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New Discussion about the Age of Discovery

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学术界 2018年第1期 254-266页

作者： Zhang Jian Xiao Hongde school of history & culture Sichuan University

One discovery of geography should be that the representatives of any civilized nations firstly arrive in or earliest know one part of the earth surface,which all civilized nations didn't know ever before,or at first built up the spatial communication between some parts of the earth surface,which have been *** Europeans were engaged in and accomplished the Age of discovery from the 1460 s to the end of the 17 *** its scales,achievements,significance and influences during that historical period are especially important and *** Age of Discovery can be divided into two stages,*** former and latter based on the changes and replacements of the leading roles,namely,Spanish and Portuguese stage and English,French,Dutch and Russian *** maritime and terrestrial expeditions are the first and second means of geographical discovery respectively.

关键词： Discovery of geography Age of Discovery Great navigation Partition of stages

An Analysis of Salt Policy Reform and Central Fiscal Crisis in Late Qing Dynasty

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学术界 2015年第6期 257-266页

作者： Li Lixia school of history and culture Henan Normal University

In late Qing Dynasty,the Central Government was faced with the problem of financial dysfunction and financial power decentralization. In order to cope with the fiscal crisis and solve the economic difficulties as well as regain control of financial rights,the government carried out the salt policy reform,which directly injured the interests of local governors,causing them to unite against the central financial authority. Although the attempt to regain control of financial power had not been successful,there was an expansion of central government functions in financial field.

关键词： salt policy reform at the end of Qing Dynasy fiscal crisis function expansion of the central government

Early Chinese Village Patterns in Terms of the Origin of Civilization in China

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Social Sciences in China 2021年第2期42卷 44-60页

作者： Li Guanghui school of history and culture Shandong University 不详

Early Chinese villages and cities were born simultaneously from primitive settlements and existed side by *** a significant part of China’s early social structure,they should be regarded as an important marker of the origin and development of Chinese *** early villages were mainly clustered settlements that were under the rule of cities from the day they came into *** and cities usually formed a single community,and their relations were essentially patriarchal and *** early villages were mainly patriarchal clan organizations which were overlaid by geo-administrative organizations in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States *** mainstay of basic village organization thus became the household registration of the common people.

关键词： origin of civilization early villages cities settlements

Spatiotemporal deformation analysis of glaciers and surrounding landscapes in the Shishapangma region using InSAR techniques

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Journal of Mountain Science 2025年第1期22卷 210-229页

作者： LIANG Wenli LIU Rui JI Qin KOU Pinglang Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application School of Geography and TourismChongqing Normal UniversityChongqing 401331China National Earth System Science Data Center Beijing 100000China Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Spatial Big Data Intelligent Technology Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChongqing 400065China Key Laboratory of Tourism Multisource Data Perception and Decision Ministry of Culture and Tourism(TMDPDMCT)Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChongqing 400065China

Glacier dynamics in the Himalayan midlatitudes,particularly in regions like the Shishapangma,are not yet fully understood,especially the localized topographic and climatic impacts on glacier *** study analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of glacier surface deformation in the Shishapangma region using the Small Baseline Subset(SBAS)Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(In SAR)*** analysis reveals an average deformation rate of-4.02±17.65 mm/yr across the entire study area,with glacier regions exhibiting significantly higher rates of uplift(16.87±13.20 mm/yr)and subsidence(20.11±14.55 mm/yr)compared to non-glacier *** identifies significant surface lowering on the mountain flanks and localized uplift in certain catchments,emphasizing the higher deformation rates in glacial areas compared to non-glacial *** found a strong positive correlation between temperature and cumulative deformation(correlation coefficient of 0.63),particularly in glacier areas(0.82).The research highlights the role of temperature as the primary driver of glacier wastage,particularly at lower elevations,with strong correlations found between temperature and cumulative *** also indicates the complex interactions between topographic features,notably,slope gradient,which shows a positive correlation with subsidence rates,especially for slopes below 35°.South-,southwest-,and west-facing slopes exhibit significant uplift,while north-,northeast-,and east-facing slopes predominantly ***,we identified transition zones between debris-covered glaciers and clean ice as areas of most intense deformation,with average rates exceeding 30 mm/yr,highlighting these as potential high-risk zones for *** study comprehensively analyzes the deformation characteristics in both glacier and non-glacier areas in the Shishapangma region,revealing the complex interplay of topographic,climatic,and hydrological factors influencing glacier dynamic

