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Declining responsiveness of childhood Plasmodium falciparum infections to artemisinin-based combination treatments ten years following deployment as first-line antimalarials in Nigeria

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2019年第4期8卷 96-97页

作者： Akintunde Sowunmi Godwin Ntadom Kazeem Akano Folasade O.Ibironke Adejumoke I.Ayede Chimere Agomo Onikepe A.Folarin Grace O.Gbotosho Christian Happi Stephen Oguche Henrietta U.Okafor Martin Meremikwu Philip Agomo William Ogala Ismaila Watila Olugbenga Mokuolu Finomo Finomo Joy C.Ebenebe Nma Jiya Jose Ambe Robinson Wammanda George Emechebe Wellington Oyibo Francis Useh Temitope Aderoyeje Titilope M.Dokunmu Omobolaji T.Alebiosu Sikiru Amoo Oluwabunmi K.Basorun Olubunmi A.Wewe Chukwuebuka Okafor Odafe Akpoborie Bayo Fatunmbi Elsie O.Adewoye Nnenna M.Ezeigwe Ayoade Oduola Antimalarial Therapeutic Efficacy Monitoring Group National Malaria Elimination ProgrammeThe Federal Ministry of HealthAbujaNigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of IbadanIbadanNigeria 不详

Background:The development and spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Greater Mekong Subregion has created impetus for continuing global monitoring of efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies(ACTs). This post analyses is aimed to evaluate changes in early treatment response markers 10 years after the adoption of ACTs as first-line treatments of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigeria.Methods: At 14 sentinel sites in six geographical areas of Nigeria, we evaluated treatment responses in 1341 children under 5 years and in additional 360 children under 16 years with uncomplicated malaria enrolled in randomized trials of artemether-lumefantrine versus artesunate-amodiaquine at 5-year interval in 2009-2010 and 2014-2015 and at 2-year interval in 2009-2010 and 2012-2015, respectively after deployment in 2005.Results: Asexual parasite positivity 1 day after treatment initiation (APPD1) rose from 54 to 62% and 2 days after treatment initiation from 5 to 26% in 2009-2010 to 2014-2015(P=0.002 and P 75 000 μl^-1, haematocrit > 27% 1 day post-treatment initiatiortreatment with artemether-lumefantrine and enrolment in 2014-2015 independently predicted APPD1. In paralle , Kaplan-Meier estimated risk of recurrent infections by day 28 rose from 8 to 14% (P=0005) and from 9 to 15%(P=0.02) with artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine, respectively. Mean asexual parasitaemia half-life increased significantly from 1.1 h to 1.3h within 2 years (P<0.0001).Conclusions:These data indicate declining parasitological responses through time to the two ACTs may be due to emergence of parasites with reduced susceptibility or decrease in immunity to

关键词： Declining responsiveness Falciparum malaria Children Artemisinin-based combination treatment Nigeria

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Are monitoring and evaluation systems adequate to report the programmatic coverage of HIV services among key populations in countries?

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2019年第4期8卷 75-81页

作者： Jinkou Zhao Sonia Arias Garcia Ed Ngoksin Jesus Maria Garcia Calleja Chinelo Ogbuanu Sandra Kuzmanovska Nicholas Oliphant David Lowrance Nathalie Zorzi Peter M.Hansen Keith Sabin The global Fund to fight AIDS Tuberculosis and MalariaChemin du Pommier 40Grand-Saconnex 1218GenevaSwitzerland Center for global Health School of Public HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention NanjingChina Strateg ic Information and Evaluation Department the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDSGenevaSwitzerland Department of HIV/AIDS World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland

There was no global guidance or agreement regarding when a country has an adequate system to report on the service packages among human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)key populations.This article describes an approach to categorizing the system in a country for reporting the service package among HIV key populations.The approach consists of four dimensions,namely the epidemiological significance,comprehensiveness of the service packages,geographic coverage of services,and adequacy of the monitoring system.The proposed categorization approach utilizes available information and can inform the improvement of the service delivery and monitoring systems among HIV key populations.

