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Effect of spatial scale on runoff coefficient: Evidence from the Ethiopian highlands

International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2018年第4期6卷 289-296页

作者： Tesfaye Mebrate Lemma Gizaw Desta Gessesse Asfaw Kebede Kassa Desalegn Chemeda Edossa Debre Berhan University Debre BerhanEthiopia Water and Land Resources Center Addis AbabaEthiopia haramaya institute of technology HaramayaEthiopia South-Man Engineering ManitobaWinnipegCanada

The runoff coefficient (RC) is the ratio between the runoff and rainfall amounts and is scale dependent, which is due in part to the heterogeneity of watershed characteristics. This study quantified the spatial scale effects on runoff using long-term rainfall-runoff data on runoff plots and small watersheds. Effect of spatial scale on RC was studied for 12 runoff plots (2m by 15m) and three small watersheds (113-477 ha) in the highlands of Ethiopia using a total of 4397 and 13,92515-day cumulative pairs of rainfall and runoff data at watershed and runoff plot scales, respectively. The observed average RC of runoff plots was extrapolated based on the extent of representation of a particular watershed in terms of slope, land use, cover and soil type. The weighted RC of plots was then compared with the observed RC of the watershed to determine a scale factor for extrapolation. A decrease in RC from plot to the watershed was observed in Anjeni and Andit Tid watersheds, while an increase in RC in Maybar watershed illustrates the role of specific watershed conditions in determining the scale effect. This, in turn, suggests that the variation in scale factor is not well explained by the difference in the area alone. The scale effect of runoff generation was better explained by extrapolating the RC based on the representation of different watershed characteristics. Thus, extrapolation exercises in runoff modeling and scaling efforts of soil and water conservation practices should consider the scale effect cautiously.

关键词： Runoff coefficient Spatial scale Rainfall-runoff relation Ethiopian highlands

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The Need for Agricultural Water Management in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2016年第9期8卷 835-843页

作者： Kbrom Ambachew Gebrehiwot Mehari Gidey Gebrewahid Department of Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering Institute of Technology Haramaya University Haramaya Ethiopia

This paper discusses the current and future conditions that affect water resources and the constraints of water (agricultural) management in sub-Saharan Africa and suggests remedial measures to be considered by policy makers. The pressure on the quantity and quality of water resources is rising in sub-Saharan Africa due to the increased demand of water for agriculture and other purposes as a result of increase in population and food demand. The availability of water is also under threat from changing climate and as a result, water scarcity is expected in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, the availability of water for agriculture is expected to further shrink due to the increasing demand of water for other purposes like industry, manufacturing and environmental requirement. The current poor efficiency rate of irrigation systems and massive expansion of irrigated area is expected to further exacerbate the water scarcity. Hence, a water management policy focused on maximization of water use efficiency and water productivity should be prioritized in order to meet the food demand of the growing population and cope with water scarcity problems. Engineering and management intervention integrated with strong society awareness and participation is considered very crucial in enhancing water use efficiency and crop water productivity.

关键词： Water Scarcity Water Management Water Use Efficiency Water Productivity Sub-Saharan Africa

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Farmers’ Perception of Soil Erosion and Adoption of Soil Conservation Technologies at Geshy Sub-Catchment, Gojeb River Catchment, Ethiopia

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Agricultural Sciences 2019年第1期10卷 46-65页

作者： Melku Dagnachew Alemu Asfaw Kebede Awdenegest Moges Natural Resources Management Wolaita Soddo University Wolaita Sodo Ethiopia haramaya institute of technology Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia Hawassa institute of technology Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia

