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Review of trans-Mediterranean power grid interconnection:a regional roadmap towards energy sector decarbonization

global energy interconnection 2023年第1期6卷 115-126页

作者： Kaifeng Yu Paul van Son global energy interconnection Development and cooperation Organization Beijing 100031P.R.China Global Energy Interconnection Group Co.Ltd. Beijing 100031P.R.China Dii Desert energy Dubai 487389United Arab Emirates

Climate change is becoming an important issue in all fields of infrastructure development.Electricity plays a core role in the decarbonized energy system’s path to a regional zero-emission pattern.A well-built trans-Mediterranean backbone grid can hedge the profound evolution of regional power generation,transmission,and consumption.To date,only Turkey and the Maghreb countries(i.e.,Morocco,Algeria,and Tunisia)are connected with the continental European Synchronous Area.Other south-and east-shore countries have insufficient interconnection infrastructures and synchronization difficulties that have proven to be major hurdles to the implementation of large-scale solar and wind projects and achievement of climate goals.This study analyzes the current trans-boundary grid interconnections and power and carbon emission portfolios in the Mediterranean region.To align with the recently launched new climate target‘Fit for 55’program and the accelerated large-scale renewables target,a holistic review of projected trans-Mediterranean grids and their market,technical,and financial obstacles of implementation was conducted.For south-and east-shore countries,major legal and regulatory barriers encompassing non-liberalized market structure,regulation gaps of taxation and transmission tariffs,and the private sector’s access rights need to be removed.Enhancement of domestic grids,substations,and harmonized grid codes and frequency,voltage,and communication technology standards among all trans-Mediterranean countries are physical prerequisites for implementing the Trans-Mediterranean Electricity Market.In addition,the mobilization of capital instruments along with private and international investments is indispensable for the realization of supranational transmission projects.As the final section of the decarbonization roadmap,the development of electric appliances,equipment,and vehicles with higher efficiency is inevitable in the decarbonized building,transportation,and industry sectors.

关键词： Mediterranean Grid interconnection Regional roadmap Power system Decarbonization Climate change

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Study of the Carbon Neutral Path in China: A Literature Review

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Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 2023年第2期11卷 21-43页

作者： HOU Fangxin LIU Yifang MA Zhiyuan LIU Changyi ZHANG Shining YANG Fang NIE Yuanhong global energy interconnection group co. Ltd Economic Research Institute State Grid Anhui Electric Power co. Ltd

After the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals were proposed, different institutions and scholars carried out research on China’s medium-and long-term mitigation pathways. Through the literature review of China’s research on carbon neutrality, this paper finds that the zero-carbon energy transition is the key to achieving carbon neutrality. The main driving factors of reducing energy-related carbon emissions include the cleanliness of primary and secondary energy supply systems, the electrification of energy consumption and the development of hydrogen energy,energy efficiency improvement, carbon capture and storage(CCS), and negative emissions.Furthermore, based on the literature, this paper conducts a quantitative comparative analysis, and selects key indicators for comparative analysis and summary from seven dimensions, including economic and social development, carbon emission pathways, primary energy consumption, final energy consumption, final hydrogen energy consumption, electricity demand and supply, and installed capacity and structure of power generation. Main conclusions are as follows:(i) In terms of carbon emission pathways, the institutions generally believed that China will peak carbon emissions around 2028 and achieve carbon neutrality between 2050 and 2060. Achieving net-zero or near-zero emissions first in the power sector is the key to carbon neutrality across the society;(ii) In terms of energy supply, it is a consensus to increase the proportion of clean energy and reduce carbon emissions from the source. The proportion of clean energy in primary energy will increase to more than 85%, and the proportion of clean energy power generation and installed capacity will reach more than 90%;(iii) In terms of energy use, electricity will become the core of final energy consumption in the future. The predicted electricity consumption across the society will range 14.3–18.4 PWh, and the predicted electrification rate will exceed 65%.

