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Against all odds: The road to success in the development of human immune reconstitution mice

ANIMAL MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL medICINE 2024年第4期7卷 460-470页

作者： Bin, Yixiao Ren, Jing Zhang, Haowei Zhang, Tianjiao Liu, Peijuan Xin, Zhiqian Yang, Haijiao Feng, Zhuan Chen, Zhinan Zhang, Hai Shaanxi univ chinese med Sch Basic Med Sci Xianyang Peoples R China Fourth Mil med univ Natl Translat Sci Ctr Mol Med Dept Cell Biol Xian Peoples R China Fourth Mil med univ State Key Lab New Targets Discovery & Drug Dev Maj Xian Peoples R China Fourth Mil med univ Sch Publ Hlth Dept Occupat & Environm Hlth Xian Peoples R China Fourth Mil med univ Sch Publ Hlth Minist Educ Key Lab Hazard Assessment & Control Special Operat Xian Peoples R China

The mouse genome has a high degree of homology with the human genome, and its physiological, biochemical, and developmental regulation mechanisms are similar to those of humans; therefore, mice are widely used as experimental animals. However, it is undeniable that interspecies differences between humans and mice can lead to experimental errors. The differences in the immune system have become an important factor limiting current immunological research. The application of immunodeficient mice provides a possible solution to these problems. By transplanting human immune cells or tissues, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells, into immunodeficient mice, a human immune system can be reconstituted in the mouse body, and the engrafted immune cells can elicit human-specific immune responses. Researchers have been actively exploring the development and differentiation conditions of host recipient animals and grafts in order to achieve better immune reconstitution. Through genetic engineering methods, immunodeficient mice can be further modified to provide a favorable developmental and differentiation microenvironment for the grafts. From initially only being able to reconstruct single T lymphocyte lineages, it is now possible to reconstruct lymphoid and myeloid cells, providing important research tools for immunology-related studies. In this review, we compare the differences in immune systems of humans and mice, describe the development history of human immune reconstitution from the perspectives of immunodeficient mice and grafts, and discuss the latest advances in enhancing the efficiency of human immune cell reconstitution, aiming to provide important references for immunological related researches. Over recent decades, researchers have been actively exploring the development and differentiation conditions of host recipient animals and grafts in order to achieve better immune reconstitution. The human immune system can be reconstituted

关键词： hematopoietic stem cell human immune reconstitution immune response immunodeficient mice peripheral blood mononuclear cell transplantation HEMATOPOIETIC STEM-CELLS SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY MOUSE MODEL NITRIC-OXIDE BONE-MARROW SCID MOUSE CLASS-I ENGRAFTMENT SYSTEM DEFICIENT

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The dynamics beamline at SSRF

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NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES 2024年第9期35卷 1-12页

作者： Liu, Zhen Wang, Li-Hua Jiang, Yong Tong, Ya-Jun Zhu, Hua-Chun Ji, Te Chen, Min Jiang, Zheng Wei, Xiang-Jun chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Adv Res Inst Shanghai 201204 Peoples R China ShanghaiTech univ Shanghai 201210 Peoples R China

The dynamics beamline (D-Line), which combines synchrotron radiation infrared spectroscopy (SR-IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (ED-XAS), is the first beamline in the world to realize concurrent ED-XAS and SR-IR measurements at the same sample position on a millisecond time-resolved scale. This combined technique is effective for investigating rapid structural changes in atoms, electrons, and molecules in complicated disorder systems, such as those used in physics, chemistry, materials science, and extreme conditions. Moreover, ED-XAS and SR-IR can be used independently in the two branches of the D-Line. The ED-XAS branch is the first ED-XAS beamline in China, which uses a tapered undulator light source and can achieve approximately 2.5 x 1012 photons/s300 eV BW@7.2 keV at the sample position. An exchangeable polychromator operating in the Bragg-reflection or Laue-transmission configuration is used in different energy ranges to satisfy the requirements for beam size and energy resolution. The focused beam size is approximately 3.5 mu m (H) x 21.5 mu m (V), and the X-ray energy range is 5-25 keV. Using one- and two-dimensional position-sensitive detectors with frame rates of up to 400 kHz enables time resolutions of tens of microseconds to be realized. Several distinctive techniques, such as the concurrent measurement of in situ ED-XAS and infrared spectroscopy, time-resolved ED-XAS, high-pressure ED-XAS, XMCD, and pump-probe ED-XAS, can be applied to achieve different scientific goals.

