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Pharmacological intervention for chronic phase of spinal cord injury

Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1377-1389页

作者： Chihiro Tohda section of Neuromedical Science Institute of Natural MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan

Spinal cord injury is an intractable traumatic injury. The most common hurdles faced during spinal cord injury are failure of axonal regrowth and reconnection to target sites. These also tend to be the most challenging issues in spinal cord injury. As spinal cord injury progresses to the chronic phase, lost motor and sensory functions are not recovered. Several reasons may be attributed to the failure of recovery from chronic spinal cord injury. These include factors that inhibit axonal growth such as activated astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, myelin-associated proteins, inflammatory microglia, and fibroblasts that accumulate at lesion sites. Skeletal muscle atrophy due to denervation is another chronic and detrimental spinal cord injury–specific condition. Although several intervention strategies based on multiple outlooks have been attempted for treating spinal cord injury, few approaches have been successful. To treat chronic spinal cord injury, neural cells or tissue substitutes may need to be supplied in the cavity area to enable possible axonal growth. Additionally, stimulating axonal growth activity by extrinsic factors is extremely important and essential for maintaining the remaining host neurons and transplanted neurons. This review focuses on pharmacotherapeutic approaches using small compounds and proteins to enable axonal growth in chronic spinal cord injury. This review presents some of these candidates that have shown promising outcomes in basic research(in vivo animal studies) and clinical trials: AA-NgR(310)ecto-Fc(AXER-204), fasudil, phosphatase and tensin homolog protein antagonist peptide 4, chondroitinase ABC, intracellular sigma peptide,(-)-epigallocatechin gallate, matrine, acteoside, pyrvate kinase M2, diosgenin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and fampridine-sustained release. Although the current situation suggests that drug-based therapies to recover function in chronic spinal cord injury are limited, potential candidat

关键词： axonal growth chronic phase clinical study pharmacotherapy spinal cord injury

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Hokkien Merchants and the Kian Teik Tong： Economic and Political Influence in Nineteenth- Century Penang and Its Region

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Frontiers of history in China 2016年第4期11卷 600-627页

作者： Yee Tuan Wong history studies section Penang Institute 10350 Penang Malaysia

This article explores nineteenth-century Penang＇s Hokkkien merchants and their secret society or hui-the Klan Teik Tong diande Tang）--which had a variety of roles and an extensive network. It contextualizes the merchants＇ secret society as a transnational socioeconomic and political organization rather than as an overseas Chinese criminal group in the wider Penang area. By recovering Klan Teik Tong and its network, it can be shown how these merchants secured and mobilized labour, capital, and allies in a way that cut across linguistic, ethnic, class and state boundaries in order to establish control of coolies and the lucrative opium, tin, and rice businesses, in order to exert political influence in the colonial and indigenous milieus of the nineteenth-century Penang region. They established a social contract through their Klan Teik Tong relief activities and initiation rituals, and thus were able to recruit thousands of members who were mainly labourers. With such a substantial social force, the merchants launched organized violence against their rivals to attain dominance in opium revenue farming and tin mining businesses in Penang, Krabi, and Perak. The widespread and strategic location of the Klan Teik Tong in Burma also enabled the same merchants to monopolize the Penang-Burma rice trade. The versatility of the Klan Teik Tong＇s functions allowed them to operate as an alternative political order vis-a-vis the colonial and indigenous powers. This arrangement allowed the Hokkien merchants to gain significant political clout in confronting the Siamese and Dutch authorities.

关键词： Hokkien Penang secret society social control economicdominance political influence

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Formal or Informal? The Dispute Settlement Mechanisms of China's Free Trade Agreements

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Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong university(Science) 2016年第1期21卷 44-50页

作者：赵军胡妤 World history Postdoctoral Programme East China Normal University The Middle East studies Institute Shanghai International Studies University School of English studies Shanghai International Studies University

The dispute settlement mechanism(DSM) has long been the focus of attention because of its significant role in the institutional construction of China's free trade agreements(FTAs). Thus, this paper is to make an analysis of the DSMs of China's established FTAs from a legal perspective of international regime study, which leads to the finding of a co-existence mode of formal and informal DSMs in China's FTAs. This paper also discusses the motivation and significance of such a choice.

关键词： free trade agreements(FTAs) dispute settlement mechanism(DSM) informality formality

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Symmetries and Group-Invariant Solutions for Transonic Pressure-Gradient Equations

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2011年第8期56卷 199-206页

作者：王丽真黄晴 Center for Nonlinear studies Northwest University Department of Mathematics Northwest University Center for the history of Mathematics and Science Northwest University

Lie symmetry group method is applied to study the transonic pressure-gradient equations in *** symmetry groups and corresponding optimal systems are determined,and several classes of irrotational groupinvariantsolutio... 详细信息

关键词： transonic pressure-gradient equations Lie symmetry optimal system group-invariant solution

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Response to ‘Monotreme middle ear is not primitive for Mammalia’

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National Science Review 2021年第10期8卷 12-14页

作者： John R.Wible Sarah L.Shelley Shundong Bi section of Mammals Carnegie Museum of Natural History Centre for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology Yunnan University School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Department of Biology Indiana University of Pennsylvania

To date, a complete auditory apparatus(with malleus, incus, stapes, ectotympanic and perhaps surangular) is known for only three Mesozoic mammals, the haramiyidan Arboroharamiya allinhopsoni [1], the multituberculate Sinobaatar pani [2] and the zhangheotheriid Origolestes lii [3], with subsets of these bones preserved in a handful more,

