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The impact of cleats on hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation in coal seams

Petroleum Science 2014年第4期11卷 532-539页

作者： Fan Tiegang Zhang Guangqing Cui Jinbang College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering China University of Petroleum College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum Beijing cbm branch company Huabei Oilfield Company

Cleats are systematic, natural fractures in coal seams. They account for most of the permeability and much of the porosity of coalbed methane reservoirs and can have a significant effect on the success of hydraulic fracturing stimulation. Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted on coal blocks under true tri-axial stress to simulate fracturing stimulation of coal seams. Fractures were initiated by injecting a water gel with luminous yellow fluorescent dye into an open hole section of a wellbore. The impact of cleats on initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures in coal seams is discussed. Three types of hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation pattern were observed in this study： 1） The hydraulic fracture initiated and then grew along the cleat. 2） The hydraulic fracture initiated along a butt cleat or a fracture （natural or induced by drilling） oriented roughly in the minimum horizontal stress direction, then turned to propagate along the first face cleat that it encountered or gradually turned towards the maximum horizontal stress direction. 3） The hydraulic fracture initiated perpendicular to the minimum stress and, when it encountered a face cleat, tended to propagate along the cleats if the extension direction does not deviate greatly （〈20° as determined in this paper） from the maximum horizontal stress direction. When a coal seam is hydraulically fractured, the resulting fracture network is controlled by the combined effect of several factors： cleats determine the initiation and extension path of the fracture, the in-situ stress state dominates the main direction of the fracture zone and bedding planes impede fracture height growth.

关键词： Cleats coalbed methane hydraulic fracturing coal seam simulation experiment

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Formation conditions and reservoir-forming models of the Ordovician buried hill reservoirs in the Jizhong depression

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地学前缘 2023年第1期30卷 229-241页

作者： ZHANG Ruifeng TIAN Jianzhang HUANG Yuanxin TIAN Ran REN Yi BIAN Yingying WANG Yuanjie CHEN Ling LU Shan PetroChina huabei oilfield company Renqiu 062552China Exploration and Development Research Institute of PetroChina huabei oilfield company Renqiu 062552China

The buried hill in the Jizhong depression contains abundant petroleum reserves and are important production *** Ordovician buried hill has restricted the discovery of new oil and gas exploration targets because of its strong reservoir heterogeneity and complex reservoir-controlling *** on a large volume of core,thin section,logging,seismic,and geochemical data and numerous geological analyses,the reservoir-forming conditions and modes were systematically analyzed to guide the exploration and achieve important breakthroughs in the Yangshuiwu and Wen an slope buried *** study revealed that three sets of source rocks of the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation from the Paleogene and Carboniferous-Permian were developed in the Jizhong depression,providing sufficient material basis for the formation of buried hill oil and gas *** reservoir control mechanism involving the three major factors of“cloud-karst-fault”was clarified,and karst cave,fracture fissure-pore,and cloud pore type reservoir models were established,thereby expanding the exploration *** by the superposition of multi-stage tectonic processes during the Indosinian,Yanshanian,and Himalayan,two genetic buried hill trap types of uplift-depression and depression-uplift were *** on the analysis of reservoir-forming factors of the Ordovician buried hill,three buried hill oil and gas reservoir-forming models were identified:low-level tectonic-lithologic composite quasi-layered buried hill,medium-level paleo-storage paleo-block buried hill,and high-level paleo-storage new-block buried *** evaluations indicate that the reservoir-forming conditions of the low-level tectonic-lithologic composite quasi-layered buried hill in the northern portion of the Jizhong depression are the most favorable and that the Sicundian and Xinzhen buried hills are favorable areas for future exploration.