关键词： ED-XAS SR-IR Time-resolved D-line SSRF SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION DISPERSIVE MODE SPECTROSCOPY PRESSURE EXAFS SPECTROMETER DICHROISM DETECTOR XAFS IR

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Feasibility study of the photonuclear reaction cross section of medical radioisotopes using a laser Compton scattering gamma source

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NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES 2024年第9期35卷 1-10页

作者： Gu, Yu-Ning Zhao, Wei-Juan Cao, Xi-Guang Yang, Yu-Xuan Ma, Ting-Kai Liao, Zheng-Li Xu, Fei-Long Ma, Yu-Gang Zhengzhou univ Sch Phys & Microeletron Zhengzhou 450001 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Adv Res Inst Shanghai 201210 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Appl Phys Shanghai 201800 Peoples R China univ chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China univ South China Sch Nucl Sci & Technol Hengyang 421001 Peoples R China Fudan univ Inst Modern Phys Key Lab Nucl Phys & Ion Beam Applicat MOE Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China NSFC & Fudan univ Shanghai Res Ctr Theoret Nucl Phys Shanghai 200438 Peoples R China

In recent years, the gap between the supply and demand of medical radioisotopes has increased, necessitating new methods for producing medical radioisotopes. Photonuclear reactions based on gamma sources have unique advantages in terms of producing high specific activity and innovative medical radioisotopes. However, the lack of experimental data on reaction cross sections for photonuclear reactions of medical radioisotopes of interest has severely limited the development and production of photonuclear transmutation medical radioisotopes. In this study, the entire process of the generation, decay, and measurement of medical radioisotopes was simulated using online gamma activation and offline gamma measurements combined with a shielding gamma-ray spectrometer. Based on a quasi-monochromatic gamma beam from the Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source (SLEGS), the feasibility of this measurement of production cross section for surveyed medical radioisotopes was simulated, and specific solutions for measuring medical radioisotopes with ultra-low production cross sections were provided. The feasibility of this method for high-precision measurements of the reaction cross section of medical radioisotopes was demonstrated.

关键词： medical radioisotope Photonuclear reaction GEANT4 Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source (SLEGS) Low-background gamma-ray spectrometer HPGE-DETECTOR SPECTROMETER GE

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Elimination of GGTA1, CMAH, β4GalNT2 and CIITA genes in pigs compromises human versus pig xenogeneic immune reactions

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ANIMAL MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL medICINE 2024年第4期7卷 584-590页

作者： Xu, Jing Ren, Jilong Xu, Kai Fang, Minghui Ka, Meina Xu, Fei Wang, Xin Wang, Jing Han, Zhiqiang Feng, Guihai Zhang, Ying Hai, Tang Li, Wei Hu, Zheng chinese Acad Sci State Key Lab Stem Cell & Reprod Biol Inst Zool Beijing 100101 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Organ Regenerat & Reconstruct Beijing Peoples R China univ chinese Acad Sci Beijing Peoples R China Beijing Inst Stem Cell & Regenerat med Beijing Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Beijing Farm Anim Res Ctr Inst Zool Beijing 100101 Peoples R China Jilin univ Hosp 1 Key Lab Organ Regenerat & Transplantat Minist Educ Changchun 10061 Peoples R China

Background: Pig organ xenotransplantation is a potential solution for the severe organ shortage in clinic, while immunogenic genes need to be eliminated to improve the immune compatibility between humans and pigs. Current knockout strategies are mainly aimed at the genes causing hyperacute immune rejection (HAR) that occurs in the first few hours while adaptive immune reactions orchestrated by CD4 T cell thereafter also cause graft failure, in which process the MHC II molecule plays critical roles. Methods: Thus, we generate a 4-gene (GGTA1, CMAH, beta 4GalNT2, and CIITA) knockout pig by CRISPR/Cas9 and somatic cell nuclear transfer to compromise HAR and CD4 T cell reactions simultaneously. Results: We successfully obtained 4KO piglets with deficiency in all alleles of genes, and at cellular and tissue levels. Additionally, the safety of our animals after gene editing was verified by using whole-genome sequencing and karyotyping. Piglets have survived for more than one year in the barrier, and also survived for more than 3 months in the conventional environment, suggesting that the piglets without MHC II can be raised in the barrier and then gradually mated in the conventional environment. Conclusions: 4KO piglets have lower immunogenicity, are safe in genomic level, and are easier to breed than the model with both MHC I and II deletion.