The study was conducted to investigate farmers’ perception of soil erosion, participation and adoption of soil conservation technologies (SWC) in Geshy sub-catchment of Gojeb river catchment, Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia during 2016. The study is based on a detailed survey of 77 households using structured interviews, field observation and focus group discussion. Descriptive and chi-square statistics were applied to analyze factors that affected farmers’ perceived soil erosion severity, participation and adoption options. The results revealed that about 79% of farmers perceived soil erosion problem and its consequences and 97.4% of them believed that it can be controlled. Almost all (97.4%) farmers acknowledged the presence of SWC technologies and about 92.2% of them were participated in conservation activities voluntarily. Thus, 93.5% of them realized decreasing rate of soil erosion and 79.9% of them observed an increasing trend in soil fertility status. Consequently, 94.8% of them confirmed the potential of SWC technologies to halt land degradation and improve land productivity. Furthermore, 98.7% of them were willing to adopt with very good adoption judgment and 94.8% of them were willing to continue maintaining constructed technologies in the future. Principally, farmers’ perception of soil erosion, their genuine participation derived from their conviction, and adoption of induced SWC technologies are the decisive elements for the success of watershed management interventions.

关键词： Adoption Perception Soil and Water Conservation Soil Erosion Geshy Sub-Catchment Ethiopia

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Phenotypic methods of greater accuracy to detect the mecA gene product for the recognition of MRSA in resource constraint settings

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第9期3卷 741-744页

作者： Rasheed MU Ahmed Z Assistant Professor Department of Medical Microbiology haramaya University HararEthiopia Head-School of Medical Laboratory technology Jimma University JimmaEthiopia

Objective:To evaluate the detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and analyze the performance of Mastalex MRSA(Mast,UK).Methods:Two hundred and ten Staphylococcus aureus(***) strains were isolated from different clinical samples and were tested for methicillin resistance by Oxacillin(1μg) and Cefoxitin(30μg) disc diffusion, oxacillin agar screen,and minimum inhibitory concentration of oxacillin and *** isolates were grown on the blood agar and mannitol salt agar with(2 mg/L) and without oxacillin for the analysis of Mastalex ***:Out of 210 *** strains tested,103 strains were detected as methicillin resistant by Cefoxitin disk diffusion,Cefoxitin minimal inhibitory concentration(MlC) and Mastalex MRSA *** oxacillin disc diffusion and oxacillin agar screen detected 91 and 97 MRSA *** Cefoxitin MIC test performance was equivalent to Cefoxitin disc diffusion.103(100%) strains grown on blood agar without and with oxacillin,and 76(74%) and 93(91%) strains grown on mannitol salt agar without and with oxacillin shown positive agglutination with Mastalex MRSA test ***:The cefoxitin disk diffusion/ Mastalex MRSA is very suitable for detection of MRSA and the tests can be an alternative to PCR for detection of MRSA in resource constraint *** test would be particularly useful when confirmation of resistance is urgently required.

关键词： Staphylococcus aureus Oxacillin Cefoxitin Mastalex MRSA

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Recent advances in extraction of antioxidants from plant by-products processing industries

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Food Quality and Safety 2017年第1期1卷 61-81页

作者： M.Selvamuthukumaran John Shi Department of Food Science and Post Harvest technology Institute of TechnologyHaramaya UniversityPO Box 138Dire DawaEthiopia Guelph Research and Development Center Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada93 Stone Road WestGuelphOntario N1G 5C9Canada

The by-products obtained from plant processing industries are the cheap source of bioactive compounds especially *** of bioactive compounds can be obtained by using conventional and non-conventional *** efficiency of any conventional method mainly depends on the choice of *** major challenges of conventional extraction are longer extraction time,requirement of costly and high purity solvent,evaporation of the huge amount of solvent,low extraction selectivity,and thermal decomposition of thermolabile *** overcome these limitations of conventional extraction methods,new and promising extraction techniques are *** techniques are referred as non-conventional extraction ***,in this review,some of the most promising techniques such as ultrasoundassisted extraction,pulsed electric field extraction,enzyme-assisted extraction,microwave-assisted extraction,pressurized liquid extraction,supercritical fluid extraction,pressurized low-polarity water extraction,and molecular distillation were *** process systems along with industrial applications for non-conventional method of antioxidants extraction were discussed,and the comparative efficacies of different extraction methods were *** conventional technologies by non-conventional ones for the extraction of valuable compounds from plant by-products processing industries has several advantages,which includes reduction of the processing time,energy consumption,and the uses of harmful and expensive solvents and increase in the extraction *** and development of hybrid methods should be investigated,while considering plant material characteristics and choice of compounds in *** choice of standard methods also influences the measurement of extraction *** increasing economic significance of bioactive compounds and commodities rich in these bioactive compounds may lead to find out more sophi

