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Modern Shale Gas Horizontal Drilling： Review of Best Practices for Exploration Phase Planning and Execution

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中国石油勘探 2009年第3期14卷 41-50页

作者： Nathaniel harding Stephen Smith John shelton Mike D. Burnaman harding shelton group Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73102

The challenging characteristics of shale formations often require horizontal drilling to economically develop their potential. While every shale gas play is unique, there are several best practices for the proper planning and execution of a horizontal well. In planning a horizontal well, the optimal method and technology for building inclination and extending the lateral section must be determined. Properly specified logging-while-drilling tools are essential to keep the wellbore within the target formation. Planning must also focus on casing design. Doing so will help ensure stability and enable reliable and productive completions. Shales pose a challenge for these elements of well planning due to their thin strata and potentially low mechanical competence when foreign fluids are introduced. Once a plan is developed, executing it is even more important to prove a viable exploration program. Fast, efficient drilling with wellbore control and minimal torque and drag should be the priority. This may be achieved by focusing on fluid hydraulics and rheology and bottom hole assembly. Managed pressure drilling (MPD) will help fast drilling, well control and stability. If MPD can be combined with new generation rotary steerable systems that allow the drill string to maintain rotation, impressive efficiencies are possible. Modern drilling parameter analysis represents the newest opportunity for executing shale gas horizontal wells. A method for ROP analysis to improve operational parameters and equipment selection is also proposed.

关键词：页岩天然气石油地质勘探

Shale Gas Play Screening and Evaluation Criteria

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中国石油勘探 2009年第3期14卷 51-64页

作者： Michael D. Burnaman Wenwu Xia John shelton harding shelton group Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73102

The uniqueness of shale gas plays is contrasted with conventional oil and gas exploration. Based on our ten year history in shale gas exploration, a practical 17 point list of criteria to use for screening shale gas projects and ranking that encompasses geoscience, geochemistry, reservoir engineering, drilling, completions and production operations is developed and explained. Other considerations that will impact shale gas development are identified and discussed. Some key methodologies to incorporate in the evaluation process are also proposed. The outcome of this proposed screening process, if rigorously applied, should quickly identify the projects that have the most likely chance for success for recommendation to management. Examples from active shale gas plays in the United States are used to support these criteria and references to relevant recent publications and presentations are provided.

关键词：石油天然气勘探开发

Shale Gas Well Completions and Maximizing Gas Recoveries

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中国石油勘探 2009年第3期14卷 65-86页

作者： Michael D. Burnaman Stephen Smith Wenwu Xia harding shelton group Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73102

It is shown that stress fields within the earth are the principle control for hydraulic fracture direction in horizontal shale gas wells. Hydraulic fracturing is a process of increasing permeability within gas shales and involves a sophisticated organization of technology, good planning and proper management of equipment over a very short time period to be successful. The direction and extent of the induced fractures can be determined in near real-time at the well site via application of earthquake seismology theory in a now common process known as frac mapping. Next to the horizontal lateral azimuth, the total volume of slurry pumped into the well is a major factor in determining well EURs. Vertical fracture growth can be controlled and is important in concentration of the slurry within the main zone target zone that has the high TOC and porosity. Cemented casing with perforations is currently the most used method for zone isolation. New open-hole sleeve packers may eventually provide more flexibility in fracture design while also providing a means for refracturing multi-stage fractured horizontal wells, a technique not now commonly available. Multi-Stage fracture design requires incorporating rock properties with fracturing effect simulations and then verifying results using 3D reservoir simulations. Maximizing the gas recovery factors and EURs can be accomplished through use of closely spaced laterals with inter-fingered fracture stages and exploiting the stress shadow fracturing phenomenon. Even greater EURs may be possible if the wells can be refractured thereby opening up additional permeability channels. Shale gas development has progressed in an environmentally sensitive manner within the U.S. and will continue in this manner. During the past ten years, all of these technologies have been either newly developed or were the advancement of existing technology with modifications. The opportunity exists to take these proven technologies to other areas of the wor

关键词：石油天然气勘探开发

Significance of Shale Gas Development

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中国石油勘探 2009年第3期14卷 29-33页

作者： John shelton Mike D. Burnaman Wenwu Xia Nathaniel harding harding shelton group Oklahoma City Oklahoma 73102

Natural gas production from shale formations is growing exponentially in the United States. This paper introduces the five major shale formations in the United States and the technologies used to produce them. The Barnett, Haynesville, Fayetteville, Woodford, and Marcellus combined hold an estimated 978 trillion cubic feet of total gas reserves. These findings along with recent technological advances in horizontal drilling and completion methods have transformed the natural gas exploration and production industry in the U.S. and have fundamentally changed the U.S. energy picture. Specifically this paper states that the United States through the utilization of natural gas from shale can reduce its carbon emissions and can become more energy self-sufficient. Finally, the harding & shelton group states in this paper that the opportunity to locate and produce shale gas in China is very similar to that which has taken place in the United States.

