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Arthropods and biofuel production systems in North America

Insect Science 2010年第3期17卷 220-236页

作者： Douglas A. Landis Benjamin P. Werling Department of Entomology and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center 204 Center for Integrated Plant Systems Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA

Biomass harvest may eventually be conducted on over 100 000 000 ha of US crop and forest lands to meet federally-mandated targets for renewable biofuels. Such largescale land use changes could profoundly impact working landscapes and the arthropod communities that inhabit them. We review the literature on dedicated biofuel crops and biomass harvest from forests to look for commonalities in arthropod community responses. With expanded biofuel production, existing arthropod pests of biofuel crops will likely become more important and new pests will emerge. Beneficial arthropods will also be influenced by biofuel crop habitats, potentially altering the distribution of pollination and pest control services to the surrounding landscape. Production of biofuel crops including initial crop selection, genetic improvement, agronomic practices, and harvest regimes will also influence arthropod communities. In turn, arthropods will impact the productivity and species composition of biomass production systems. Some of these processes have the potential to cause landscape-level changes in arthropod community dynamics and insect- vectored plant diseases. Finally, changes in arthropod populations and their spatiotemporal distribution in the landscape will have impacts on consumers of insects at higher trophic levels, potentially influencing their population and community dynamics and producing feedbacks to arthropod communities. Given that dedicated biofuel crops and intensified biomass harvest from forests are still relatively uncommon in North America, as they increase, we anticipate ＇predictably unpredictable＇ shifts in arthropod communities and the ecosystem services and functions they support. We suggest that research on arthropod dynamics within biofuel crops, their spillover into adjacent habitats, and implications for the sustainability of working landscapes are critical topics for both basic and applied investigations.

关键词： biodiversity land use change pest management

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Carbon storage and net primary productivity in Canadian boreal mixedwood stands

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Journal of Forestry research 2019年第5期30卷 1667-1678页

作者： Nicholas J.Payne D.Allan Cameron Jean-Denis Leblanc Ian K.Morrison Canadian Forest Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre

Canadian boreal mixedwood forests are extensive,with large potential for carbon sequestration and storage;thus,knowledge of their carbon stocks at different stand ages is needed to adapt forest management practices to help meet climate-change mitigation *** stocks were quantified at three Ontario boreal mixedwood sites.A harvested stand,a juvenile stand replanted with spruce seedlings and a mature stand had total carbon stocks(±SE)of 133±13 at age 2,130±13 at age 25,and 207±15 Mg C ha^-1 at age 81 *** the clear-cut site,stocks were reduced by about 40%or 90 Mg C ha^-1 at *** held 27,34 and 62%of stocks,while detritus held 34,29 and 13%of stocks at age 2,25 and 81,*** soil carbon stocks averaged 51 Mg C ha^-1,and held 38,37 and 25%of *** net primary productivity(±SE)in the harvested and juvenile stand was 2.1±0.2 and 3.7±0.3 Mg C ha^-1 per annum(p.a.),compared to 2.6±2.5 Mg C ha^-1 *** the mature *** mature canopies studied had typical boreal mixedwood composition and mean carbon densities of 208 Mg C ha^-1,which is above average for managed Canadian boreal forest ecosystems.A comparison of published results from Canadian boreal forest ecosystems showed that carbon stocks in mixedwood stands are typically higher than coniferous stands at all ages,which was also true for stocks in vegetation and ***,aboveground net primary productivity was typically found to be higher in mixedwood than in coniferous boreal forest stands over a range of *** from this study,together with those published from the other boreal forest stands demonstrate the potential for enhanced carbon sequestration through modified forest management practices to take advantage of Canadian boreal mixedwood stand characteristics.

关键词： Aboveground net primary productivity Boreal mixedwood forest Carbon stocks Mixedwood stand management Stand age

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Identification of Lignin and Polysaccharide Modifications in Populus Wood by Chemometric Analysis of 2D NMR Spectra from Dissolved Cell Walls

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Molecular Plant 2009年第5期2卷 933-942页

作者： Mattias Hedenstrom Susanne Wiklund-Lindstrom Tommy Oman Fachuang Lu Lorenz Gerber Paul Schatz Bjorn Sundberg John Ralph Department of Chemistry Umea University SE-90187 Umea Sweden Department of Biochemistry and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA Umea Plant Science Centre Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE-90183 Umea Sweden US Dairy Forage research center USDA-Agricultural Research Service Madison WI 53706 USA