关键词： Glacier melting SBAS-InSAR Topographic factors Temperature change Middle Himalayas

WHEN DID CHINESE SILK REACH ROME?

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Journal of Ancient Civilizations 2024年第2期39卷 205-247,258页

作者： Zhaoyu Wang school of history and culture South China Normal University

The silk commerce comprises a significant section of the classical economy,yet its initial nature and process along the various trade routes remain largely ***,this paper endeavors to delineate the primary stage of long-distance silk trade,with the objective of revealing a vital interconnection between the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasties at opposite ends of the known world from a mercantile *** from the discussion of the relation between the ethnic designation Seres and its alternative meaning of silk,this paper identifies the earliest references to silk in Greco-Roman ***,it demonstrates the evolution and dynamic transformations from the primary northern steppe silk routes to a southern maritime *** addition to the fundamental Greek and Latin sources that offer insight into the condition of the silk trade in its western terminus,records in the Hanshu and the Houhanshu describe the eastern leg.

关键词： Seres silk trade Roman Empire Han Dynasties Hanshu Juyan bamboo slips

Preliminary Discussion on the Evolution of the Food Pattern of Human Society

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学术界 2018年第8期 225-236页

作者： Zhang Jian Fu Huaquan school of history&culture Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065

Human food consists of 2 major parts: plants and animals. Primitive people collected food by fishing,hunting and gathering,and later they developed primitive agriculture and animal husbandry about near to 10 thousand years ago. Due to different natural conditions,the distribution of plants,wild animals which were suitable for domestication are unbalanced in the world; therefore species of domesticated crops and animals vary throughout the world,which leads to the differences in the food patterns of human society. The Great Discovery of Geography ushered in the ear of exchanges among people,one of which is the exchange in agriculture. Crops from America were introduced to the old continent while poultry and livestock of the old continent were also brought to America; later,domesticated crops and animals were spread to the newly-discovered Oceania. Since then,the differences in people's food pattern have begun to narrowdown and started on the path to convergence,and the whole process is basically a saddle-shaped development.

关键词： food collecting agriculture animal husbandry fishing food pattern historical development

Holocene high lake-levels and pan-lake period on Badain Jaran Desert

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第8期59卷 1633-1641页

作者： WANG NaiAng NING Kai LI ZhuoLun WANG YiXin JIA Peng MA Ling College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China history & culture school of Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China

Many lakes exist in southeastern Badain Jaran Desert and its hinterland, including 110 perennial lakes and some seasonal or extinct lakes. Geomorphological, sedimentological, and bioglyph evidence obtained from field investigations on Badain Jaran Desert lake group, alongside measurements and dating performed on lake relic, prove that these lakes expanded while the climate was relatively wet during early and middle Holocene. The dating results suggest that the pan-lake period of the Badain Jaran Desert began at 10 cal kyr BP, before which the limnic peat period occurred(11–10 cal kyr BP). Many lakes reached their maximal water-level during 8.6–6.3 cal kyr BP and retreated or dried up in the late Holocene(about 3.5–0 cal kyr BP). During that period, the precipitation at Badain Jaran Desert may have reached 200 mm yr^(-1) for 7.7–5.3 cal kyr BP, inferred from both the age and precipitation rate of calcareous root tubes. The water balance calculation shows that wetter and warmer climate and the increase of underground water recharge were key factors in maintaining and developing the lake group at both centennial and millennial time scales. Furthermore, lake surface expansion and the increasing fresh water availability set the background for the prosperous prehistoric culture.