关键词： Jizhong depression Yangshuiwu Ordovician reservoir type reservoir model

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Hydrocarbon accumulation principles in troughs within faulted depressions and their significance in exploration

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Petroleum Science 2011年第1期8卷 1-10页

作者： Zhao Xianzheng Jin Fengming Wang Quan Lu Xuejun huabei oilfield company PetroChinaHebei 062552China

Previously,troughs in continental faulted depressions were usually considered as a zone of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion rather than a zone for hydrocarbon *** they were confirmed to be the source kitchen,the possibility that they could constitute potential plays would be overlooked in the subsequent exploration *** on the hydrocarbon exploration practice of the Jizhong Depression and the Erlian Basin in the past several years,this paper discusses a new understanding that reservoir distribution is controlled by multiple factors and lithological accumulations are more likely to form in trough *** further documents the three main factors controlling the formation of large lithological hydrocarbon accumulations in trough *** paper also discusses the new concept that structural and lithological accumulations not only co-exist but also complement each *** propose that fan-delta fronts on inverted steep slopes in troughs,delta fronts and sublacustrine fans on gentle slopes,channel sands along toes of fault scarps are favorable locations for discovery of new oil *** application of this concept has led to the discovery of several hundreds of million tonnes of oil in place in trough areas in the Jizhong Depression and the Erlian Basin.

关键词： Sand distribution multiple controlling factors preferential hydrocarbon accumulation accumulation in troughs accumulation model exploration method

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Adsorption behavior of carbon dioxide and methane in bituminous coal:A molecular simulation study

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2016年第9期24卷 1275-1282页

作者： Jing You Li Tian Chao Zhang Hongxing Yao Wu Dou Bin Fan Songqing Hu Production Engineering Research Institute in huabei oilfield company of CNPC Renqiu 062552China College of Science China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China huabei oilfield Shanxi Coalbed Methane Exploration and Development branch of CNPC Changzhi 048000China huabei oilfield Changzhi Coalbed Methane Exploration and Development branch of CNPC Changzhi 046000China

The adsorption behavior of CO_2, CH_4 and their mixtures in bituminous coal was investigated in this study. First, a bituminous coal model was built through molecular dynamic(MD) simulations, and it was confirmed to be reasonable by comparing the simulated results with the experimental data. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC)simulations were then carried out to investigate the single and binary component adsorption of CO_2 and CH_4with the built bituminous coal model. For the single component adsorption, the isosteric heat of CO_2 adsorption is greater than that of CH_4 adsorption. CO_2 also exhibits stronger electrostatic interactions with the heteroatom groups in the bituminous coal model compared with CH_4, which can account for the larger adsorption capacity of CO_2 in the bituminous coal model. In the case of binary adsorption of CO_2 and CH_4mixtures, CO_2 exhibits the preferential adsorption compared with CH_4 under the studied conditions. The adsorption selectivity of CO_2 exhibited obvious change with increasing pressure. At lower pressure, the adsorption selectivity of CO_2 shows a rapid decrease with increasing the temperature, whereas it becomes insensitive to temperature at higher pressure. Additionally, the adsorption selectivity of CO_2 decreases gradually with the increase of the bulk CO_2 mole fraction and the depth of CO_2 injection site.

关键词： Bituminous coal model Adsorption selectivity Enhanced coal bed methane recovery Carbon dioxide sequestration Molecular simulation

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Origin and accumulation of high-maturity oil and gas in deep parts of the Baxian Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

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Petroleum Science 2013年第3期10卷 303-313页

作者： Zhao Xianzheng Jin Qiang Jin Fengming Ma Peng Wang Quan Wang Jing Ren Chunling Xi Qiuling School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum huabei oilfield company of PetroChina

Great quantities of light oil and gas are produced from deep buried hill reservoirs at depths of 5,641 m to 6,027 m and 190 ℃ to 201 ℃ in the Niudong-1 Well, representing the deepest and hottest commercial hydrocarbons discovered in the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China. This discovery suggests favorable exploration prospects for the deep parts of the basin. However, the discovery raises questions regarding the genesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons in deep reservoirs. Based on the geochemical features of the hydrocarbons and characteristics of the source rocks as well as thermal simulation experiments of hydrocarbon generation, we conclude that the oil and gas were generated from the highly mature Sha-4 Member （Es4） source rocks instead of thermal cracking of crude oils in earlier accumulations. The source kitchen with abnormal pressures and karsted carbonate reservoirs control the formation of high-maturity hydrocarbon accumulations in the buried hills （i.e., Niudong-1） in conjunction with several structural-lithologic traps in the ES4 reservoirs since the deposition of the upper Minghuazhen Formation. This means the oil and gas exploration potential in the deep parts of the Baxian Depression is probably high.