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The Productivity Level of the Song Dynasty

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Social Sciences in China 2023年第2期44卷 74-93页

作者： Jiang Xidong 王文娥 Center for studies of Song history Hebei University the Institute of Information studies Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

Any investigation of society's historical development should begin with the fundamental issue of productivity *** Song witnessed at least 45 new advances in production technologies,items and tools,of which at least 15 took place in agriculture and 30 in *** the Song surpassed previous dynasties in overall productivity,it was also affected by a number of limitations,seven of which were particularly relevant to productivity *** the exception of agricultural technology and firearms,the Ming and Qing failed to make major breakthroughs in the remaining five *** these dynasties outperformed the Song in terms of total productivity and technology,particularly in the introduction of crops,they fell behind in productivity per capita and quality of growth,due to the population boom and the stagnation and even regression of farm *** compared with previous dynasties or with the Ming and Qing,the Song dynasty saw the zenith of productivity development in ancient *** level of productivity underlies Song progress and Ming and Qing stagnation,as well as the rise of Europe.

关键词： Song dynasty productivity level limitation Ming and Qing dynasties

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A Critique of Nigerian Federalism and Need for Restructuring Towards Achieving Vision 2030

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2021年第2期14卷 265-284页

作者： Uwomano Benjamin Okpevra Department of history and International studies Delta State UniversityAbrakaNigeria

This paper underscores a critique of Nigeria's choice of a federal option,the current state of which has led to the incessant clamour,across the nation for *** in Nigeria since 1960 was adopted to accommodate the nation^heterogeneous culture with the sole aim of maintaining unity in *** dysfunctional system has been observed to be the main bane of Nigeria underdevelopment,instability,and absence of good governance all of which can negatively affect the achievement of a sustainable national development plan like the Vision *** paper argues that Nigeria is yet to evolve a truly federal system capable of taking care of its numerous *** from a historical perspective,the paper uncovers that there are logical inconsistencies in Nigeria’s practice of *** gets here is a hidden unitary *** call for restructuring is in a general sense borne out of some apparent degrees of foul play and disparity presently perceived by the part units emerging from defective *** in the above is that the necessary ingredients of sustainable democracy and governance are completely lacking in ***,if the proposed Vision 2030 or any other national development plan is to be accomplished,there has to be a restructuring of the dysfunctional political system;a restructuring that devolves power to the federating units leaving the federal government with vital aspects like defence,foreign affairs among others;a return to the regional arrangement of the past.

关键词： Nigeria Federalism A critique Restructuring Vision 2030

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Some Theories and Concepts of Intergroup and Conflict Relations in the Western Niger Delta of Nigeria

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2017年第3期10卷 381-394页

作者： Uwomano Benjamin Okpevra Department of history and International studies Delta State University Abraka Nigeria

Intergroup conflicts occupy a special place in the interaction of social groups and of necessity form the basic building blocks for the integration of previously fragmented groups. The Western Niger delta obviously has since been a theatre of socio-political conflicts. Viewed from the contemporary clime, there is a lacuna in the formulation of theories and concepts in understanding and explaining the nature and pattern of intergroup relations in the region from the pre-colonial period. This work therefore attempts an exploratory analysis of some theories and concepts of intergroup relations in the Western Niger Delta of Nigeria using the historical approach with the use of secondary source materials. The paper concludes that the relation among the diverse ethnic groups in Nigeria, especially the Western Niger Delta, may not have been as intense, or as hostile as it has become since the attainment of independence in 1960. This paper no doubt is essential for the understanding and tackling of the problem of intergroup relations and conflict in the region in particular and Nigeria at large.

关键词： Theories Concepts Intergroup Conflict Western Niger Delta

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Nashville Qi?Chinese Medicine in an American Heartland

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Chinese Medicine and Culture 2023年第3期6卷 224-232页

作者： Ruth Rogaski Department of history and Asian studies Vanderbilt UniversityNashville 37235USA

This article shares preliminary results from current research on Chinese medicine in Nashville,Tennessee,a city in the American South known both as“Music City,USA”and“The Buckle of the Bible Belt.”The author has interviewed dozens of patients and practitioners in Nashville to understand how Chinese medicine came to the city,what styles of practice are present,and whether or not new understandings of Chinese medicine’s fundamental concept of qi might emerge from the unique cultural setting of the American *** Chinese medicine is flourishing in the city,because of complexities at the intersection of religion,science,and the experience of healing,the clinical encounter between patients and practitioners is not typically characterized by a mutual embrace of a language of qi.

关键词： Chinese medicine Nashville Qi United States

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＂Not a Club for Ethical Culture＂： The Early Writings of Max Weber, Liang Qichao, and Kang Youwei on the Stock Exchange

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Frontiers of history in China 2015年第4期10卷 531-546页

作者： Bryna Goodman Asian studies Program and Department of history University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA

This paper examines early discussions of stock exchanges by Max Weber, Liang Qichao, and Kang Youwei and considers their contemporaneity. Despite different contexts, the discussions shared a nineteenth-century preoccupation with global competition and Darwinian struggles for survival. All reveal the attendant anxieties of latecomer nations experiencing belated modernity. Weber, however, wrote from a position that embraced German colonialism, whereas Liang and Kang＇s advocacy of stock exchanges was marked by concerns for the Chinese nation that emerged as a result of the experience of colonialism and economic imperialism.

关键词： Max Weber Liang Qichao Kang Youwei stock exchanges finance

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