关键词： CD4 T cell genetically edited pig immune rejection major histocompatibility complex II xenotransplantation SWINE LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN CLASS-II MICE LACKING CELLS

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In Vitro Propagation and Artificial Seed Production of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, an Endangered medicinal Plant

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第6期93卷 1297-1310页

作者： Qian Tao Guiqi Han Bujin Ma Hongmei Jia Can Zhao Wenshang Li Zhuyun Yan Chengdu university of Traditional chinese medicine State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest ChinaChengdu610000China

Fritillaria cirrhosa ***(Liliaceae)is an endangered perennial bulbous plant and its dry bulb is a valuable med-icinal material with antitussive and expectorant ***,lack of resources and expensive prices make it difﬁcult to meet clinical *** study presents a regeneration system aimed at overcoming the challenge of inadequate supply in ***,focusing on:(1)callus induction,(2)bulblets and adventitious bud induction,and(3)artiﬁcial seed *** development was achieved in 84.93%on Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium fortiﬁed with 1.0 mg·L^(-1) *** optimal medium for callus differentiation into regenerated bulb-lets was MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L^(-1)6-benzyladenine(6-BA)and 0.2 mg·L^(-1)α-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA).Subsequently,bulblets and adventitious buds were induced from regenerated bulblet sections cul-tured on MS medium fortiﬁed with 0.3 mg·L^(-1)6-BA+1.0 mg·L^(-1)2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D),2.0 mg·L^(-1)6-BA+0.5 mg·L^(-1),and the induction rates were 88.17%and 84.24%,*** regenerated bulblets were transplanted into a substrate of humus soil,river sand,and pearlite(1:1:1)after low-temperature *** germination rate was 42.80%after culture for 30 *** bulblets were used for encap-sulations in liquid MS medium containing 3%sucrose(w/v)+0.5 mg·L^(-1) NAA+2.0 mg·L^(-1)6-BA+3%sodium alginate(w/v)with a 10 min exposure to 2%CaCl_(2).Under non-aseptic conditions,the germination rate reached 81.67%,while the rooting rate was 20.56%after 45 *** capsule added 1.0 g·L^(-1) carbendazim and 1.0 g·L^(-1) activated carbon was the best component of artiﬁcial *** study successfully established an efﬁcient regen-eration system for the rapid propagation of ***,involving in vitro bulblet regeneration and artiﬁcial seed *** method introduces a novel approach for efﬁcient breeding and germplasm preservation,making it suitable for large-scale industrial resou

关键词： Artiﬁcial seed callus induction Fritillaria cirrhosa organogenesis plant propagation

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Changes of growth-climate relationships of Smith fir forests along an altitudinal gradient

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JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 2024年第1期35卷 1-10页

作者： Zheng, Jiacheng Yang, Jing Jia, Hengfeng Lyu, Lixin Langzhen, Jiayang Zhang, Qi-Bin chinese Acad Sci Inst Bot State Key Lab Vegetat & Environm Change Beijing 100093 Peoples R China univ chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Linzhou Bur Meteorol Lhasa 851611 Tibet Peoples R China Tibet Agr & Anim Husb univ Inst Plateau Ecol Linzhi 860000 Tibet Peoples R China

Temporal changes in the relationship between tree growth and climate have been observed in numerous forests across the world. The patterns and the possible regulators (e.g., forest community structure) of such changes are, however, not well understood. A vegetation survey and analyses of growth-climate relationships for Abies georgei var. Smithii (Smith fir) forests were carried along an altitudinal gradient from 3600 to 4200 m on Meili Snow Mountain, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the associations between growth and temperature have declined since the 1970s over the whole transect, while response to standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration indices (SPEI) strengthened in the mid- and lower-transect. Comparison between growth and vegetation data showed that tree growth was more sensitive to drought in stands with higher species richness and greater shrub cover. Drought stress on growth may be increased by heavy competition from shrub and herb layers. These results show the non-stationary nature of tree growth-climate associations and the linkage to forest community structures. Vegetation components should be considered in future modeling and forecasting of forest dynamics in relation to climate changes.