关键词： High mature oil and gas origin accumulation deep part of Baxian Depression

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Stress sensitivity of coal reservoir and its impact on coalbed methane production in the southern Qinshui Basin, north China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第1期17卷 4-17页

作者： Huimin JIA Yidong CAI Qiujia HU Cong ZHANG Feng QIU Bin FAN Chonghao MAO cbm Exploration and Development branch PetroChina Huabei Oilfeld CompanyChangzhi 046000China School of Energy Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China

Stress sensitivity has significant negative effects on the permeability and production of coalbed methane(cbm)*** effectively minimize these negative effects,the degree of stress sensitivity during the cbm production process should be carefully *** this work,the curvature of the stress-sensitivity curve was adopted to explore the degree of stress sensitivity,dividing the stress-sensitivity curve and the drainage process into five stress stages:sharp decrease,rapid decrease,low-speed decrease,slower decrease and harmless with four critical stress points—transition,sensitivity,relief and *** actual stages were determined by the initial permeability,stress-sensitivity coefficient and difference between the reservoir pressure and desorption *** four critical stress points did not completely exist in the stress-sensitivity *** an increase in the initial permeability of coal,the number of existing critical stresses increases,leading to different gas-water drainage strategies for cbm *** reservoirs with a certain stress-sensitivity coefficient,the permeability at the sensitive stress point was successively greater than that at the transition,relief and the harmless *** the stress-sensitivity coefficient is different,the stage is different at the beginning of drainage,and with an increase in the stress-sensitivity coefficient,the decrease rate of the permeability ***,the stress-sensitivity coefficient determines the ability to maintain stable cbm *** well-fractured cbm reservoirs,with a high stress-sensitivity coefficient,permeability damage mainly occurs when the reservoir pressure is less than the relief stress;therefore,the depressurization rate should be *** cbm reservoirs with fewer natural fractures,the reverse applies,and the depressurization rate can be much *** higher the difference between the reservoir and desorption pressures,the higher the effective stress and perme

关键词： coalbed methane stress sensitivity curvature stages division drainage

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Tight oil accumulation of the redeposited carbonates in the continental rift basin:A case study from Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in Shulu sag of Jizhong depression,North China

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Petroleum Research 2017年第1期2卷 77-89页

作者： Jianzhang Tian Ran Tian Kaiyan Chen Shuguang Chen Zengqiang Guo Geophysical Exploration Research Institute PetroChina Huabei Oilfield CompanyHebei 062552China Exploration and Development Research Institute PetroChina Huabei Oilfield CompanyHebei 062552China

Tight oil in the redeposited carbonates was mainly distributed in the Lower Submember of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in Shulu sag of Jizhong depression,North *** high-resolution 3D seismic data,well logging data and drilling data,the Lower Submember of Member 3 of Shahejie Formation was divided into 5 third-order sequences and 15 parasequence *** redeposited marl and rudstone were major reserving horizons of tight oil,and ten reserving space types were developed and could be classified into two main categories,i.e.,pores and *** types of tight oil reservoirs were established,i.e.,the marl hydrocarbon reservoir of the source-reservoir integration and the rudstone hydrocarbon reservoirs of the source-reservoir *** assemblage relationship among the high-quality source rocks,system tracts with the source-reservoir configuration was the major control factor for tight oil accumulation in the redeposited *** lacustrine transgressive system tracts and highstand systems tracts in SQ1 to SQ5 were the favorable horizons for development of the marl hydrocarbon reservoir,the lowstand system tracts in SQ1 to SQ3 were the favorable horizons for development of the rudstone hydrocarbon reservoir.

