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Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

Science China(physics,Mechanics & astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 222-240页

作者： Wenda Zhang Weimin Yuan Zhixing ling Yong Chen Nanda Rea Arne Rau Zhiming Cai Huaqing Cheng Francesco Coti Zelati lixin Dai Jingwei Hu Shumei Jia Chichuan Jin Dongyue li Paul O’Brien Rongfeng Shen Xinwen Shu Shengli Sun Xiaojin Sun Xiaofeng Wang lei Yang Bing Zhang Chen Zhang Shuang-Nan Zhang Yonghe Zhang Jie An David Buckley Alexis Coleiro Bertrand Cordier liming Dou Rob Eyles-Ferris Zhou Fan Hua Feng Shaoyu Fu Johan P.U.Fynbo lluis Galbany Saurabh W.Jha Shuaiqing Jiang Albert Kong Erik Kuulkers Weihua lei Wenxiong li Bifang liu Mingjun liu Xing liu Yuan liu Zhu liu Chandreyee Maitra Alessio Marino Itumeleng Monageng Kirpal Nandra Jeremy Sanders Roberto Soria lian Tao Junfeng Wang Song Wang Tinggui Wang Zhongxiang Wang Qingwen Wu Xuefeng Wu Dong Xu Yanjun Xu Suijian Xue Yongquan Xue Zijian Zhang Zipei Zhu Hu Zou Congying Bao Fansheng Chen Houlei Chen Tianxiang Chen Wei Chen Yehai Chen Yifan Chen Chenzhou Cui Weiwei Cui Yanfeng Dai Dongwei Fan Ju Guan Dawei Han Dongjie Hou Haibo Hu Maohai Huang Jia Huo Zhenqing Jia Bowen Jiang Ge Jin Chengkui li Junfei li longhui li Maoshun li Wei li Zhengda li Tianying lian Congzhan liu Heyang liu Huaqiu liu Fangjun lu laidan luo Jia Ma Xuan Mao Haiwu Pan Xin Pan liming Song Hui Sun Yunyin Tan Qingjun Tang Yihan Tao Hao Wang Juan Wang lei Wang Wenxin Wang Yilong Wang Yusa Wang Qinyu Wu Haitao Xu Jingjing Xu Xinpeng Xu Yunfei Xu Zhao Xu Changbin Xue Yulong Xue Ailiang Yan Haonan Yang Xiongtao Yang Yanji Yang Juan Zhang Mo Zhang Wenjie Zhang Zhen Zhang Zhen Zhang Ziliang Zhang Donghua Zhao Haisheng Zhao Xiaofan Zhao Zijian Zhao Hongyan Zhou Yilin Zhou Yuxuan Zhu Zhencai Zhu National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences School of astronomy and Space Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key laboratory of Particle Astrophysics Institute of High Energy physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Space Sciences (ICE) CSIC Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial physics Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences department of physics University of Hong Kong School of physics and astronomy University of leicester School of physics and astronomy Sun Yat-sen University department of physics Anhui Normal University Shanghai Institute of Technical physics Chinese Academy of Sciences physics department Tsinghua University Nevada Center for Astrophysics University of Nevada las Vegas department of physics and astronomy University of Nevada las Vegas South African Astronomical Observatory department of astronomy University of Cape Town department of physics University of the Free State Université Paris Cité CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie Université Paris Cité CEA Paris-Saclay IRFU/DAp-AIM department of astronomy Guangzhou University Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen department of physics and astronomy Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo ESA/ESTEC department of astronomy School of physics Huazhong University of Science and Technology INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Sydney Institute for astronomy School of physics The University of Sydney department of astronomy Xiamen University Institute for Frontiers in astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University department of astronomy University of Science and Technology School of astronomy and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Institute of Deep Space Sciences Deep Space Exploration laboratory department of astronomy School of physics and astronomy Yunnan University Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chi

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient,EP240408a,by Einstein Probe （EP） and follow-up studies made with EP,Swift,NICER,GROND,ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength *** new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope （WXT） on board EP on April 8th,2024,manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for *** flare reached a peak flux of 3.9×10-9erg cm-2s-1in 0.5-4 ke V,～300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the *** and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT,Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new *** X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5-10 ke V,with a power-law photon index varying *** X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ～4 d,followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ～10 d after the initial *** on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations,an unusual timescale in the range of 7-23 d is found for EP240408a,which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term *** counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared,with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection,suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these *** demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far,by comparison with,in particular,jetted tidal disruption events,gamma-ray bursts,X-ray binaries and fast blue optical *** nature of EP240408a thus remains an *** suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of～10 *** detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.