关键词： Climate change Tree rings Altitudinal gradient Community structure Plant diversity FAGUS-SYLVATICA L. TREE-GROWTH TIBETAN PLATEAU WHITE SPRUCE TEMPERATURE ELEVATION PRECIPITATION DIVERGENCE ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY

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A seven-crystal spectrometer for high-energy resolution X-ray spectroscopy at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility

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NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES 2024年第9期35卷 1-10页

作者： Mei, Bing-Bao Wang, Liang-Xin Gu, Song-Qi Su, Xiao-Zhi Zhang, Shuo Wei, Yao Ma, Jing-Yuan Jiang, Zheng Song, Fei chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Adv Res Inst Shanghai Synchrotron Radiat Facil Shanghai 201800 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Appl Phys Shanghai 201204 Peoples R China univ Sci & Technol China Natl Synchrotron Radiat Lab Hefei 230026 Peoples R China

A Johann-type X-ray spectrometer was successfully developed at the hard X-ray branch (in-vacuum undulator with a 24-mm periodic length) of the energy material beamline (E-line) at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). This spectrometer was utilized to implement X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), high-energy resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS), and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Seven spherically bent crystals were positioned on the respective vertical 500-mm-diameter Rowland circles, adopting an area detector to increase the solid angle to 1.75%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document} of 4 pi\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document} sr, facilitating the study of low-concentrate systems under complex reaction conditions. Operated under the atmosphere pressure, the spectrometer covers the energy region from 3.5 to 18 keV, with the Bragg angle ranging from 73 degrees\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\circ }$$\end{document} to 86 degrees\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\circ }$$\end{document} during vertical scanning. It offers a promised energy resolution of sub-eV (XES) and super-eV (HERFD-XAS). Generally, th

关键词： X-ray emission spectroscopy High-energy-resolution X-ray spectrometer Johann geometry Energy materials SSRF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION PHTHALOCYANINE BEAMLINE XANES XAFS MN FE

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chinese herbal medicine Ginkgo biloba *** for ischemic stroke:An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

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Journal of Integrative medicine 2024年第2期22卷 163-179页

作者： Tian-tian Meng Ya-ping You Min Li Jian-bo Guo Xin-bin Song Jing-yi Ding Xiao-long Xie An-qi Li Shang-jin Li Xiang-jun Yin Peng Wang Zhe Wang Bao-liang Wang Qing-yong He Department of Cardiology Guang'anmen HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100032China Department of Rehabilitation Dongfang HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 100071China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China School of chinese medicine the University of Hong KongHong KongChina Graduate School Henan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhou 450008Henan ProvinceChina Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Dongzhimen HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 100010China Department of Cardiology Guang’anmen HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesZhengzhou 450008Henan ProvinceChina School of Integrated Traditional chinese and Western medicine Southwest Medical UniversityHangzhou 310053Zhejiang ProvinceChina School of Basic medical Sciences Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhu 310053Zhejang ProvinceChina Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhou 450003Henan ProvinceChina

Background:Ginkgo biloba ***(GBLPs)are a class of chinese herbal medicine used in the adjuvant treatment of ischemic stroke(IS).Recently,several systematic reviews(SRs)and meta-analyses(MAs)of GBLPs for IS have been ***:This overview aims to assess the quality of related SRs and *** strategy:Pub med,Embase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,chinese Biological medicine,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang,and chinese Science and Technology Journals databases were searched from their inception to December 31,*** criteria:SRs and MAs of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that explored the efficacy of GBLPs for patients with IS were *** extraction and analysis:Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the methodological quality,risk of bias(ROB),reporting quality,and credibility of evidence of the included SRs and MAs using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2(AMSTAR 2),Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews(ROBIS),the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses(PRISMA),and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE),***,descriptive analysis and data synthesis were ***:Twenty-nine SRs/MAs involving 119 outcomes were included in this *** overall methodological quality of all SRs/MAs was critically low based on AMSTAR 2,and 28 had a high ROB based on the *** to the PRISMA statement,the reporting items of the included SRs/MAs are relatively *** results based on GRADE showed that of the 119 outcomes,8 were rated as moderate quality,24 as low quality,and 87 as very low *** on the data synthesis,GBLPs used in conjunction with conventional treatment were superior to conventional treatment alone for decreasing neurological function ***:GBLPs can be considered a beneficial supplemental therapy for ***,because of the low quality of the existing eviden

关键词： statement synthesis alone

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Superhydrophobic melamine sponge prepared by radiation-induced grafting technology for efficient oil-water separation