关键词： Member 3 of Shahejie Formation Tight oil Re-deposited carbonate Marl Rudstone Third-order sequence Hydrocarbon reservoir

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Application of micro-seismic facies to coal bed methane exploration

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Mining Science and Technology 2011年第5期21卷 743-747页

作者： Li Donghui Dong Shouhua Zhang Cong Deng Shuaiqi Li Shujie School of Resources and Geoscience China University of Mining ＆ Technolagy Xuzhou 221008 China huabei oilfield cbm branch company fincheag 048000 China School of Economics and Management Changchun University of Science ＆ Technology Chaagchun 130022 China

A neural network is applied to high-quality 3-D seismic data during micro-seismic facies analysis to perform the waveform analysis and training on single reflection events. Modeled seismic channels are established and the real seismic channels are classified. Thus, a distribution of micro-seismic facies having a high precision over a fiat surface was acquired. This method applied to existing geological data allows the distribution of areas rich in coal bed methane to be clearly defined. A distribution map of the micro-seismic facies in the research area is shown. The data accord well with measured methane con- tents, indicating that the analysis using micro-seismic facies is reliable and effective. This method could be applied to coal bed methane exploration and is of great importance to future exploration work and to an increase in the drilling success rate.

关键词： Micro-seismic faciesCoal bed methaneWaveform classificationGas rich area

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Pore structure characteristics of low-rank coal reservoirs with different ash yields and their implications for recoverability of coalbed methane—a case study from the Erlian Basin, northeastern China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第1期17卷 18-29页

作者： Dawei DONG Jiaosheng YANG Qiujia HU Shitao CUI Fenjin SUN Jidong ZHANG Xinrui CUI Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology Dongying 257061China PetroChina Research institute of petroleum exploration and development Beijing 100083China Shanxi cbm Exploration and Development branch PetroChina Huabei Oilfield CompanyChangzhi 046000China China National Logging Corporation Xi’an 710077China

Pores are the main accumulation sites and migration pathways for coalbed methane(also referred to as cbm).Pore structure restricts the content and recoverability of cbm from coal *** this study,12 representative coal samples with different ash yields that have similar tectonic characteristics and burial depths were collected from different mining areas in the Jiergalangtu and Huolinhe depressions in the Erlian *** samples were used to study the restrictions of ash yield on the characteristics of coal pore structures and the recoverability of cbm through macroscopic and microscopic structure observation,scanning electron microscope observations,vitrinite reflectance tests,low-temperature N2 adsorption,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),and micro-computed *** results show that coal reservoirs in the study area vary greatly in ash yield,based on which they can be divided into three types,i.e.,low-ash-content,ash-bearing,and high-ash-content coal *** addition,the ash yield has a certain impact on the development of coal pores;coal samples with lower ash yields indicate the presence of well-developed medium-large pores and better *** yield also has a certain impact on the brittleness of coal wherein a lower ash yield implies the development of brittle coal that is more liable to fracture as compared to less brittle samples at the same *** gas content also varies significantly with ash yield;a low ash yield impacts the gas saturation of ***,for coal reservoirs in the study area,their porosity,pore diameter,movable fluid porosity,adsorbed gas amount,and recoverability decrease as the ash yield increases.

关键词： coal reservoir ash pore structure recoverability Erlian Basin

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On the development mechanism of the lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks of Chang 91 member in Ordos Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第z2期50卷 39-46页

作者： ZHANG WenZheng YANG Hua FU SuoTang ZAN ChuanLi Institute of Exploration Development and Research of PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710021 China PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710021 China Institute of Exploration Development and Research of PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710021 China Institute of Exploration Development and Research of PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710021 China

As revealed from recent drilling and organic geochemical testing and research, a series of lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks was discovered in the upper section of the Chang 9 oil reservoir member of upper Triassic in Ordos Basin. The hydrocarbon source rocks show average TOC content as high as 5.03%, average bitumen "A" content as high as 0.8603%, and good quality organic precursors, which are of the sapropelic type mainly derived from lower aquatic plants and have reached the thermal evolution stage featured by oil-producing climax. Generally the lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks were developed in local depressions of a lake basin, and the Chang 91 member was particularly formed in a depositional environment characterized by fresh water to weakly saline water, weakly oxidizing to weakly reducing setting and semi-deep lake facies, as was demonstrated by a variety of organic to inorganic geochemical parameters. As a result, high productivity constitutes the principal controlling force for generation of this series of high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks. Deposition of thinly-bedded and laminated tuffs as well as positive Eu anomaly corroborate the possible occurrence of anoxic geological event closely related to contemporaneous volcanic eruption, which would play a key part in development of the Chang 91 member of high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks.

关键词： Ordos Basin, terrestrial lake basin, high-grade hydrocarbon source rock, high productivity, geological event

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