关键词： Antioxidants Extraction Non-conventional methods Plant by-products Pulsed electric field extraction Ultrasoundassisted extraction

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Ethnobotanical Study towards Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Upper Catchments of Dhauli Ganga in the Central Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2012年第2期9卷 286-296页

作者： L.S.KANDARI P.C.PHONDANI K.C.PAYAL K.S.RAO R.K.MAIKHURI School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesHaramaya University G.B.Pant institute of Himalayan Environment&Development Department of Botany University of Delhi

The present study broadly focused on medicinal plant species collected from wild by the villagers for different purposes in the upper catchment of Dhauli Ganga in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve(NDBR),in the central Himalaya.A schedule based survey was conducted during the years 2003-2005 in 15 villages of Chamoli district part of the *** was collected from collectors, vaidya(medicine man)and those dealing with domestication and marketing of the medicinal plants. The aim of the study was to understand the prioritiesed medicinal plants,their mode of collection and document their ethnobotanical uses by the Bhotiya tribal communities,in this world heritage site. During the survey,50 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 44 genera were *** of these,70% were harvested from the wild,22% were cultivated and 8% were cultivated as well as wild *** the cultivated species,8% were found growing in the kitchen gardens and 14%in the agricultural ***,42%of the plants had their roots and rhizomes used followed by leaves (26%),seeds(10%),seed and leaf(8%),bark and whole plant(6%)and flower(1%).Most plants were reported to be used for rheumatism(16),followed by stomach disorder(14),cold and cough(11),and jaundice(9).Thirty three plants species were reported to have more than one therapeutic uses,while 17 species were reported to be used against single *** distance of villages from road head was one of the factors contributing to the decline in the medicinal plant population in their natural habitats. The availability of medicinal plants increased with increase in distance from road head and also the peoples'dependence on *** of the traditional knowledge will help in conservation of knowledge and also opportunity for using it for future training and *** result of this study will help in promoting sustainable cultivation and implementation in conservation protocol of those species,which are in the verge of exti

关键词： Conservation strategy Ethnobotany Medicinal plants Traditional communities Central Himalaya

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Growth Performance of Arsi, Borana, Harar and HF-Crossbred Bulls Finished under Similar Feeding Condition

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2022年第2期12卷 171-191页

作者： Ahmedin Abdurehman Musa Yesihak Yusuf Mummed Mohammed Yusuf Kurtu Melese Temesgen Travis Gene O’Quinn Umer Seid Geletu Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture Oda Bultum University Chiro Ethiopia School of Animal and Range Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Haramaya University Haramaya Ethiopia Department of Food Science Institute of Technology Haramaya University Haramaya Ethiopia Department of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan USA

The study was conducted to evaluate the fattening performance of Arsi, Borana, Harar and Holstein Friesian crossbred bulls finished under a similar feeding condition at the beef farm in haramaya University. The average daily weight gain of the four breeds ranges from 0.49 to 0.71 kg. Feed conversion efficiency also ranges from 0.11 - 0.15. Simple linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between live body weight change and change in body condition score as well as seven linear body measurements for all age groups. An average change for a unite of body condition score was equivalent to 20.3, 20.61, 22.42 and 27.78 kg for Borana, Arsi, Harar and Holstein Friesian crossbred bulls respectively. Body condition score was significantly influenced by breeds. There was a significant breed by age interaction effect on the initial body condition score of the four breeds. There was a significant and positive strong association between change in body weight and body condition score. There was a significant and strong correlation between change in body weight and change in Total topline, neck length, heart girth, flank circumference and rump length having correlation coefficients ranges from 0.57 to 0.97. A higher net profit of 7380.47 ETB per head was recorded by Borana bulls followed by Harar bulls, Arsi and Holstein Friesian crossbred with net profit of 5406.86, 5193.29 and 3384.98 ETB per head respectively. Borana bulls are more superior in weight gain and net profit. Bodyweight change could be predicted based on body condition score change during the fattening period.