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NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES 2024年第9期35卷 1-12页

作者： Sun, Ying Wang, Wen-Rui Li, Dan-Yi Xu, Si-Yi Lin, Lin Lu, Man-Li Fan, Kai Xing, Chen-Yang Li, Lin-Fan Li, Ji-Hao chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Appl Phys Shanghai 201800 Peoples R China univ chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Chongqing Coll Elect Engn Sch Architecture & Mat Chongqing 401331 Peoples R China Shenzhen univ Coll Phys & Optoelect Engn Ctr Stretchable Elect & NanoSensors Key Lab Optoelect Devices & SystMinist Educ Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China

This paper presents a superhydrophobic melamine (ME) sponge (ME-g-PLMA) prepared via high-energy radiation-induced in situ covalent grafting of long-alkyl-chain dodecyl methacrylate (LMA) onto an ME sponge for efficient oil-water separation. The obtained ME-g-PLMA sponge had an excellent pore structure with superhydrophobic (water contact angle of 154 degrees\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$154\circ$$\end{document}) and superoleophilic properties. It can absorb various types of oils up to 66-168 times its mass. The ME-g-PLMA sponge can continuously separate oil slicks in water by connecting a pump or separating oil underwater with a gravity-driven device. In addition, it maintained its highly hydrophobic properties even after long-term immersion in different corrosive solutions and repeated oil adsorption. The modified ME-g-PLMA sponge exhibited excellent separation properties and potential for oil spill cleanup.

关键词： Radiation-induced graft polymerization Oil-water separation Sponge Superhydrophobic OIL/WATER SEPARATION LAURYL METHACRYLATE POLYURETHANE SPONGE ABSORPTION ABSORBENT STRATEGY REMOVAL AEROGEL SPILL FOAM

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Hepatoprotective effect of Holothuria leucospilota methanolic extract on dimethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

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ANIMAL MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL medICINE 2024年第4期7卷 544-552页

作者： Dejan, Fatemeh Daneshi, Amineh Aslani, Javad Rajabi Ahmadi, Nasrollah Roozbahani, Narges Eskandari Rahmanian, Elaham Behmanesh, Reza Gheisari, Hamid Reza Shiraz univ Sch Vet Med Dept Basic Sci Shiraz Iran Farzanegan High Sch Dept Educ Tehran Kohgiluyeh & Bo Iran Shiraz univ Sch Vet Med Food Hyg Dept Shiraz Iran Shiraz univ Sch Vet Med Dept Pathol Shiraz Iran Kermanshah univ med Sci Imam Reza Hosp Clin Res Dev Ctr Kermanshah Iran Shiraz univ med Sci Mol Dermatol Res Ctr Shiraz Iran Shiraz univ med Sci Sch Med Dept Anat Shiraz Iran Islamic Azad univ Fac Vet Med Dept Pathobiol Garmsar Branch Garmsar Iran

Background: Complementary medicine is an interesting field for extracting bioactive compounds from various plant and animal sources. The hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic extract of a species of sea cucumber called Holothuria leucospilota in an animal model of liver cancer caused by dimethyl nitrosamine (DMN) was studied. Methods: Wistar female rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12): control (intact), positive control (received 1% DMN [10 mg/kg/week, intraperitoneally] for 12 weeks), and three treatment groups (received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day H. leucospilota extract orally for 12 weeks along with intraperitoneal administration of 1% DMN [10 mg/kg/week]). In all groups, ultrasound was performed on the liver every week to check its density. Blood sampling and liver isolation were performed on three occasions, at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, to check liver enzymes and the histopathological condition of the liver tissue (every week, four animals from each group were randomly selected). Results: Liver density changes were evident from the eighth week onward in the positive control group. Histopathological results indicated pathologic changes in the positive control group after 4 weeks. The increase in liver enzymes in the positive control group was significantly different from that in the treatment and control groups. Conclusions: We demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of H. leucospilota on DMN-induced liver damage in rats using biochemical and histological parameters and ultrasonography. More additional research (in silico or in vitro) is needed to find the exact mechanism and the main biological compound in H. leucospilota.

关键词： dimethyl nitrosamine hepatotoxicity Holothuria leucospilota sea cucumber SEA-CUCUMBER HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA TRITERPENE GLYCOSIDES MOLECULAR-IDENTIFICATION STICHOPUS-HORRENS

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