关键词： X-ray transients ${\bm~{Einstein~~Probe}}$

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Wave effect of gravitational waves intersected with a microlens field Ⅱ:An adaptive hierarchical tree algorithm and population study

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Science China(physics,Mechanics & astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 241-254页

作者： Xikai Shan Guoliang li Xuechun Chen Wen Zhao Bin Hu Shude Mao department of astronomy Tsinghua University Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute for Frontier in astronomy and Astrophysics Beijing Normal University School of physics and astronomy Beijing Normal University School of astronomy and Space Science University of Science and Technology of China CAS Key laboratory for Researches in Galaxies and Cosmology Department of Astronomy University of Science and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences

The gravitational lensing wave effect generated by a microlensing field embedded in a lens galaxy is an inevitable phenomenon in strong lensed gravitational waves （SlGWs）.This effect presents both challenges and opportunities for the detection and application of ***,investigating this wave effect requires computing a complete diffraction integral over each microlens in the *** is extremely time-consuming due to the large number of microlenses （10～3-10～6）.Therefore,simply adding all the microlenses is ***,the complexity of the time delay surface makes the lens plane resolution a crucial factor in controlling numerical *** this paper,we propose a trapezoid approximation-based adaptive hierarchical tree algorithm to meet the challenges of calculation speed and *** find that this algorithm accelerates the calculation by four orders of magnitude compared to the simple adding method and is one order of magnitude faster than the fixed hierarchical tree algorithm proposed for electromagnetic *** importantly,our algorithm ensures controllable numerical errors,increasing confidence in the *** with our previous work （***.66,239511,2023）,this paper addresses all numerical issues,including integral convergence,precision,and computational time1).Finally,we conducted a population study on the microlensing wave effect of SlGWs using this algorithm and found that the microlensing wave effect cannot be ignored,especially for Type II SlGWs （from saddle position of the time delay surface） due to their intrinsic geometric structures and their typical intersection with a denser microlensing ***,more than 33%（11%） of SlGWs have a mismatch larger than 1%（3%） compared to the unlensed ***,we found that the mismatch between signal pairs in a doubly imaged GW is generally larger than 10-3,and 61%（25%） of signal pairs have a mismatch larger than 1%（3%）.Therefo

关键词： gravitational lensing diffractional integral algorithm gravitational wave

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Reducing the measurement errors in nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers

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Science China(physics,Mechanics & astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 64-70页

作者： Guo-Fu Xu department of physics Shandong University

Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers serve as the physical platform for nonadiabatic holonomic quantum *** quantum computation has entered the noisy intermediate-scale era, building accurate intermediate-scale nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers is clearly necessary. Given that measurements are the sole means of extracting information, they play an indispensable role in nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers. Accordingly, developing methods to reduce measurement errors in nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers is of great importance. However, while much attention has been given to the research on nonadiabatic holonomic gates, the research on reducing measurement errors in nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers is severely lacking. In this study, we propose a measurement error reduction method tailored for intermediate-scale nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers. The reason we say this is because our method can not only reduce the measurement errors in the computer but also be useful in mitigating errors originating from nonadiabatic holonomic gates. Given these features,our method significantly advances the construction of accurate intermediate-scale nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computers.

关键词： quantum holonomy quantum computation measurement errors

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Multistage interband cascade photovoltaic devices with a bandgap of 0.23 eV operating above room temperature

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2014年第10期59卷 950-955页

作者： Hao Ye Hossein lotfi lu li Robert T.Hinkey Rui Q.Yang lin lei Joel C.Keay Matthew B.Johnson Tetsuya D.Mishima Michael B.Santos School of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA homer l. dodge department of physics and astronomy University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA

Interband cascade(IC)photovoltaic(PV)device structures,consisting of multiple discrete InAs/GaSb superlattice absorbers sandwiched between electron and hole barriers,were grown by molecular beam *** of the molecular beam epitaxy growth and material characterization of the structures are *** discrete absorber architecture enables certain advantages,such as high open-circuit voltage,high collection efficiency,high operating temperature,and smooth integration of cascade stages with different *** two-and three-stage ICPV devices presented in this article operate at room temperature with substantial open-circuit voltages at a cutoff wavelength of 5.3 lm(corresponding to a bandgap of 0.23 eV),the longest ever reported for room temperature PV *** device characteristics indicate a high level of current matching and demonstrate the advantages of the interband cascade approach in thermophotovoltaic cell design.

