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Livelihood Factors and Household Strategies for an Unexpected Climate Event in Upland Northern Laos

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第2期12卷 483-500页

作者： Phanxay INGXAY Satoshi YOKOYAMA Isao HIROTA Department of Geography Graduate School of Environmental Studies Nagoya University graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University

Climate events pose major challenges to food production and the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in northern Laos, where upland rice using swidden production is an important crop. The onset of the rainy season in this area is one such climate event, and it has occurred earlier and with less regularity in recent years. Not all households are able to cope with these changes. This study examines the ability of local farmers to cope with rice insufficiency. This investigation also clarifies household strategies in dealing with the climate event. We randomly interviewed 63 of 95 household heads, and performed a paired sample t test to examine the significance of differences in three household groups between the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event. The groups were categorized according to rice selfsufficiency in 2011: groups I are households with rice self-sufficiency, group II are those facing a rice shortage of up to 3 months, and group III are those with insufficient rice for over 3 months. We also conducted a one-way ANOVA to examine the significance of differences in livelihood strategies among the three groups. We found that the household labor force was the most important factor in enhancing the villagers' ability to deal with the climate event and that the level of impact of that event shaped their coping strategies. Households with substantial labor force had more options for coping strategies than those with smaller ones. The villagers faced different levels of impact and adopted differentcoping strategies accordingly. Non-timber forest product collection was the principle livelihood strategy in response to non-climate factors such as education, access to health services, provision of equipment and clothing, and overcoming the impact of the climate event. Households heavily affected by the early rainy season onset tended to engage in intensive activities such as off-farm activity and outside work, rather than their major livelihood activities in the v

关键词： Climate events Livelihood factors Livelihood change Household strategy Swidden

Physical criterion study on forward stagnation point heat flux CFD computations at hypersonic speeds

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2010年第7期31卷 839-850页

作者：李邦明鲍麟童秉纲 graduate university Chinese Academy of Sciences

In order to evaluate uncertainties in computational fluid dynamics （CFD） computations of the stagnation point heat flux, a physical criterion is developed. Based on a quasi-one-dimensional hypothesis along the stagnation line, a new stagnation flow model is applied to obtain the governing equations of the flow near the stagnation point at hypersonic speeds. From the above equations, the compatibility relations are given at the stagnation point and along the stagnation line, which consist of the physical criterion for checking the accuracy in the stagnation point heat flux computations. The verification of the criterion is made with various numerical results.

关键词： quasi-one-dimensional hypothesis stagnation point heat flux hypersonic flow physical criterion

Molecular Functions of Oxygen-Evolving Complex Family Proteins in Photosynthetic Electron Flow

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2010年第8期52卷 723-734页

作者： Kentaro Ifuku Seiko Ishihara Fumihiko Sato graduate School of Biostudies Kyoto University

Oxygen-evolving complex （OEC） protein is the original name for membrane-peripheral subunits of photosystem （PS） II. Recently, multiple isoforms and homologs for OEC proteins have been iden- tified in the chloroplast thylakoid lumen, indicating that functional diversification has occurred in the OEC family. Gene expression profiles suggest that the Arabidopsis OEC proteins are roughly categorized into three groups： the authentic OEC group, the stressresponsive group, and the group including proteins related to the chloroplast NAD（P）H dehydrogenase （NDH） complex involved in cyclic electron transport around PSI. Based on the above gene expression profiles, molecular functions of the OEC family proteins are discussed together with our current knowledge about their functions.

