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Effects of dry and mist saunas on circulatory and thermoregulatory functions in humans

Health 2013年第2期5卷 267-273页

作者： Satoshi Iwase Yuko Kawahara Naoki Nishimura Hiroki Takada Mayumi Nagata Yuki Niimi Chihiro Miwa Aichi Medical College for Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Kiyosu Japan department of Human & Artificial Intelligent systems Graduate School of Engineering University of Fukui Fukui Japan department of Neurology Tsushima Municipal Hospital Tsushima Japan department of Physiology Aichi Medical University Nagakute Japan group of home systems & appliance r&d Department of Home Systems & Appliance Sales Toho Gas Co. Ltd. Nagoya Japan Plumbing Fixtures Technology research Institute Kitchen & Plumbing Fixtures Company LIXIL Corporation Tokoname Japan

To test the hypothesis that mist sauna is a safer way of bathing than dry sauna, we compared changes in circulatory and thermoregulatory functions during 10 min sauna bathing in mist sauna at 40℃ with relative humidity of 100%, and in dry sauna by infrared ray at 70℃ with relative humidity of 15%. Subjects were seven healthy young men aged 29 ± 6 yrs (mean ± Sd). We measured blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperatures at chest, forearm, thigh, and leg, tympanic temperature (Tty) by thermistors, skin blood flow at forearm by laser doppler flowmetry, and sweat rate by ventilated capsule method at 1 min intervals throughout the experiment. Total sweating and change of hematocrit were also measured for dehydration analysis. Blood pressure was elevated more and changes in heart rate and total sweating were larger in dry sauna than mist. A significant hematocrit increase was observed in dry sauna bathing only. Mean skin temperature and Tty in dry sauna were elevated higher than those in mist. Heat stress of the dry sauna may be stronger than that of the mist, leading to dehydration and hypovolemia by sweating. Percent plasma volume loss was significantly larger in the dry than mist sauna. Changes in skin blood flow and sweat rate/Tty during mist sauna were significantly larger than those during dry sauna bathing despite heat stress of the mist sauna. The mist sauna bathing may thus be safer physiologically, and provide more effective vascular dilatation and sweating than the dry sauna bathing.

关键词： Sauna Bathing Mist Sauna dry Sauna Heat Stress Hemodynamic Change Thermoregulatory Function

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Coalition Formation of Microgrids with distributed Energy resources and Energy Storage in Energy Market

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Journal of Modern Power systems and Clean Energy 2020年第5期8卷 906-918页

作者： Jaber Valinejad Mousa Marzband Mert Korkali Yijun Xu Ameena Saad Al-Sumaiti IEEE Bradley department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia TechNorthern Virginia CenterGreater Washington D.C.VA 22043USA department of Computer Science Virginia TechNorthern Virginia CenterGreater Washington D.C.VA 22043USA department of Mathematics Physicsand Electrical EngineeringNorthumbria UniversityNewcastleUK Center of research Excellence in renewable Energy and Power systems King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah 21589Saudi Arabia Computational Engineering division Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCA 94550USA Advanced Power and Energy Center Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceKhalifa UniversityAbu DhabiP.O.Box 127788UAE

Power grids include entities such as home-microgrids(H-MGs),consumers,and retailers,each of which has a unique and sometimes contradictory objective compared with others while exchanging electricity and heat with other ***,there is the need for a smart structure to handle the new *** paper proposes a bilevel hierarchical structure for designing and planning distributed energy resources(dErs)and energy storage in H-MGs by considering the demand response(dr).In general,the upper-level structure is based on H-MG generation competition to maximize their individual and/or group income in the process of forming a coalition with other *** upper-level problem is decomposed into a set of low-level market clearing *** electricity and heat markets are simultaneously modeled in this ***,including wind turbines(WTs),combined heat and power(CHP)systems,electric boilers(EBs),electric heat pumps(EHPs),and electric energy storage systems,participate in the electricity *** addition,CHP systems,gas boilers(GBs),EBs,EHPs,solar thermal panels,and thermal energy storage systems participate in the heat *** show that the formation of a coalition among H-MGs present in one grid will not only have a significant effect on programming and regulating the value of the power generated by the generation resources,but also impact the demand consumption and behavior of consumers participating in the dr program with a cheaper market clearing price.

关键词： Microgrids distributed energy resource(dEr) electricity market heat market demand response(dr) coalition formation energy storage

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Current Status and Future Prospect of Ultra-pure Ferritic Stainless Steels in Baosteel

Current Status and Future Prospect of Ultra-pure Ferritic St...

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第十届中国钢铁年会暨第六届宝钢学术年会

作者： Jiang Laizhu Hu Xuefa Baosteel research Institute Baosteel Stainless Co. Ltd.Baosteel Group

The ultra pure ferritic stainless steels have been extensively developed in Baosteel recently over the past 10 years. Such group of stainless steels is featured low carbon plus low nitrogen contents, titanium and /or niobium microalloyed, good corrosion resistance, formability and weldability. In addition, different surface states, such as 2d, 2B, BA, HL, etc., have been gained through different manufacturing processes. The integrated production technology from steelmaking, hot rolling to annealing and pickling, cold rolling, etc, has been developed and improved consistently aiming for better surface quality and application properties to meet the higher requirement of customers. The number of new products is increased from 1 to 28 covering 16%8% Cr and 0% Mo alloying, while the production volume is unbelievably increased from 90 tonnes in the year 2004 to 210000 tonnes last year. Those products are applied in many advanced areas, such as home appliance, construction and building, auto exhausting pipe and even energy industry, etc.

关键词： ferritic stainless steel production technology application

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