关键词： InAs GaSb superlattice Thermophotovoltaic Interband cascade devices

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Merging bound states in the continuum in an open acoustic resonator

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Science China(physics,Mechanics & astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 124-131页

作者： lujun Huang Bin Jia Artem S.Pilipchuk Sibo Huang Chen Shen Almas F.Sadreev Yong li Andrey E.Miroshnichenko School of physics and Electronic Sciences East China Normal University Institute of Acoustics Tongji University l.V.Kirensky Institute of physics department of Mechanical Engineering Rowan University School of Engineering and Technology University of New South Wales at Canberra

Bound states in the continuum （BICs） are perfectly localized resonances despite embedding in the continuum ***,an isolated BIC is very sensitive to the structure ***,we report merging acoustic BICs in a single open resonator,robust against the structure *** find that both symmetry-protected BIC and Friedrich-Wintgen BIC are sustained in a single coupled waveguide-resonator *** varying the height and length of the resonator,these two BICs move toward each other and merge into a single one at a critical *** to an individual BIC,the merged BIC is robust against fabrication error because its Q-factor is proportional to Δl-4,whereΔl embodies the structure *** essence of this extraordinary phenomenon is perfectly explained by the two-and three-level approximations of the effective nonHermitian ***,we present direct experimental demonstrations of the moving and merging of BICs in a coupled 3D waveguide-resonator,which are evidenced by the vanishing of the linewidth of Fano resonance in the transmission *** results may find exciting applications in designing high-quality acoustic sources,sensors and filters.

关键词： acoustic resonances bound state in the continuum high-Q resonances

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Shape Control of Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals (d-Dots)

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Nano Research 2008年第2期1卷 138-144页

作者： Ranjani Viswanatha David M.Battaglia Mark E.Curtis Tetsuya D.Mishima Matthew B.Johnson Xiaogang Peng department of Chemistry&Biochemistry University of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA NN-labs llC FayettevilleAR 72703USA Joint MRSEC at the University of Oklahoma and the University of Arkansas FayettevilleAR 72701USA homer l.dodge department of physics and astronomy University of OklahomaNormanOK 73019USA

Formation of Mn2+-doped ZnSe quantum dots(Mn:ZnSe d-dots)with both branched and nearly spherical shapes has been *** analysis indicates that the Mn2+dopants were localized in the core of a branched *** growth of branched d-dots,rather than spherical ones,was achieved by simply varying the concentration of two organic additives,fatty acids,and fatty *** photoluminescence properties of the branched nanocrystals were explored and compared with those of the nearly spherical particles.

关键词： Doped quantum dot(d-dot) shape control photoluminescence

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Molecule‑level Multiscale Design of Nonflammable Gel Polymer Electrolyte to Build Stable SEI/CEI for lithium Metal Battery

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Nano-Micro letters 2025年第1期17卷 404-423页

作者： Qiqi Sun Zelong Gong Tao Zhang Jiafeng li Xianli Zhu Ruixiao Zhu lingxu Wang leyuan Ma Xuehui li Miaofa Yuan Zhiwei Zhang luyuan Zhang Zhao Qian longwei Yin Rajeev Ahuja Chengxiang Wang Key laboratory for liquid‑Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials(Ministry of Education) School of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan 250061People’s Republic of China Condensed Matter Theory Department of Physics and AstronomyUppsala UniversityUppsala 75120Sweden

The risk of flammability is an unavoidable issue for gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs).Usually,flameretardant solvents are necessary to be used,but most of them would react with anode/cathode easily and cause serious interfacial instability,which is a big challenge for design and application of nonflammable ***,a nonflammable GPE(SGPE)is developed by in situ polymerizing trifluoroethyl methacrylate(TFMA)monomers with flame-retardant triethyl phosphate(TEP)solvents and liTFSI–liDFOB dual lithium *** is strongly anchored to PTFMA matrix via polarity interaction between-P=O and-CH_(2)CF_(3).It reduces free TEP molecules,which obviously mitigates interfacial reactions,and enhances flame-retardant performance of TEP *** TEP molecules are also inhibited in solvation of li^(+),leading to anion-dominated solvation sheath,which creates inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interface/cathode electrolyte interface *** coordination structure changes li^(+)transport from sluggish vehicular to fast structural transport,raising ionic conductivity to 1.03 mS cm^(-1) and transfer number to 0.41 at 30℃.The li|SGPE|li cell presents highly reversible li stripping/plating performance for over 1000 h at 0.1 mA cm^(−2),and 4.2 V liCoO_(2)|SGPE|li battery delivers high average specific capacity>120 mAh g^(−1) over 200 *** study paves a new way to make nonflammable GPE that is compatible with li metal anode.

