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Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress:A review

International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2022年第5期32卷 915-950页

作者： Heping Xie Jun Lu Cunbao Li Minghui Li Mingzhong Gao Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and geothermal energy Exploitation and Utilization College of Civil and Transportation EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Engineering Science and Green energy Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000China Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green energy Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518000China

It has become an inevitable trend of human development to seek resources from the deep ***,rock encountered in deep underground engineering is usually in an anisotropic stress state(σ_(1)>σ>σ_(3))due to the influences of geological structures and engineering *** is therefore essential to study the mechanical,seepage,and dynamic disaster behaviors of deep rock under true triaxial stress to ensure the safe operation of deep rock engineering and the efficient exploitation of deep *** recent years,experimental techniques and research on true triaxial rock mechanics have achieved fruitful results that have promoted the rapid development of deep rock mechanics;thus,it is necessary to systematically review and summarize these *** work first introduced several typical true triaxial testing apparatus and then reviewed the corresponding research progress on rock deformation,strength,failure mode,brittleness,and energy as well as the 3D volumetric fracturing(dynamic disaster)properties of deep rocks under true triaxial ***,several commonly used true triaxial rock strength criteria and their applicability,the permeability characteristics and mathematical models of deep reservoir rocks,and the disaster-causing processes and mechanisms of disturbed volumetric fracturing(rockburst,compound dynamic disasters)in deep rock engineering were *** work may provide an essential reference for addressing the true triaxial rock mechanics issues involved in deep rock engineering,especially regarding the stability of surrounding rock at depth,disaster prevention and control,and oil and gas exploitation.

关键词： True triaxial stress Deep rock mass Mechanical properties Strength criterion Permeability characteristics Dynamic disaster

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Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of geothermal Power Plant Based on Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Using Mixture of Pure Working Fluids

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energy Engineering 2024年第8期121卷 2023-2038页

作者： Abdul Sattar Laghari Mohammad Waqas Chandio Laveet Kumar Mamdouh El Haj Assad Department of Mechanical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and TechnologyJamshoro76062Pakistan Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering College of EngineeringQatar UniversityDoha00000Qatar Sustainable&Renewable energy Engineering Department University of SharjahSharjah00000United Arab Emirates

The selection of working fluid significantly impacts the geothermal ORC’s *** a mixture as a working fluid is a strategy to improve the output of geothermal *** the current study,modelling and thermodynamic analysis of ORC,using geothermal as a heat source,is carried out at fixed operating *** model is simulated in the Engineering Equation Solver(EES).An environment-friendly mixture of fluids,i.e.,R245fa/R600a,with a suitable mole fraction,is used as the operating *** mixture provided the most convenient results compared to the pure working fluid under fixed operating *** impact of varying the evaporator pressure on the performance parameters,including energy efficiency,exergy efficiency and net power output is *** system provided the optimal performance once the evaporator pressure reached the maximum *** efficiencies:energy and Exergy,and Net Power output of the system are 16.62%,64.08%and 2199 kW for the basic cycle and 20.72%,67.76%and 2326 kW respectively for the regenerative cycle.

关键词： Organic rankine cycle internal heat exchanger moderate-temperature geothermal source mixture of the fluid exergy

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A novel fractal-statistical scaling model of rocks considering strain rate

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第11期15卷 2831-2841页

作者： Changtai Zhou Heping Xie Zhihe Wang Tao Zhou Jianbo Zhu Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and geothermal energy Exploitation and Utilization Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green EnergyCollege of Civil and Transportation EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Engineering Sciences and Green energy Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China

The scaling-dependent behaviors of rocks are significant to the stability and safe operation of the structures built in or on rock masses for practical ***,many size effect models are employed to connect laboratory measurements at small scales and engineering applications at large ***,limited works consider the strain rate *** this study,an fractal-statistical scaling model incorporating strain rate is proposed based on a weakest-link approach,fractal theory and dynamic fracture *** proposed scaling model consists of 8 model parameters with physical meaning,***-dependent parameter,intrinsic material parameter,dynamic strain rate,quasi-static strain rate,quasi-static fracture toughness,micro-crack size,micro-crack intensity and fractal dimension,enabling the proposed scaling model to model the scaling behaviors under different external *** predictions are consistent with experimental data on red sandstone,proving the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed scaling ***,the scaling behaviors of rocks under dynamic loading conditions can be captured by the proposed fractal-statistical scaling *** sensitivity analysis indicates that the nominal strength difference becomes more obvious with a higher strain rate,larger fractal dimension,smaller micro-crack size or lower micro-crack ***,the proposed scaling model has the potential to capture the scaling behaviors considering the thermal effect,weathering effect,anisotropic characteristic etc.,as the proposed scaling model incorporated model parameters with physical *** findings of this study are of fundamental importance to understand the scaling behaviors of rock under dynamic loading condition,and thus would facilitate the appropriate design of rock engineering.