2D ^13C-^1H HSQC NMR spectroscopy of acetylated cell walls in solution gives a detailed fingerprint that can be used to assess the chemical composition of the complete wall without extensive degradation. We demonstrate how multivariate analysis of such spectra can be used to visualize cell wall changes between sample types as high-resolution 2D NMR loading spectra. Changes in composition and structure for both lignin and polysaccharides can subsequently be interpreted on a molecular level. The multivariate approach alleviates problems associated with peak picking of overlapping peaks, and it allows the deduction of the relative importance of each peak for sample discrimination. As a first proof of concept, we compare Populus tension wood to normal wood. All well established differences in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compositions between these wood types were readily detected, confirming the reliability of the multivariate approach, In a second example, wood from transgenic Populus modified in their degree of pectin methylesterification was compared to that of wild-type trees. We show that differences in both lignin and polysaccharide composition that are difficult to detect with traditional spectral analysis and that could not be a priori predicted were revealed by the multivariate approach. 2D NMR of dissolved cell wall samples combined with multivariate analysis constitutes a novel approach in cell wall analysis and provides a new tool that will benefit cell wall research.

关键词： Aspen biostatistics cell walls multivariate data analysis NMR spectroscopy tension wood

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MYB46-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Secondary Wall Biosynthesis

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Molecular Plant 2012年第5期5卷 961-963页

作者： Jae-Heung Ko Won-Chan Kim Joo-Yeol Kim Sung-Ju Ahn Kyung-Hwan Han Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources Kyung Hee University Yongin Korea bioenergy center Kyung Hee University Yongin Korea Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824-1222 USA DOE-great lakes bioenergy research center Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824-1222 USA Department of bioenergy Science and Technology (WCU) Chonnam National University 333 Yongbongro Buk-gu Gwangju 500-757 Korea

Formation of secondary wall requires coordinated transcrip- tional regulation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of major secondary wall components （e.g. cellulose, hemicellu- lose, and lignin）. Even though many aspects of plant biology have been extensively elucidated using various model spe- cies, our current understanding of secondary wall formation is limited.

关键词： Biosynthesis Regulation Wall

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Depth Distributions of Belowground Production, Biomass and Decomposition in Restored Tallgrass Prairie

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Pedosphere 2019年第4期29卷 457-467页

作者： Adam C.VON HADEN Mathew E.DORNBUSH Environmental Science and Policy Graduate Program University of Wisconsin- Green Bay Green Bay WI 54311 (USA) great lakes bioenergy research center University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53726 (USA) Department of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Wisconsin- Green Bay Green Bay WI 54311 (USA)

Grasslands store large stocks of soil organic carbon(SOC) in the subsoil, but our knowledge of belowground processes becomes less robust with depth. Vertically explicit SOC models typically assume that the depth distribution of belowground production follows the depth distribution of belowground biomass, but this assumption has not been tested. In addition to the effects of soil temperature and moisture on decomposition, some vertically explicit SOC models implement an intrinsic decrease in belowground decomposition with depth, yet this effect has rarely been observed empirically. We simultaneously measured the depth distributions of belowground biomass, production, and litter decomposition to assess whether belowground biomass depth distributions were suitable predictors of belowground production and whether belowground decomposition decreased with soil profile depth. We found that live and total(live +dead) belowground biomass was distributed relatively more shallowly than total belowground production, and thus total belowground biomass was a biased predictor of the vertical distribution of belowground production. The depth distribution of live roots < 2 mm in diameter was found to be the best predictor of total belowground production depth distribution. Using an intact decay core method,we found that belowground litter decomposition decreased by 49% from 0–10 to 30–40 cm depth, and model-simulated effects of soil temperature and moisture accounted for only 9% of the observed decrease with depth. Vertically explicit SOC models can be improved with more accurate empirical belowground production depth distribution estimates, but depth-specific decomposition rates currently implemented in SOC models are necessary to explain observed decreases in belowground litter decay with depth.