关键词： Carbon peaking carbon neutrality cleanliness electrification

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Power source–power grid coordinated typhoon defense strategy based on multiagent dynamic game theory

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global energy interconnection 2021年第3期4卷 285-294页

作者： Kai Su Liping Jiang Jizhen Liu Global Energy Interconnection Group Co.Ltd. Ethiopia Branch1000Addis AbabaEthiopia State Grid energy Research Institute co.ltd. Beijing102209P.R.China North China Electric Power University Beijing102206P.R.China

A power source–power grid coordinated typhoon defense strategy is proposed in this study to minimize the cost of power grid anti-typhoon reinforcement measures and improve defense efficiency.It is based on multiagent dynamic game theory.This strategy regards a typhoon as a rational gamer that always causes the greatest damage.Together with the grid planner and black start unit(BSU)planner,it forms a multiagent defense–attack–defense dynamic game model naturally.The model is adopted to determine the optimal reinforcements for the transmission lines,black start power capacity,and location.Typhoon Hato,which struck a partial coastal area in Guangdong province in China in 2017,was adopted to formulate a step-by-step model of a typhoon attacking coastal area power systems.The results were substituted into the multiagent defense–attack–defense dynamic game model to obtain the optimal transmission line reinforcement positions,as well as optimal BSU capacity and geographic positions.An effective typhoon defense strategy and minimum load shedding were achieved,demonstrating the feasibility and correctness of the proposed strategy.The related theories and methods of this study have positive significance for the prevention of uncertain large-scale natural disasters.

关键词： Multiagent planning Dynamic game Typhoon Blackout defense

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Assessment of global solar resource development

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global energy interconnection 2021年第5期4卷 453-464页

作者： Qiong Tang Jiawei Wu Jinyu Xiao Yuanbing Zhou global energy interconnection Development and cooperation Organization Xicheng District100031BeijingP.R.China global energy interconnection group co. Ltd.Xicheng District100031BeijingP.R.China

With the increasing severity of environmental problems,many countries have set energy transition targets to promote the realization of the Paris Agreement.There has been a global consensus on utilizing solar energy resources as alternatives to conventional sources to support this energy transition.In this regard,analyzing the“location,”“quantity,”and“quality”of global solar energy resources will not only assist an individual country to efficiently utilize these resources but also promote the realization of large-scale intercontinental resource utilization and complementation.This study established the basic database,model methods,and platform tools for global solar energy assessment,Then,a global solar energy resource assessment was conducted,which included the theoretical reserves(TRs),technical installed potential capacity(TPIC),and average development cost(ADC).A comparative analysis of the assessment results for all continents was also performed.After that,based on big data analysis and geographic information system(GIS)calculations,the distribution characteristics of the global solar power TPIC were calculated with the two core indicators,namely the capacity factor and ADC.Furthermore,a data-driven quantitative evaluation of the refined development potential of solar energy resources was performed.Finally,the reasonableness and coincidence analysis of the resource assessment results were verified using data from global and specifically Chinese photovoltaic(PV)bases.

关键词： Solar energy resource assessment Theoretical reserves Technical installed capacity Average development cost Development potential Big data GIS

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The establishment of Boron nitride@sodium alginate foam/polyethyleneglycol composite phase change materials with high thermal conductivity, shape stability, and reusability

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2023年第2期54卷 11-21页

作者： Jianhui Zhou Guohao Du Jianfeng Hu Xin Lai Shan Liu Zhengguo Zhang State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology(global energy interconnection Research Institute co.ltd.) Beijing 102209China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640China

Adopting organic phase change materials(PCMs) for the management of electronic devices is restricted by low thermal conductivity. In this paper, the composite PCMs are established by freeze-drying and vacuum impregnation. Herein, polyethylene glycol(PEG) is induced as heat storage materials, boron nitride(BN) is embedded as filler stacking in an orderly fashion on the foam walls to improve thermal conductivity and sodium alginate(SA) is formed as supporting material to keep the shape of the composite stable. X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer, thermal gravimetric analysis, thermal conductivity meter, differential scanning calorimeter, and Fourier transform infrared were used to characterize the samples and thermal cycles were employed to measure the shape stability. The results exhibit the BN@SA/PEG composite PCMs have good chemical compatibility, stable morphology, and thermal stability. Due to the high porosity of foam, PEG endows the composite PCMs with high latent heat(149.11 and 141.59 J·g^(-1)). Simultaneously, BN@SA/PEG shows an excellent heat performance with high thermal conductivity(0.99 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)), reusability, and shape stability, contributing the composite PCMs to application in the energy storage field. This study provides a strategy to manufacture flexible, long-serving, and shape-stable PCMs via introducing BN@SA foam as a storage framework, and these PCMs have great potential in thermal management in the electronic field.