关键词： NDH Molecular Functions of Oxygen-Evolving Complex Family Proteins in Photosynthetic Electron Flow OEC PSII PPL

Energy Balance and Physical Activity

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2001年第1期14卷 130-136页

作者： KALLAYA KIJBOONCHOO Institute of Nutrition and Faculty of graduate Studies

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in most parts of the world and becoming one of the major global public health problems. Although the components of energy balance have not been adequately estimated over time, available evidence suggests that the increase in obesity is the result of reduced physical activity.\;Increases in physical activity have been shown to be strongly associated with improving physical fitness and body composition, with probably a positive effect on resting metabolic rate. The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health advocates that 30 min of regular, moderate_intensity physical activity is associated with decreases in the risk of chronic diseases and may contribute to quality of life. However, the small changes that contribute 10 min for 3 times a day for aerobic training, or one set instead of three sets of repetitions on resistance training will provide individuals with health benefits. Indeed, nutrition and physical activity should be considered an integral part of fitness and good health, and should be encouraged in all age groups, particularly early in life. The question is no longer centered around the health benefit of increasing physical activity, but rather creating self awareness and behavior changes in individuals. Hence, effective intervention programs are needed that foster long term changes in physical activity. Among various interventions, the Nutrifit program was recently conducted in Thailand and found to improve health related fitness in children. The development of more effective interventions and approaches is a major challenge in this field today.

关键词： Energy Intake Energy Metabolism Exercise Physical Fitness Asia Body Composition Chronic Disease Humans Obesity Public Health Quality of Life Risk Factors

Measurement of modulation induced by interaction between bubble motion and liquid-phase motion in the decaying turbulence formed by an oscillating-grid

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Particuology 2013年第2期11卷 158-169页

作者： Yasuyuki Nagami Takayuki Saito graduate School of Engineering Shizuoka University graduate School of Science and Technology Shizuoka University

In multiphase flows, dynamical gas-liquid interactions are essential for in-depth understanding of their multi-scale phenomena and complicated structures. The purpose of the present study is to clearly extract the modulation in bubble motion and liquid motion induced by bubble-liquid interaction and to discuss the relations between bubble motion and liquid-phase motion. For this particular purpose, the decaying turbulence formed in a cylindrical acrylic pipe （diameter 149 mm, height 600 mm） by using an oscillating- grid was employed. Uniform single bubbles were launched from an in-house bubble launching device into the decaying turbulence. By comparing the bubble motion in the stagnant water with that in the oscillating-grid decaying turbulence, the transition of the 2D bubble motion （i.e., zigzagging motion） to 3D motion was enhanced in the latter. In addition, the initial conditions of the bubble motion that was not influenced by the ambient turbulence were carefully confirmed. In the area where the bubble motion started to translate from 2D motion into 3D motion, the modulation of ambient liquid-phase motion was obtained by PIV/LIF measurement. By combining these results, we quantitatively discussed the modulation of the bubble motion and ambient liquid-phase motion and considered the dominant factor for the enhancement to be the bubble-liquid interaction.

关键词： Multiphase flow Gas-liquid interaction Oscillating-grid decaying turbulence Bubble PIV/LIF LIF/HPTS

Fabrication of Co2Fe（Al,Si） and Co2Fe（Al,Si）/MgO on Ge（111） Substrate and Its Magnetic Properties

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Journal of Electronic Science and Technology 2019年第2期17卷 109-115页

作者： Kohei Kataoka Nobuki Tezuka Masashi Matsuura Satoshi Sugimoto graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University

We investigated the interfacial effects on magnetic properties in Co2Fe(Al,Si)/Ge (CFAS/Ge) and CFAS/MgO/Ge systems to demonstrate the effects of the interface structure on magnetic properties. CFAS and CFAS/MgO were deposited on the i-Ge(111) substrate. In-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns showed epitaxially grown CFAS and MgO on Ge(111). According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD)φ-scan of CFAS(220), we determined that the crystallographic orientation relationships were CFAS(111)//Ge(111) and CFAS(111)//MgO(111) Ge(111). The magnetic properties were measured by the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and the saturation magnetization Ms value of CFAS with 2-nm thick MgO reached the value of L21 ordered one. A uniaxial magnetic anisotropy behavior was observed both in CFAS/Ge and CFAS/MgO/Ge structures after annealing. We confirmed the behavior did not only originate from the CFAS/Ge interface but also CFAS/MgO and the ordering structure.