关键词： carbon decomposition litter decay model simulation roots soil organic carbon soil organic matter temperate grassland vertical rooting distributions

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PagMYB128 regulates secondary cell wall formation by direct activation of cell wall biosynthetic genes during wood formation in poplar

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2024年第8期66卷 1658-1674页

作者： Yuanyuan Hao Fachuang Lu Seung-Won Pyo Min-Ha Kim Jae-Heung Ko Xiaojing Yan John Ralph Quanzi Li State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing 100091China Department of Biochemistry and DOE great lakes bioenergy research center Wisconsin Energy InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonWisconsin 53726USA Department of Plant&Environmental New Resources Kyung Hee UniversityYongin 17104Korea

The biosynthesis of cellulose,lignin,and hemicelluloses in plant secondary cell walls(SCWs)is regulated by a hierarchical transcriptional regulatory *** network features orthologous transcription factors shared between poplar and Arabidopsis,highlighting a foundational similarity in their genetic ***,knowledge on the discrepant behavior of the transcriptional-level molecular regulatory mechanisms between poplar and Arabidopsis remains *** this study,we investigated the function of PagMYB128 during wood formation and found it had broader impacts on SCW formation compared to its Arabidopsis ortholog,*** poplar trees overexpressing PagMYB128 exhibited significantly enhanced xylem development,with fiber cells and vessels displaying thicker walls,and an increase in the levels of cellulose,lignin,and hemicelluloses in the *** contrast,plants with dominant repression of PagMYB128 demonstrated the opposite *** sequencing and reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that PagMYB128 could activate SCW biosynthetic gene expression,and chromatin immunoprecipitation along with yeast one-hybrid,and effector–reporter assays showed this regulation was *** analysis revealed that PagSND1(SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC-DOMAIN PROTEIN1)directly regulates PagMYB128 but not cell wall metabolic genes,highlighting the pivotal role of PagMYB128 in the SND1-driven regulatory network for wood development,thereby creating a feedforward loop in SCW biosynthesis.

关键词： cellulose hemicellulose lignin PagMYB128 Populus transcription factor wood formation

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CGR3： A Golgi-Localized Protein Influencing Homogalacturonan Methylesterification

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Molecular Plant 2011年第5期4卷 832-844页

作者： Michael A. Held Evan Be Starla Zemelis Saunia Withers Curtis Wilkerson Federica Brandizzi great lakes bioenergy research center Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA MSU-DOE Plant research Lab Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA Present address： Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecuiar Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA

Plant cell walls are complex structures that offer structural and mechanical support to plant cells and are ultimately responsible for plant architecture and form. Pectins are a large group of complex polysaccharides of the plant cell wall that are made in the Golgi and secreted to the wall. The methylesterification of pectins is believed to be an important factor for the dynamic properties of the cell wall. Here, we report on a protein of unknown function discovered using an extensive proteomics analysis of cotton Golgi. Through bioinformatic analyses, we identified the ortholog of such protein, here named cotton Golgi-related 3 （CGR3） in Arabidopsis and found that it shares conserved residues with S- adenosylmethionine methyltransferases. We established that CGR3 is localized at the Golgi apparatus and that the expression of the CGR3 gene is correlated with that of several cell wall biosynthetic genes, suggesting a possible role of the protein in pectin modifications. Consistent with this hypothesis, immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies for homogalacturonan pectins （HG） indicated that the celt wails of cgr3 knockout mutants and plants overexpressing CGR3 are decreased and increased in HG methylesterification, respectively. Our results suggest that CGR3 plays a role in the methylesterification of homogalacturonan in Arabidopsis.

关键词： Golgi methyltransferase homogalacturonan pectin.

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Denitrification and the challenge of scaling microsite knowledge to the globe

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mLife 2023年第3期2卷 229-238页

作者： G.Philip Robertson W.K.Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State UniversityHickory CornersMichiganUSA Department of Plant Soiland Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA great lakes bioenergy research center Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA

Our knowledge of microbial processes—who is responsible for what,the rates at which they occur,and the substrates consumed and products produced—is imperfect for many if not most taxa,but even less is known about how microsite processes scale to the ecosystem and thence the *** both natural and managed environments,scaling links fundamental knowledge to application and also allows for global assessments of the importance of microbial *** rarely is scaling straightforward:More often than not,process rates in situ are distributed in a highly skewed fashion,under the influence of multiple interacting controls,and thus often difficult to sample,quantify,and *** date,quantitative models of many important processes fail to capture daily,seasonal,and annual fluxes with the precision needed to effect meaningful management *** cycle processes are a case in point,and denitrification is a prime *** models based on machine learning can improve predictability and identify the best environmental predictors but are—by themselves—insufficient for revealing process-level knowledge gaps or predicting outcomes under novel environmental *** models that incorporate well-calibrated process models as predictors for machine learning algorithms can provide both improved understanding and more reliable forecasts under environmental conditions not yet *** trait-based models into such efforts promises to improve predictions and understanding still further,but much more development is needed.