关键词： Porous structure Boron nitride Organic phase change material Thermal conductivity energy storage

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Modelling on thermal-fluid field in SF_(6)insulated high voltage direct current bushing with its influence on electric field distribution and metal particle motion

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High Voltage 2023年第2期8卷 380-389页

作者： Xiao Yang Yi Zhang Zhuodong Yang Hao Dong Chengrong Li Bo Qi Licheng Lu Caixin Sun State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable energy Sources North China Electric Power UniversityBeijingChina global energy interconnection Research Institute co ltd BeijingChina China Huaneng group co ltd BeijingChina

The insulation performance of SF_(6)insulated high voltage direct current apparatus are often analysed in a pure electric field or electro-thermal coupled field while the fluid behaviour of SF_(6)gas flow is often ignored.However,frequent flashover along the support insulators inside the SF_(6)insulated wall bushing indicates that the fluid characteristics of SF_(6)may have considerable influence on the interior insulation performance of the bushing.This paper has simulated the thermo-fluid coupled field in the SF_(6)insulated wall bushing based on the finite element method model.The result shows that buoyant flow of SF_(6)has evident influence on the temperature distribution in the bushing.On this basis,the effect of the thermo-fluid field on the electric field distribution along the insulator as well as on the motion behaviour of the metallic particles is analysed.Furthermore,the effect of different thermal boundary conditions on analysis of the multiphysics field in the bushing is discussed and the most suitable one for simulation and experiment is suggested.comparisons are made between different supporting structures and modification advices are proposed.This paper can serve as a good reference for subsequent research studies on SF_(6)insulated apparatus in which the temperature gradient or the motion of the micro-sized metallic particles shall be considered.

关键词： distribution thermal field

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Investigation on the Structure and Performance of Polypropylene Sheets and Bi-axially Oriented Polypropylene Films for Capacitors

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2022年第12期40卷 1688-1696,I0011页

作者： Chong Zhang Xi-Ying Dai Zhao-Liang Xing Shao-Wei Guo Fei Li Xin Chen Jian-Jun Zhou Lin Li State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co.Ltd.Beijing 102209China Beijing Key Laboratory of energy conversion and Storage Materials College of ChemistryBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

Polypropylene(PP) sheets are cast with various chill roll temperatures and rates, which are studied with differential scanning calorimetry, wide angel X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy and dielectric withstand voltage test system. The results show that increasing the chill roll temperature and cast rate can promote the increase of crystallinity and the growth of β-form. The PP sheets have asymmetric skin layer structures. The lower the chill roll temperature, the thicker the skin layer, the smaller the spherulite size. The electric breakdown strength(Eb) of PP sheets is mainly affected by the crystallinity but not the morphology. The PP sheets are further stretched to prepare bi-axially oriented PP(BOPP) films with various heat setting time. Our results indicate that the structure of PP sheets affects the properties of BOPP films. The as prepared BOPP films from the sheets cast at high chill roll temperature and rate have the highest crystallinity and Eb. Heat setting time has profound effect on the crystallinity and Eb, which increase first and then decrease with the heat setting time. It is expected that our study can provide guidance for optimizing process parameters.

关键词： BOPP film Polypropylene sheet Electric breakdown strength Crystallinity Heat set

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A Three-phase Integrated Power Electronic Transformer with the Capability of DC Fault Clearance

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CSEE Journal of Power and energy Systems 2021年第4期7卷 785-796页

作者： Yunfei Xu Guangfu Tang Weiguo Li Guoliang Zhao Zhanfeng Deng State Key Laboratory of Advanced Transmission Technology(global Electricity interconnection Research Institute co.ltd.) Changping DistrictBeijing 102211China

This paper presents a three-phase integrated power electronic transformer(PET)topology with the capability of DC fault clearance based on the investigation of PET topology.The proposed PET has three ports of high-voltage AC,high-voltage DC and low-voltage DC,which can achieve the flexible access of distributed energy resources・The power unit of the PET adopts a three-phase integrated topology,and the single-phase fluctuating power in the DC-link capacitor is reduced by a 4-port DC/DC converter,thereby reducing the capacitance of the DC-link capacitor;Meanwhile,the power unit uses the clamp double sub-module(CDSM)to allow for self-clearing of the short-circuit fault on the high-voltage DC side.Finally,this paper verifies the proposed PET through an EMT simulation and experimental prototype.