关键词： services among service

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Risk of imported malaria infections in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional study

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第4期12卷 100-100页

作者： Bakar S.Fakih Aurel Holzschuh Amanda Ross Logan Stuck Ramadhan Abdul Abdul-Wahid H.Al-Mafazy Imani Irema Abdallah Mbena Sumaiyya G.Thawer Shija J.Shija Safia M.Aliy Abdullah Ali Günther Fink Joshua Yukich Manuel W.Hetzel Ifakara Health Institute Dar es Salaam Tanzania Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Allschwil Switzerland University of Basel Basel Switzerland Department of Biological Sciences Eck Institute for Global Health University of Notre Dame Notre Dame USA Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine New Orleans USA Amsterdam Institute for global Health and Development Amsterdam Netherlands Zanzibar malaria Elimination programme Zanzibar United Republic of Tanzania

BackgroundZanzibar has made substantial progress in malaria control with vector control, improved diagnosis, and artemisinin-based combination therapy. Parasite prevalence in the population has remained around 1% but imported infections from mainland Tanzania contribute to sustained local transmission. Understanding travel patterns between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, and the risk of malaria infection, may help to control malaria importation to Zanzibar.MethodsA rolling cross-sectional survey linked to routine reactive case detection of malaria was carried out in Zanzibar between May 2017 and October 2018. Households of patients diagnosed with malaria at health facilities were surveyed and household members were tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests and a sub-sample by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Interviews elicited a detailed travel history of all household members who had travelled within the past two months, including trips within and outside of Zanzibar. We estimated the association of malaria infection with travel destinations in pre-defined malaria endemicity categories, trip duration, and other co-variates using logistic regression.ResultsOf 17,891 survey participants, 1177 (7%) reported a recent trip, of which 769 (65%) visited mainland Tanzania. Among travellers to mainland Tanzania with travel destination details and a qPCR result available, 241/378 (64%) reported traveling to districts with a ‘high’ malaria endemicity and for 12% the highest endemicity category was ‘moderate’. Travelers to the mainland were more likely to be infected with malaria parasites (29%, 108/378) than those traveling within Zanzibar (8%, 16/206) or to other countries (6%, 2/17). Among travellers to mainland Tanzania, those visiting highly endemic districts had a higher odds of being qPCR-positive than those who travelled only to districts where malaria-endemicity was classified as low or very low (adjusted odd ratio = 7.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.9–25.5). Among travellers to the mainland, 110/378 (29%) never or onl

关键词： malaria Importation Travel Zanzibar Tanzania Elimination

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Leveraging global Influenza Surveillance and Response System for the COVID-19 Pandemic Response and Beyond

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China CDC weekly 2021年第44期3卷 937-940页

作者： Aspen Hammond Vanessa Cozza Siddhi Hirve Marie-Jo Medina Dmitriy Pereyaslov Wenqing Zhang global Influenza programme World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland.

INTRODUCTION Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,existing influenza surveillance systems,platforms,and capacities have been leveraged for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)virus detection,reporting,risk assessment,and sharing of virus materials and data.This article reviews the contributions made and addresses some of the future challenges and plans for the global Influenza Surveillance and Response System(GISRS)and associated influenza surveillance systems.

关键词： acute respiratory aging

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Bioefficacy and durability of Olyset~?Plus, a permethrin and piperonyl butoxide-treated insecticidal net in a 3-year long trial in Kenya

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贫困所致传染病(英文) 2021年第6期 16-26页

作者： Gichuki Paul M. Kamau Luna Njagi Kiambo Karoki Solomon Muigai Njoroge Matoke-Muhia Damaris Bayoh Nabie Mathenge Evan Yadav Rajpal S. Division of National malaria programme Department of Health World Health Organization Nairobi Geneva Kenya Medical Research Institute Kisumu Switzerland Eastern & Centre for global Health Research Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development Kirinyaga County Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control Ministry of Health