关键词：页岩石油天然气地质勘探

Comparison between Auditory and Visual Simple Reaction Times

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Neuroscience & Medicine 2010年第1期1卷 30-32页

作者： Jose shelton Gideon Praveen Kumar Gippsland Physiotherapy group VIT University

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out whether the simple reaction time was faster for auditory or visual stimulus and the factors responsible for improving the performance of the athlete. Methodology: 14 subjects were as- signed randomly into groups consisting of 2 members. Both the members from each group performed both the visual and auditory tests. The tests were taken from the DirectRT software program from a laptop. The DirectRT software consists of Testlabvisual and Testlabsounds to test the reaction times to visual and auditory stimuli. The 2 members from each group completed both the visual and auditory reaction times, the data was taken and the mean reaction time was calculated excluding the first and last values. Results: The results show that the mean visual reaction time is around 331 milliseconds as compared to the mean auditory reaction time of around 284 milliseconds. Conclusion: This shows that the auditory reaction time is faster than the visual reaction time. And also males have faster reaction times when compared to females for both auditory as well as visual stimuli.

关键词： Reaction time Auditory stimuli Visual stimuli Neuromuscular-physiological response auditory cortex visual cortex muscle contraction

Analysis of Commercial Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies or Antigens

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Open Journal of Immunology 2020年第2期10卷 21-35页

作者： John M. González William J. shelton Manuel Díaz-Vallejo Victoria E. Rodriguez-Castellanos Juan Diego H. Zuluaga Diego F. Chamorro Daniel Arroyo-Ariza Biomedical Sciences group School of Medicine Universidad de los Andes Bogotá DC Colombia

Background: COVID-19 produced by SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread worldwide. There is a growing need for immunological assays to detect viral specific antibodies or viral antigen. Current standard of diagnosis is reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in nasopharyngeal swabs. However serological tests can be used to determine previous exposure to the virus and complement the diagnosis. IgM and IgG SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies can be detected as early as one week after infection and assays can be useful to test large groups of individuals. This work revised the available information concerning assays that detect antibodies and antigens for SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Three sources of information were used: technical data sheets (TDS) web pages of the company’s products and published articles in Pubmed with reference to the use of diagnostic kits. All the information was revised until April 5th 2020. Results: There were 226 tests coming from 20 countries mainly from China. TDS were found only in 50 (22.1%). Most assays detect specific antibodies (n 180) based on immunochromatography methods (n 110) and use blood-derived samples (n 105). Assays for antibodies detection measured mainly IgM/IgG (n 112) and the most common procedure time was in vitro diagnosis (IVD). A total 165 articles were found on PubMed 15 were included and only 4 used the commercial kits reviewed. Conclusions: Due to the urgency of producing diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 there is a broad offer of kits. Many tests need additional information for their application. The data collected may be useful in the selection of assays but more and higher quality information is needed.

关键词： Antibody Antigen Coronavirus Immunoassay SARS

Contribution of new immunoglobulin-derived biomarkers in plasma cell dyscrasias and lymphoproliferative disorders

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World Journal of Hematology 2013年第2期2卷 6-12页

作者： Marie-Christine Kyrtsonis Dimitrios Maltezas Efstathios Koulieris Tatiana Tzenou Stephen J harding Haematology Section of 1~(st) Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Athens Medical SchoolLaikon University Hospital 11527 Athens Greece The Binding Site group Ltd. BirminghamB151QT United Kingdom

New assays for serum immunoglobulin(Ig) free and heavy chain quantification were developed for routine clinical practice. Serum free light chain(s FLC) assay was shown to improve detection, management and prognostication in all plasma cell dyscrasias. More precisely, s FLC measurements proved to be prognostic for the progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma(MM), became markers of response and survival in amyloid light-chain amyloidosis and contributed to accurate follow-up of patients with light chain and non secretory MM. In addition, s FLC and they ratio(s FLCR) were shown useful for the prognosis and monitoring of intact Ig myeloma; their evaluation was incorporated in the new uniform response criteria. s FLC or s FLCR were also observed abnormal in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL). Moreover, increased s FLC levels, summated s FLC or abnormal s FLCR predict shorter overall survival in early-stage CLL while increased s FLC constituted an independent, adverseprognostic factor for event-free and overall survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Clinical applications of heavy Ig chain separately(HLC) measurements are more recent and mainly concern MM in which HLC deriving ratios correlated with parameters of disease activity and constituted an adverse survival marker.