关键词： Co2Fe(Al,Si) full-heusler alloy magnetic anisotropy

Noise Reduction and Surge Margin Improvement Using Tapered Diffuser Vane in a Centrifugal Compressor

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Journal of Thermal Science 2010年第1期19卷 21-25页

作者： Takashi Goto Eri Ohmoto Yutaka Ohta Eisuke Outa Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering Waseda University graduate Student Graduate School of Applied Mechanical EngineeringWaseda University

Improvement of surge margin and reduction of interaction tone noise radiated from a centrifugal compressor with a vaned diffuser is discussed from experiments and CFD *** types of one-side tapered diffuser vanes,which are shroud-and hub-side tapered vanes,were used in the *** height of the leading edge of the tapered vanes varied from 100% to 10%.Both types of tapered vanes are effective for the reduction of the interaction tone noise radiated from the compressor,because of the smaller interaction area between impeller-discharge flow and diffuser vane ***,the hub-side tapered diffuser vane suppresses the evolution of the leading-edge vortex,which causes reverse-flow in the diffuser ***,the hub-side tapered diffuser vane,which has an optimized diffuser leading edge shape,can improve the compressor pressure-rise characteristics at low-flow operation and can enlarge the surge margin.

关键词： Centrifugal compressor tapered diffuser vane interaction tone noise CFD

Analysis of Machinable Structures and Their Wettability of Rotary Ultrasonic Texturing Method

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2016年第6期29卷 1187-1192页

作者： XU Shaolin SHIMADA Keita MIZUTANI Masayoshi KURIYAGAWA Tsunemoto Division of Biomechanical Engineering Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Tohoku University Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University

Tailored surface textures at the micro- or nanoscale dimensions are widely used to get required functional performances. Rotary ultrasonic texturing （RUT） technique has been proved to be capable of fabricating periodic micro- and nanostructures. In the present study, diamond tools with geometrically defined cutting edges were designed for fabricating different types of tailored surface textures using the RUT method. Surface generation mechanisms and machinable structures of the RUT process are analyzed and simulated with a 3D-CAD program. Textured surfaces generated by using a triangular pyramid cutting tip are constructed. Different textural patterns from several micrometers to several tens of micrometers with few burrs were successfully fabricated, which proved that tools with a proper two-rake-face design are capable of removing cutting chips efficiently along a sinusoidal cutting locus in the RUT process. Technical applications of the textured surfaces are also discussed. Wetting properties of textured aluminum surfaces were evaluated by combining the test of surface roughness features. The results show that the real surface area of the textured aluminum surfaces almost doubled by comparing with that of a flat surface, and anisotropic wetting properties were obtained due to the obvious directional textural features.

关键词： rotary ultrasonic texturing geometrically defined cutting edges surface generation mechanisms machinable structures,wetting properties

GLOBAL INPUT-TO-STATE STABILIZATION WITH QUANTIZED FEEDBACK FOR DISCRETE-TIME PIECEWISE AFFINE SYSTEMS WITH TIME DELAYS

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2013年第6期26卷 925-939页

作者： MU Xiaowu GAO Yang Department of Mathematics Zhengzhou University graduate School of Beijing university Department of Mathematics Daqing Normal University graduate School of the Harbin Institute of Technology

In this paper, global input-to-state stabilization with quantized feedback for discrete-time piecewise affine systems （PWA） with time delays are considered. Both feedback with time delays and feedback without time delays are considered. Piecewise quadratic ISS-Lyapunov functions are adopted. Both Lyapunov-Razumikhin and Lyapunov-Krasovskii methods are adopted. The theorems for global input-to-state stabilization with quantized feedback of discrete PWA systems with time delays are

关键词： Discrete systems input-to-state stability piecewise affine systems quantized feedback stabilization.