Background: Long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) are a core malaria intervention. LLINs should retain efficacy against mosquito vectors for a minimum of three years. Efficacy and durability of Olyset? Plus, a permethrin and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) treated LLIN, was evaluated versus permethrin treated Olyset? Net. In the absence of WHO guidelines of how to evaluate PBO nets, and considering the manufacturer’s product claim, Olyset? Plus was evaluated as a pyrethroid LLIN.Methods: This was a household randomized controlled trial in a malaria endemic rice cultivation zone of Kirinyaga County, Kenya between 2014 and 2017. Cone bioassays and tunnel tests were done againstAnopheles gambiae Kisumu. The chemical content, fabric integrity and LLIN survivorship were monitored. Comparisons between nets were tested for significance using the Chi-square test. Exact binomial distribution with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was used for percentages. The WHO efficacy criteria used were ≥ 95% knockdown and/or ≥ 80% mortality rate in cone bioassays and ≥ 80% mortality and/or ≥ 90% blood-feeding inhibition in tunnel tests.Results: At 36 months, Olyset? Plus lost 52% permethrin and 87% PBO content; Olyset? Net lost 24% permethrin. Over 80% of Olyset? Plus and Olyset? Net passed the WHO efficacy criteria for LLINs up to 18 and 12 months, respectively. At month 36, 91.2% Olyset? Plus and 86.4% Olyset? Net survived, while 72% and 63% developed at least one hole. The proportionate Hole Index (pHI) values representing nets in good, serviceable and torn condition were 49.6%, 27.1% and 23.2%, respectively for Olyset? Plus, and 44.9%, 32.8% and 22.2%, respectively for Olyset? Net but were not significantly different.Conclusions: Olyset? Plus retained efficacy above or close to the WHO efficacy criteria for about 2 years than Olyset? Net (1-1.5 years). Both nets did not meet the 3-year WHO efficacy criteria, and showed little attrition, comparable physical durability and survivorship, with 50% of Olyset? Plus having good and serviceable

关键词： Anopheles gambiae Bioefficacy Durability Kenya Long-lasting insecticidal net Olyset? Net Olyset? Plus Permethrin Piperonyl butoxide

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Patients direct costs to undergo TB diagnosis

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2016年第1期5卷 221-229页

作者： Rachel M.Anderson de Cuevas Lovett Lawson Najla Al-Sonboli Nasher Al-Aghbari Isabel Arbide Jeevan B.Sherchand Emenyonu E.Nnamdi Abraham Aseffa Mohammed A.Yassin Saddiq T.Abdurrahman Joshua Obasanya Oladimeji Olanrewaju Daniel Datiko Sally J.Theobald Andrew Ramsay S.Bertel Squire Luis E.Cuevas Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke PlaceLiverpool L35QAUK Zankli Medical Center AbujaNigeria Bingham University Nassarawa StateAbujaNigeria Medical Faculty Sana’a UniversitySana’aYemen National Tuberculosis Institute Sana’aYemen Bushullo Major Health Centre AwassaEthiopia Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine KathmanduNepal Armauer Hansen Research Institute Addis AbabaEthiopia The global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and MalariaGenevaSwitzerland Federal Capital Territory Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control programme AbujaNigeria Nigeria Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control programme AbujaNigeria REACH Ethiopia HawassaEthiopia UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland

Background:A major impediment to the treatment of TB is a diagnostic process that requires multiple visits.Descriptions of patient costs associated with diagnosis use different protocols and are not comparable.Methods:We aimed to describe the direct costs incurred by adults attending TB diagnostic centres in four countries and factors associated with expenditure for diagnosis.Surveys of 2225 adults attending smear-microscopy centres in Nigeria,Nepal,Ethiopia and Yemen.Adults>18 years with cough>2 weeks were enrolled prospectively.Direct costs were quantified using structured questionnaires.Patients with costs>75^(th) quartile were considered to have high expenditure(cases)and compared with patients with costs<75^(th) quartile to identify factors associated with high expenditure.Results:The most significant expenses were due to clinic fees and transport.Most participants attended the centres with companions.High expenditure was associated with attending with company,residing in rural areas/other towns and illiteracy.Conclusions:The costs incurred by patients are substantial and share common patterns across countries.Removing user fees,transparent charging policies and reimbursing clinic expenses would reduce the poverty-inducing effects of direct diagnostic costs.In locations with limited resources,support could be prioritised for those most at risk of high expenditure;those who are illiterate,attend the service with company and rural residents.

