-NUS Medical School National University of Singapore11 Third Hospital Road AvenueSingapore 168751Singapore Vitreo-Retinal Service Singapore National Eye Center11 Third Hospital Road AvenueSingapore 168751Singapore Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology Singapore Eye Research Institute11 Third Hospital Road AvenueSingapore 168751Singapore

Background:Effective screening is a desirable method for the early detection and successful treatment for diabetic retinopathy,and fundus photography is currently the dominant medium for retinal imaging due to its convenience and *** screening using fundus photographs has however involved considerable costs for patients,clinicians and national health systems,which has limited its application particularly in less-developed *** advent of artificial intelligence,and in particular deep learning techniques,has however raised the possibility of widespread automated *** text:In this review,we first briefly survey major published advances in retinal analysis using artificial *** take care to separately describe standard multiple-field fundus photography,and the newer modalities of ultrawide field photography and smartphone-based ***,we consider several machine learning concepts that have been particularly relevant to the domain and illustrate their usage with extant ***:In the ophthalmology field,it was demonstrated that deep learning tools for diabetic retinopathy show clinically acceptable diagnostic performance when using colour retinal fundus *** intelligence models are among the most promising solutions to tackle the burden of diabetic retinopathy management in a comprehensive ***,future research is crucial to assess the potential clinical deployment,evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different DL systems in clinical practice and improve clinical acceptance.

关键词： Artificial intelligence Deep learning Diabetic retinopathy Fundus photographs Retinal imaging modalities Survey

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Proactive Resilience Enhancement of Power Systems with Link Transmission Model-based Dynamic Traffic Assignment Among Electric Vehicles

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2024年第3期10卷 1320-1330页

作者： Haoyuan Yan Tianyang Zhao Zhanglei Guan Energy Electricity research center Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632China Energy research Institute Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore IEEE

The rapid development of electric vehicles(EVs)is strengthening the bi-directional interactions between electric power networks(EPNs)and transportation networks(TNs)while providing opportunities to enhance the resilience of power systems towards extreme *** quantify the temporal and spatial flexibility of EVs for charging and discharging,a novel dynamic traffic assignment(DTA)problem is *** DTA problem is based on a link transmission model(LTM)with extended charging links,depicting the interaction between EVs and power *** models the charging rates as continuous variables by an energy boundary *** consider the evacuation requirements of TNs and the uncertainties of traffic conditions,the DTA problem is extended to a two-stage distributionally robust *** is further incorporated into a two-stage distributionally robust unit commitment problem to balance the enhancement of EPNs and the performance of *** problem is reformulated into a mixed-integer linear programming problem and solved by off-the-shelf commercial *** studies are performed on two test *** effectiveness is verified by the numerical results,e.g.,reducing the load shedding amount without increasing the unmet traffic demand.

关键词： Coupled transportation and power network link transmission model resilience enhancement

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An Eulerian SPH method with WENO reconstruction for compressible and incompressible flows

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2023年第2期35卷 210-221页

作者： Zhentong Wang Chi Zhang Oskar J.Haidn Xiangyu Hu TUM School of Engineering and Design Technical University of MunichMunichGermany huawei Technologies Munich research center MunichGermany

While Eulerian smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method has received increasing attention in scientific and industrial communities owing to its high spatial accuracy,it exhibits excessive numerical dissipation due to the fact that the flux is derived in particle pair *** this paper,we adopt a one-dimensional weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)reconstruction to reduce the numerical dissipation and improve the overall accuracy particularly in capturing the contact *** underlying principle is to construct a 4-point stencil along the interacting line of each particle pair and then the WENO scheme is applied to reconstruct the initial states of the Riemann problem which determines the flow flux.A set of benchmark tests for both compressible and incompressible flows are studied to investigate the accuracy,robustness and versatility of the proposed Eulerian SPH method with the WENO reconstruction(ESPH-WENO).

关键词： Eulerian smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) compressible flows incompressible flows Riemann problem

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Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Hybridized Systems for Enabling Next-Generation IoT Applications

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research 2021年第1期2021卷 392-421页

作者： Qiongfeng Shi Zhongda Sun Zixuan Zhang Chengkuo Lee Department of Electrical&Computer Engineering National University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3SingaporeSingapore 117583 center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS National University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3SingaporeSingapore 117583 Smart Systems Institute National University of Singapore3 Research LinkSingaporeSingapore 117602 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore 117456

In the past few years,triboelectric nanogenerator-based(TENG-based)hybrid generators and systems have experienced a widespread and flourishing development,ranging among almost every aspect of our lives,e.g.,from industry to consumer,outdoor to indoor,and wearable to implantable *** TENG technology has been extensively investigated for mechanical energy harvesting,most developed TENGs still have limitations of small output current,unstable power generation,and low energy utilization rate of multisource *** harvest the ubiquitous/coexisted energy forms including mechanical,thermal,and solar energy simultaneously,a promising direction is to integrate TENG with other transducing mechanisms,e.g.,electromagnetic generator,piezoelectric nanogenerator,pyroelectric nanogenerator,thermoelectric generator,and solar cell,forming the hybrid generator for synergetic single-source and multisource energy *** resultant TENG-based hybrid generators utilizing integrated transducing mechanisms are able to compensate for the shortcomings of each mechanism and overcome the above limitations,toward achieving a maximum,reliable,and stable output ***,in this review,we systematically introduce the key technologies of the TENG-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems,in the aspects of operation principles,structure designs,optimization strategies,power management,and system *** recent progress of TENG-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems for the outdoor,indoor,wearable,and implantable applications is also ***,we discuss our perspectives on the future development trend of hybrid generators and hybridized systems in environmental monitoring,human activity sensation,human-machine interaction,smart home,healthcare,wearables,implants,robotics,Internet of things(IoT),and many other fields.

关键词： IoT generator harvesting

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Perovskite/Si tandem solar cells: Fundamentals, advances,challenges, and novel applications

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SusMat 2021年第3期1卷 324-344页

作者： Yuanhang Cheng Liming Ding Solar Energy research Institute of singapore National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore center for Excellence in Nanoscience(CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication(CAS)National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijingChina

The world record device efficiency of single-junction solar cells based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites has reached 25.5%.Further improvement in device power conversion efficiency(PCE)can be achieved by either optimizing perovskite films or designing novel device structures such as perovskite/Si tandem solar *** the marriage of perovskite and Si solar cells,a tandem device configuration is able to achieve a PCE exceeding the Shockley–Queisser limit of single-junction solar cells by enhancing the usage of solar *** several years of development,the highest PCE of the perovskite/Si tandem cell has reached 29.5%,which is higher than that of perovskite-and Si-based singlejunction ***,in this review,we will(1)first discuss the device structure and fundamental working principle of both two-terminal(2T)and four-terminal(4T)perovskite/Si tandem solar cells;(2)second,provide a brief overview of the advances of perovskite/Si tandem solar cells regarding the development of interconnection layer,perovskite active layer,tandem device structure,and lightmanagement strategies;(3)third,discuss the challenges and opportunities for further developing perovskite/Si tandem solar *** review article,on the one hand,provides a comprehensive understanding to readers on the development of perovskite/Si *** the other hand,it proposes various novel applications that may bring such tandems into the market in a near future.

关键词： 2-terminal 4-terminal innovative applications interconnection layer optical losses perovskite bandgap engineering perovskite/Si tandem solar cells

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