关键词： Weight Gain Body Condition Score Change in Linear Body Measurement

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Approximate Controllability of Fractional Order Retarded Semilinear Control Systems

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International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application 2013年第3期2卷 153-160页

作者： Simegne Tafesse Nagarajan Sukavanam Department of Mathematics Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia Department of Mathematics Indian Institute Technology Roorkee (IITR) Roorkee India

In this paper, approximate controllability of fractional order retarded semilinear systems is studied when the nonlinear term satisfies the newly formulated bounded integral contractor-type conditions. We have shown the existence and uniqueness of the mild solution for the fractional order retarded semilinear systems using an iterative procedure approach. Finally, we obtain the approximate controllability results of the system under simple condition.

关键词： Approximate Controllability Fractional Order Existence and Uniqueness Retarded Semilinear System Integral Contractor

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Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Water Resources of Megech River Catchment, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2017年第2期7卷 141-152页

作者： Endalkachew Abebe Asfaw Kebede Department of Soil and Water Resource Management Woldia University Woldia Ethiopia School of Natural Resource and Environmental Engineering Institute of Technology Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia

This study was aimed to assess the impact of climate change on the water resource of Megech river catchment. In this study, large scale regional climate model (REMO) output was downscaled statistically to metrological variables at a daily resolution using SDSM model version 5.11. We noticed that statistical downscaling smooth out the bias between REMO output and observed data. According to the projected climate data, the maximum temperature is likely to have an increasing trend +0.57°C while the minimum temperature shows a decreasing trends ﹣0.61°C. There is no clear trend for precipitation, both increasing and decreasing trend observed in the catchment. The HBV-Light hydrological model was successfully calibrated (1991-1995) and validated (1998-2000) using current climatic inputs and observed river flows. The overall performances of the model was good at monthly time scale both on calibration (NSE = 0.91) and validation (NSE = 0.86). Future discharge (2015-2050) was simulated using statistically downscaled 20 ensembles climate scenario data for both A1B and B1 scenarios. HBV-Light model simulation results showed a reduction of the peak discharge in August and September.

关键词： HBV-Light Model Megech REMO SDSM

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Ground Water Harvesting through Traditional Water Harvesting technology: Adopting Himalayan Practices in Ethiopian Highlands

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International Journal of Geosciences 2013年第6期4卷 30-37页

作者： Dharmendra Kumar Dube R. Uttama Reddy R. Hiranmai Yadav Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia School of Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences Haramaya University Dire Dawa Ethiopia

The fresh water system is most critical for sustainability of life. In present days the world is facing a shortage of potable water. Though Ethiopia is known as “The water tower of East Africa” yet it is facing severe water shortage that leads to poor agricultural productivity and imparts serious negative impact on human lives. It is essential to develop water resources in a sustainable way to ensure food security and economic development. The water scarcity is due to the lack of resource management and due to the changes in environmental factors. In Ethiopia ground water is a major source of drinking water to vast rural population. The country’s perennial water budget depends on the ground and spring water system. The ever increasing population, mismanagement and global climatic changes are having an adverse impact on these resources. To harvest the available resources in a sustainable way will help to meet the needs of present era without compromising the future generation. The present study is an approach to compare and utilize the traditional water harvesting practices of Himalaya in Ethiopian highlands. A detailed study of the water sources and mechanism of ground water, geology and social management system of their water resources were studied booth side. Further application of the indigenous technical knowledge for sustainable of the ground water is proposed based on Himalayan practices. The Ethiopian “Minches” could be preserved and better utilized by adopting the merits of time tested indigenous management system of “Naule” of Himalaya.

关键词： Ethiopian Highlands Ground Water Harvesting Himalaya Minch Naule Water Management

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