关键词： ecosystems microsites N_(2) N_(2)O modeling

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Improving the real-time probabilistic channel flood forecasting by incorporating the uncertainty of inflow using the particle filter

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2018年第5期30卷 828-840页

作者： Xing-ya Xu Xuesong Zhang Hong-wei Fang Rui-xun Lai Yue-feng Zhang Lei Huang Xiao-bo Liu Changjiang Institute of Survey PlanningDesign and ResearchWuhan 430010China State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Department of Hydraulic EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Joint Global Change research Institute Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMDUSA great lakes bioenergy research center Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic research Zhengzhou 450003China Development research center of the Ministry of Water Resources of People＇s Republic of China Beo＇ing 100038China Department of Water Environment China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeo＇ing 100038China

An accurate and reliable real-time flood forecast is crucial for mitigating flood disasters. The errors associated with the inflow boundary forcing data are considered as an important source of uncertainties in hydraulic model. In this paper, a real-time probabilistic channel flood forecasting model is developed with a novel function to incorporate the uncertainty of the forcing inflow. This new approach couples a hydraulic model with the particle filter（PF） data assimilation algorithm, a sequential Bayesian Monte Carlo method. The stage observations at hydrological stations are assimilated at each time step to update the model states in order to improve the next time step＇s forecasting. This new approach is tested against a real flood event occurred in the upper Yangtze River. As compared with the open loop simulations, the evaluations of model performance with several deterministic and probabilistic metrics indicate that the accuracy of the ensemble mean prediction and the reliability of the uncertainty quantification are improved pronouncedly as a result of the PF assimilation. Further assessment of the prediction results at different lead times shows that the improvement of model performance deteriorates with the increase of the lead time due to the gradual diminishing of the updating effect for the initial conditions. Based on the analyses of the number of particles and the assimilation frequency, we find that the optimal number of particles can be determined by balancing the model performance and the computation cost, while a high assimilation frequency is preferred to incorporate the emerging observations to update the model states to match the real conditions.

关键词： Channel flood forecasting probabilistic forecast particle filter hydraulic model data assimilation inflow uncertainty

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Changes in sea ice kinematics in the Arctic outflow region and their associations with Arctic Northeast Passage accessibility

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2019年第8期38卷 101-110页

作者： Dawei Gui Xiaoping Pang Ruibo Lei Xi Zhao Jia Wang Chinese Antarctic center of Surveying and Mapping Wuhan University Wuhan 430079 China MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science Polar Research Institute of China Shanghai 200136 China National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration great lakes Environmental research Laboratory Ann Arbor 48108-9719 USA

Amplification of climate warming in the Arctic is causing a dramatic retreat of sea ice, which means the Arctic sea routes are becoming increasingly accessible. This study used a satellite-derived sea ice motion product to quantify the kinematic features of sea ice in the Arctic outflow region which specially referred to the Fram Strait and to the north of the Northeast Passage(NEP). An observed trend of increased southward sea ice displacement from the central Arctic to the Fram Strait indicated enhancement of the Transpolar Drift Stream(TDS). In the regions to the north of the NEP, the long-term trend of northward sea ice speed in the Kara sector was +0.04 cm/s per year in spring. A significant statistical relationship was found between the NEP open period and the northward speed of the sea ice to the north of the NEP. The offshore advection of sea ice could account for the opening of sea routes by 33% and 15% in the Kara and Laptev sectors, respectively. The difference in sea level pressure across the TDS,i.e., the Central Arctic Index(CAI), presented more significant correlation than for the Arctic atmospheric Dipole Anomaly index with the open period of the NEP, and the CAI could explain the southward displacement of sea ice toward the Fram Strait by more than 45%. The impact from the summer positive CAI reinforces the thinning and mechanical weakening of the sea ice in the NEP region, which improves the navigability of the NEP.

关键词： sea ice Arctic Northeast Passage Transpolar Drift Stream atmospheric circulation indices

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