关键词： Tuberculosis Costs Access to healthcare Ethiopia Nepal Nigeria Yemen

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Bats and Coronaviruses in the Context of COVID-19

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China CDC weekly 2021年第7期3卷 153-155页

作者： Linfa Wang Matae Ahn Danielle E.Anderson programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingapore SingHealth Duke-NUS global Health Institute Singapore

In the Chinese zodiac,2020 was the Year of the Rat.But it was remembered more as a“Year of the Bat”due to the great attention in the general public and scientific community on the role of bats as the reservoir of emerging zoonotic viruses,including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)(1)and the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)virus,also known as SARS-CoV-2(2).Here we provide a summary of our current knowledge on the relationship between bats and viruses,particularly coronaviruses,and discuss the various hypotheses for the origin of the COVID-19 virus.

关键词： acute respiratory reservoir

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Definition of candidate Essential Variables for the monitoring of mineral resource exploitation

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Geo-Spatial Information Science 2019年第4期22卷 265-278,I0004页

作者： Mariapaola Ambrosone Grégory Giuliani Bruno Chatenoux Denisa Rodila Pierre Lacroix Institute for Environmental Sciences University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland United Nations Environment programme Global Resource Information Database(GRID)GenevaSwitzerland

The practice of raw material extraction has a high impact on the environment and represents a potential threat to the health and thriving of local communities.The concept of Extractive Essential Variables(EEVs)are explored in order to propose variables that can be used to quantify the environmental footprint of mineral extraction.Considering the interdependence of mining activities with social,economic and environmental issues,the variables target the development of monitoring tools for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).The identification of EEVs is based on the use of Earth Observation products in the field of mineral resources exploitation.A list of variables is proposed based on three classes of Essential Variables(EVs):installation and exploration phase,mineral extraction,and ore processing.These variables take into account the impacts of mining on the hydrology,land,water resources and the atmosphere of the area subjected to mineral exploitation.One of the variables is implemented as an operational workflow addressing SDG15,“life on land”.The workflow is intended to assess the area of forest ecosystem lost due to the presence of a mining site.Geospatial data on the extent of mining concessions and forest cover are combined using ArcGIS^(TM).The workflow is successively translated into a Unix script to automatize the process of data treatment.The script is developed using the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library(GDAL).The use of a Virtual Laboratory Platform(VLab),a web-service-based access platform,increases the accessibility of data and resources and the re-use of the script.This work is a first attempt to propose a framework of EEVs,derived data workflows,while the underlying methodology,partially based on scientific publications and on personal reasoning,still needs to be tested and,improved based on expertise in the sector.

关键词： Earth observation mineral extraction sustainable development Extractive Essential Variables(EEVs) environmental indicator Sustainable Development Goal(SDG) data workflow

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全球儿科艾滋病研究议程

全球儿科艾滋病研究议程

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作者： Martina Penazzato Cadi Irvine Marissa Vicari Shaffiq M. Essajee Aditi Sharma Thanyawee Puthanakit Elaine J.Abrams Meg Doherty 买热排提﹒哈力木拉提 Department of HIV and global Hepatitis programme World Health Organization

【背景】尽管取得了进展,2016年仍有16万新感染病例和12万名儿童死于艾滋病。在如何最好地诊断、治疗和向感染艾滋病毒的儿童提供服务方面,证据仍然存在差距。世界卫生组织和CIPHER开展了一项全球研究优先次序的工作,以便在资源减少的... 详细信息