关键词： Badain Jaran Desert Holocene High lake-level Pan-lake period Peat period Water balance Prehistoric culture

Omnidirectional simulation analysis of thermomechanical coupling mechanism in inertia friction welding of Ni-based superalloy

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2025年第1期38卷 202-216页

作者： Chang-an LI Guoliang QIN Hao WANG school of Materials Science and Engineering Shandong UniversityJinan 250061China

The coupling between heat and pressure is the kernel of inertia friction welding(IFW)and is still not fully understood.A novel 3D fully coupled finite element model based on a plastic friction pair was developed to simulate the IFW process of a Ni-based superalloy and reveal the omnidirectional thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism of the friction *** numerical model successfully simulated the deceleration,deformation processes,and peak torsional moments in IFW and captured the evolution of temperature,contact pressure,and *** simulated results were validated through measured thermal history,optical macrography,and axial *** results indicated that interfacial friction heat was the primary heat source,and plastic deformation energy only accounted for 4%of the *** increase in initial rotational speed and friction pressure elevated the peak temperature,reaching a maximum of 1525.5K at an initial rotational speed of 2000 r/min and friction pressure of 400 *** interface heat generation could form an axial temperature gradient exceeding 320K/*** radial inhomogeneities of heat generation and temperature were manifested in a concentric ring distribution with maximum heat flux and temperature ranging from 2/5 to 2/3 *** radial inhomogeneities were caused by increasing linear velocity along the radius and an opposite distribution of contact pressure,which could reach 1.7 times the set pressure at the *** circumferential inhomogeneity of thermomechanical distribution during rotary friction welding was revealed for the first time,benefiting from the 3D *** deflection and transformation of distribution in contact pressure and Mises stress were indicators of plastic deformation and transition of quasi-steady state *** critical Mises stress was 0.5 times the friction pressure in this *** presented modeling provides a reliable insight into the thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism of IFW and lays a solid found

关键词： Inertia friction welding Thermo-mechanical coupling Inhomogeneity Numerical simulation Ni-based superalloy

On the Academic Differences between Xihe school and Zhusi school

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Frontiers of Philosophy in China 2012年第1期7卷 55-74页

作者： WANG Hongxia school of history and culture Qufu Normal UniversityQufu 273165China

Ever since Han Fei proposed that ＂Confucianism has divided into eight schools,＂ the divisions among Confucius＇ followers have been a complicated puzzle in Chinese academic history. After the demise of Confucius, two schools, Xihe school and Zhusi 洙泗 school, founded by Zixia and Zengzi respectively, had the biggest influence. Inheriting and developing Confucianism, these two schools each had their own unique insights. If we compare their thoughts, the development of early Confucianism can be found has two different approaches：（1） Zixia attached great importance to study. He practiced Confucianism by means of learning comprehensively and belonged to the school of knowledge seeking. On the other hand, Zengzi valued one＇s perfect inner personality. He paid much more attention to searching inwardly, and honored ＂morality＂ at all times. （2） Zixia paid special attention to the ritual system, emphasizing the external ritual specifications of human behavior, and advocating cultivating one＇s morality from outside to inside. Zengzi maintained cultivating one＇s morality from inside to outside, especially through selfreflection. （3） Zixia emphasized self-cultivating and being harmonious to others, therefore he focused on external achievements, while Zengzi paid more attention to moral integrity. （4） While Zixia rarely discussed filial piety, Zengzi regarded filial piety as the most important virtue. Since filial piety is applicable universally, Zengzi＇s philosophy is a filial piety-rooted philosophy. Broadly speaking, Zengzi and Zixia＇s main difference lies in their different approaches to learning. Despite these differences, as firm Confucians they are ＂the same in Dao and different in methods.＂

关键词： Confucius Zixia Zengzi Confucianism