关键词： Anchoring effect Nonflammable gel electrolyte In situ cross-linked Electrode-electrolyte interface li metal battery

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Effect of substrate miscut on the electron mobility in InSb(001) structures on Ge and Ge-on-insulator substrates

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2014年第4期59卷 369-373页

作者： M.C.Debnath T.D.Mishima M.B.Santos K.Hossain omer l. dodge department of physics and astronomy and Center for Semiconductor Physics in Nanostructures University of Oklahoma Amethyst Research Inc.

InSb epilayers and InSb/Al0.20In0.80Sb quantum wells were grown on Ge(001)substrates and Ge-on-insulator(GeOI)-on-Si(001)substrates by molecular beam *** on both on-axis and 4°-off-axis substrate orientations was ***-phase domains were formed when InSb films were grown on on-axis substrates,but suppressed significantly by the use of 4°-off-axis *** off-axis substrates also reduced the densities of micro-twin defects and threading *** defect reduction resulted in an increase in the room-temperature electron mobility from 37,000 to 59,000 cm2/Vs in 4.0-lm-thick InSb epilayers and from 10,000 to20,000 cm2/Vs in 25-nm-thick InSb quantum wells on Ge(001)and GeOI-on-Si(001)substrates.

关键词：电子迁移率 InSb 基板绝缘体 Ge 硅(001) 薄膜生长结构

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Vector meson's spin alignments in high energy reactions

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Science China(physics,Mechanics & astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 5-20页

作者： Jin-Hui Chen Zuo-Tang liang Yu-Gang Ma Xin-li Sheng Qun Wang Key laboratory of Nuclear physics and Ion-beam Application (MoE) Institute of Modern PhysicsFudan University Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE)Shandong University INFN-Firenze department of Modern physics University of Science and Technology of China School of Mechanics and physics Anhui University of Science and Technology

The global spin alignment of vector mesons has been observed by the STAR collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider （RHIC） at Brookhaven National laboratory （BNl）.It provides a unique opportunity to probe the correlation between the polarized quark and antiquark in the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma （sQGP） produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions,opening a new window to explore the properties of s *** addition,spin alignments of vector mesons have also been observed in other high-energy particle collisions such as e+e-annihilations at high energies where hadron production is dominated by quark fragmentation *** results obtained are quite different from those obtained in heavy ion collisions where quark coalescence/combination mechanism dominates suggesting strong dependence on hadronization *** comprehensive studies in different hadronization processes are *** this article,we present a brief review of theoretical and experimental advances in the study of vector meson’s spin alignments in a variety of high-energy particle collisions,with emphasis on hadronization mechanisms.

关键词： vector meson spin alignment global polarization relativistic heavy ion collisions fragmentation

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Decision making module based on stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions

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Science China(physics,Mechanics & astronomy) 2025年第1期Mechanics & Astronomy) .卷 202-209页

作者： Yifan Miao li Zhao Yajun Zhang Zhe Yuan Center for Advanced Quantum Studies and department of physics Beijing Normal University Institute for Nanoelectric Devices and Quantum Computing Fudan University Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical physics and Information Sciences Fudan University

In biological neural systems, noise is ubiquitous but does not affect the correct decisions made in the complex cognitive ***-making in biological neural system is typically achieved by accumulating input information over a period of *** by recent developments in neurosciences, we design a decision-making module based on spintronic devices, utilizing superparamagnetic tunnel junctions as artificial neurons. The feasibility of this decision-making module is verified through circuit simulations. Taking a multi-layer perceptron as an example, the module significantly improves the accuracy of the perceptron in the handwritten digit recognition task. Furthermore, the spintronic decision-making module offers advantages over the conventional pooling methods, such as adaptive decision time, high performance and the absence of analog-to-digital conversion. The decision-making module is flexible to be integrated into artificial neural networks and provides a general yet effective solution to enhance performance against device noise.

关键词： neuromorphic computing spintronics magnetic tunnel junction neural networks

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