关键词： DC fault clearing experimental verification power electronic transformer three phase integration

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Insulation structure design and electric field simulation of 500 kV isolation energy supply transformer for HVDC breaker

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High Voltage 2022年第1期7卷 185-196页

作者： Sheng Zhang Yadong Fan Qingquan Lei Jianguo Wang Yuan Liu Ting Zhan School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina global energy interconnection Research Institute co. LtdBeijingChina Institute of Advanced Electrical Materials Qingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina China EPRI Electric Power Engineering co.ltd. BeijingChina

The high‐voltage isolated energy supply transformer(HIET)is the key component of the HVDC breaker,which is used for energy transmission and the potential isolation.There is a lack of research results that can meet engineering applications at home and abroad.The design of a 500 kV HIET with dry‐type insulation is proposed,using 10 cascade connected 50 kV sub‐transformers(STs),which uses silicon rubber suitable for DC voltage as the main insulation material.High‐voltage(HV)winding of ST adopts double‐shielding structure of coil semi‐conductive shielding and inner semi‐conductive shielding to improve electric field distribution.The simulation analysis of an electric field at different insulation thicknesses and temperatures shows that the electric field decreases with an increase in thickness of insulation.When the thickness is greater than 25 mm,the electric field reduction effect is significantly weakened.The electric field is closely related to temperature,when at 20℃,the electric field between double‐shielding is relatively uniform.When at 70℃,the inner shielding electric field is much higher than coil shielding,and undergoes obvious reversal.In addition,the 500 kV HIET's electric field has been analysed.The 500kV HIET prototype has been manufactured and passed the type test,and successfully applied to the 500 kV Zhangbei DC grid project.

关键词： winding insulation field

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A Back-to-back VSC-HVDC System of Yu-E Power Transmission Lines to Improve Cross-region Capacity

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CSEE Journal of Power and energy Systems 2020年第1期6卷 64-71页

作者： Yinbiao Shu Guangfu Tang Hui Pang China Huaneng group co. Ltd.Xicheng DistrictBeijing 100031China global energy interconnection Research Institute co. Ltd.Changping DistrictBeijing 102209China

With the rapid development of hydropower in the southwest of China, the energy transmitted by ultra high volt- age direct current (UHVDC) is ever increasing. At the same time, the power grid continues to expand westward, creating a service area. The stability of the Southwest China Power Grid is becoming a major issue. It is necessary to coordinate the development of hydropower and the construction of cross-region interconnections to optimize the grid structure. The Yu-E denotes the connection between the two region Yu (Chongqing) and E (Hubei) in China. The Yu-E project is a back-to-back voltage source converter based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) project designed to realize an asynchronous connection of the Southwest and Central China Power Grids. The project will improve the bi-directional power support capability and optimize the grid structure. In addition, the Yu-E project will improve hydropower cross-region transmission capacity and enable the Southwest China Power Grid to utilize the power from the Three Gorges in the Central China Power Grid. In this paper, the fault isolation, low-frequency oscillation, sub-synchronous oscillation and short-circuit level are investigated and analyzed. Meanwhile, the impact of the Yu-E project on AC systems is studied in detail. In the end, the overall system design of the Yu-E project is introduced. The research results show that the Yu-E project can increase the transmission capability of the Southwest and Central China Power Grids, and enhance the stability of asynchronously interconnected AC systems. At the same time, the Yu-E project also serves as a demonstration project for the future development and application of VSC technology for the world.

关键词： Additional control asynchronous interconnec-tion back-to-back system design VSC-HVDC

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