【背景】尽管取得了进展,2016年仍有16万新感染病例和12万名儿童死于艾滋病。在如何最好地诊断、治疗和向感染艾滋病毒的儿童提供服务方面,证据仍然存在差距。世界卫生组织和CIPHER开展了一项全球研究优先次序的工作,以便在资源减少的情况下集中研究工作。【方法】如欧文等人所述,采用儿童健康和营养研究倡议方法。专家组对结果进行了审查,并确定了检测、抗逆转录病毒治疗和提供服务的5个优先主题,同时考虑了现有政策、已发表的文献和正在进行的研究。【结果】来自62个国家的269人共提交了749个问题。关于艾滋病毒检测,优先主题包括战略和干预措施,以改善获得、接受和联系到护理,包括使用新的诊断工具和产前护理以外的切入点。在治疗方面,重点包括改善依从性的策略、短期和长期的结果以及对合并感染的管理、最佳药物配方和早期抗逆转录病毒治疗。在提供服务方面,优先事项包括改进获得、接受和保留护理的战略或干预措施,包括心理社会和家庭支持,以及披露艾滋病毒和减少耻辱和歧视的办法。【结论】这是针对艾滋病毒开展的最大规模的儿童健康和营养研究活动。这一结果为今后关注儿童HIV的影响研究提供了指导。迫切需要全球承诺支持优先研究、充分投资和强有力的领导,以改善艾滋病毒携带者和受其影响的儿童的健康和福祉。

关键词：优先事项儿童艾滋病毒抗逆转录病毒药物艾滋病毒诊断服务提供

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Impact of 1,7-malaria reactive community-based testing and response(1,7-mRCTR)approach on malaria prevalence inTanzania

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2023年第6期12卷 103-104页

作者： Wei Chang Jessica Cohen Duo‑Quan Wang Salim Abdulla Muhidin Kassim Mahende Tegemeo Gavana Valerie Scott Hajirani M.Msuya Mary Mwanyika‑Sando Ritha John ANjau Shen‑Ning Lu Silas Temu Honorati Masanja Wilbald Anthony Maru Aregawi W Naveen Sunder Tang Kun Katia Bruxvoort Jovin Kitau Fadhila Kihwele Godlove Chila Mihayo Michael Marcia Castro Nicolas AMenzies Sein Kim Xiao Ning Xiao‑Nong Zhou Prosper Chaki Yeromin P.Mlacha Department of global Health and Population Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston USA Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Shanghai People’s Republic of China School of global Health Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai People’s Republic of China Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research Shanghai People’s Republic of China WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases Shanghai People’s Republic of China Ifakara Health Institute Dar es Salaam United Republic of Tanzania Africa Academy for Public Health Dar es Salaam Tanzania Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases Ministry of Science and Technology Shanghai People’s Republic of China Global Malaria Programme World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland Bentley University Waltham USA Vanke School of Public Health Tsinghua University Beijing People’s Republic of China School of Public Health University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham USA The Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA) KEMRI Headquarters Nairobi Kenya

Background Progress in malaria control has stalled in recent years and innovative surveillance and response approaches are needed to accelerate malaria control and elimination eforts in endemic areas of Africa.Build‑ing on a previous China-UK-Tanzania pilot study on malaria control,this study aimed to assess the impact of the 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-Based Testing and Response(1,7-mRCTR)approach implemented over two years in three districts of Tanzania.Methods The 1,7-mRCTR approach provides community-based malaria testing via rapid diagnostic tests and treat‑ment in villages with the highest burden of malaria incidence based on surveillance data from health facilities.We used a diference-in-diferences quasi-experimental design with linear probability models and two waves of crosssectional household surveys to assess the impact of 1,7-mRCTR on malaria prevalence.We conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results,examined how intervention efects varied in subgroups,and explored alternative explanations for the observed results.Results Between October 2019 and September 2021,244,771 community-based malaria rapid tests were com‑pleted in intervention areas,and each intervention village received an average of 3.85 rounds of 1-7mRCTR.malaria prevalence declined from 27.4%at baseline to 11.7%at endline in the intervention areas and from 26.0%to 16.0%in the control areas.1,7-mRCTR was associated with a 4.5-percentage-point decrease in malaria prevalence(95%confdence interval:−0.067,−0.023),equivalent to a 17%reduction from the baseline.In Rufji,a district characterized by lower prevalence and where larviciding was additionally provided,1,7-mRCTR was associated with a 63.9%decline in malaria prevalence.Conclusions The 1,7-mRCTR approach reduced malaria prevalence.Despite implementation interruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain challenges,the study provided novel evidence on the efectiveness of community-based reactive approaches in moderate-to high-endemicity areas and demon

关键词： malaria Surveillance and response Incidence rate Community-health worker Health facility Communitybased testing and treatment 1,7-mRCTR Tanzania

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