关键词： Immunoglobulin quantification FreeliteTM HevyliteTM Diagnosis Monitoring Prognosis

A global synthesis of the effectiveness and ecological impacts of management interventions for Spartina species

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2023年第11期17卷 263-272页

作者： Shengyu Wang Philip A.Martin Yan Hao William J.Sutherland Gorm E.Shackelford Jihua Wu Ruiting Ju Wenneng Zhou Bo Li Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering National Observations and Research Station of Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze EstuaryInstitute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-ChongmingSchool of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai 200438China Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine’s(BioRISC) St Catharine’s CollegeUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB21RLUK Conservation Science group Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB23QZUK State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems and College of Ecology Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds School of EcologyEnvironment and ResourcesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive AdaptationEvolutionary Ecology and Centre for Invasion BiologyInstitute of BiodiversitySchool of Ecology and Environmental ScienceYunnan UniversityKunming 650504China

Invasions by Spartina species pose serious threats to global coastal *** many studies have examined the effectiveness and ecological impacts of invasive Spartina management,no comprehensive global synthesis has been conducted to assess the effects of management on Spartina per se and on wider ***,we conducted a global meta-analysis of 3,459 observations from 102 studies to quantify the effects of different management interventions(physical,chemical,biological,and integrated control)on Spartina per se and native biodiversity and *** found that physical measures quickly suppressed Spartina but that their effectiveness declined over *** contrast,chemical measures decreased the abundance and growth of Spartina to a lesser degree in the early stage,but the effectiveness increased over *** management measures did not significantly decrease the diversity of native biota on the whole,but native-plant diversity significantly decreased with time after physical *** management measures did not affect abiotic factors *** results support the use of chemical measures to control invasive Spartina,although their effectiveness would depend on the time since the management *** the problem of Spartina regrowth following physical control requires improved *** hold that initial states of invaders and subsequent environmental changes after management interventions should be weighed in evaluating control efficacy.

关键词： Plant invasion Biodiversity Meta-analysis Restoration Salt marshes Treatment timing

GDNF-Enhanced Axonal Regeneration and Myelination Following Spinal Cord Injury is Mediated by Primary Effects on Neurons

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神经损伤与功能重建 2009年第4期4卷 268-281页

作者： LIQUN ZHANG ZHENGWEN MA GEORGE M. SMITH XUEJUN WEN YELENA PRESSMAN PATRICK M. WOOD AND XIAO-MING XU Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center Departments of Neurological Surgery and Ana-tomical Sciences and NeurobiologyUniversity of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville Kentueky Department of Orthopedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou Fujian People＇s Republic of China Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center Department of Physiology University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center Lexington Kentucky Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengi- neering Program Charleston South Carolina The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis Departments of Neurological Surgery University of Miami School of Medicine MiamiFlorida Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research group Stark Neurosciences Research Institute and Department of Neurological Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana

我们先前研究表明胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)联合施万细胞移植能促进脊髓损伤后轴突再生和髓鞘形成。然而,GDNF介导这一过程的细胞靶点尚不清楚。在此,我们报道了GDNF可增加在体再生轴突的数目和直径,并促进体外背根神经节神经元... 详细信息

我们先前研究表明胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)联合施万细胞移植能促进脊髓损伤后轴突再生和髓鞘形成。然而,GDNF介导这一过程的细胞靶点尚不清楚。在此,我们报道了GDNF可增加在体再生轴突的数目和直径,并促进体外背根神经节神经元的轴突向外生长,提示GDNF对神经元有直接作用。在施万细胞-背根神经节神经元共培养下,GDNF显著增加施万细胞生成的髓鞘数目;GDNF处理对孤立培养的施万细胞增殖无作用,但可促进已与神经轴突有突触联系的施万细胞增殖;GDNF可增加孤立施万细胞中分子量为140kDa的神经细胞黏附分子(NCAM)的表达,但对黏附分子L1表达或神经营养因子NGF、NT3及BDNF分泌没有影响。总之,这些结果支持假设:GDNF提高轴突再生和施万细胞髓鞘形成主要是通过GDNF对神经元的直接作用介导的,并且提示GDNF联合施万细胞移植可能是促进脊髓损伤后轴突再生和髓鞘形成的有效策略之一。

关键词： GDNF 轴突髓鞘形成再生施万细胞脊髓损伤