关键词： Size effect Strain rate Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) Dynamic fracture mechanics

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Conventional geothermal Systems and Unconventional geothermal Developments: An Overview

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Open Journal of Geology 2024年第2期14卷 196-246页

作者： Maryam Khodayar Sveinbjörn Björnsson Consultant and Researcher in Geosciences Reykjavík Iceland Formerly at National energy Authority of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland

This paper provides an overview of conventional geothermal systems and unconventional geothermal developments as a common reference is needed for discussions between energy professionals. Conventional geothermal systems have the heat, permeability and fluid, requiring only drilling down to °C, normal heat flow or decaying radiogenic granite as heat sources, and used in district heating. Medium-temperature (MT) 100°C - 190°C, and high-temperature (HT) 190°C - 374°C resources are mostly at plate boundaries, with volcanic intrusive heat source, used mostly for electricity generation. Single well capacities are °C - 500°C) and a range of depths (1 m to 20 Km), but lack permeability or fluid, thus requiring stimulations for heat extraction by conduction. HVAC is 1 - 2 m deep and shallow geothermal down to 500 m in wells, both capturing °C, with °C are either advanced by geothermal developers at geothermal Systems (EGS), drilling below brittle-ductile transition zones and under geothermal fields), or by the Oil & Gas industry (Advanced geothermal Systems, heat recovery from hydrocarbon wells or reservoirs, Superhot Rock geothermal, and millimeter-wave drilling down to 20 Km). Their primary aim is electricity generation, relying on closed-loops, but EGS uses fractures for heat exchange with earthquake risks during fracking. Unconventional approaches could be everywhere, with shallow geothermal already functional. The deeper and hotter unconventional alternatives are still experimental, overcoming costs and technological challenges to become fully commercial. Meanwhile, the conventional geothermal resources remain the most proven opportunities for investments and development.

关键词： Conventional geothermal Systems Unconventional geothermal Developments Shallow and Deep Closed-Loops Enhanced geothermal Systems Supercritical and Millimeter-Wave Drilling

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Fracture Characteristics and Heat Accumulation of Jixianian Carbonate Reservoirs in the Rongcheng geothermal Field, Xiong'an New Area

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第6期95卷 1902-1914页

作者： WANG Yingjin MA Feng XIE Heping WANG Guiling WANG Zhihe Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and geothermal energy Exploitation and Utilization Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green EnergyCollege of Civil and Transportation EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesShijiazhuang 050061China Technology Innovation Center for geothermal&Hot Dry Rock Exploration and Development Ministry of Natural ResourcesShijiazhuang 050061China

geothermal energy plays an important role in urban construction of the Xiong’an New Area. geothermal reservoir fracture distribution of the Mesoproterozoic Jixianian Wumishan Formation(Fm.) carbonate reservoir in the Rongcheng geothermal field are evaluated based on FMI log from Wells D19 and D21. The results show carbonate reservoir fracture density of Well D19 is 15.2/100 m, greater than that of Well D21 with a value of 9.2/100 m. Reservoir porosity and permeability of Well D19 are better than that of Well D21, and the water saturation is bimodally distributed. The movable fluid volume ratio(BVM) of Well D19 is 2% to 8% with some zones exceeding 20%, while the value of Well D21 is less than 4%. Therefore, reservoir fractures in Well D19 are more conducive to fluid flow. Reservoir fractures have a similar occurrence to normal faults, indicating that the tensile stress field controlled the formation of such fractures. Developed reservoir fractures provide a good channel for groundwater convection. The circulation of regional groundwater and the heat exchange between water and rock and the multiple heat accumulation patterns form a stable and high potential heat reservoir in the Rongcheng geothermal field.

关键词： geothermal resource carbonate reservoir fracture FMI log in-situ stress

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Thermodynamic and Techno-economic Analysis of a Triple-pressure Organic Rankine Cycle: Comparison with Dual-pressure and Single-pressure ORCs

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第6期95卷 1857-1869页

作者： YU Hao LU Xinli ZHANG Wei ZHANG Jiaqi Tianjin geothermal Research and Training Center Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300350China Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade energy MOETianjin UniversityTianjin 300350China

Investigation of a triple-pressure organic Rankine cycle(TPORC) using geothermal energy for power generation with the net power output of the TPORC analyzed by varying the evaporation pressures, pinch temperature differences(tpp) and degrees of superheat(tsup) aimed to find the optimum operation conditions of the system. The thermodynamic performance of the TPORC was compared with a dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle(DPORC) and a single-pressure ORC(SPORC) for geofluid temperatures ranging from 100°C to 200°C, with particular reference to the utilization of a hot dry rock(HDR) geothermal resource. Thermodynamic performances of the TPORC system using eight different organic working fluids have also been investigated in terms of the net power outputs. Results show that a higher geofluid mass flow rate can make a considerable contribution to shortening the payback period(PBP) as well as to decreasing the levelized electricity cost(LEC), especially when the geofluid temperature is low. For the temperature range investigated, the order from high to low based on thermodynamic and techno-economic performances is found to be TPORC > DPORC > SPORC. In terms of using geothermal resources within the given temperatures range(100°C–200°C), the TPORC system can be a better choice for geothermal power generation so long as the wellhead geofluid temperature is between 140°C and 180°C.

关键词： geothermal energy techno-economics power generation systems triple-pressure organic Rankine cycle(TPORC) thermodynamic performance

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Micro-macro fracture mechanism of heterogeneous granite in percussive drilling

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Petroleum Science 2023年第5期20卷 3131-3142页

作者： Wei-Ji Liu Yan-Fei Wang Zhao-Wang Dan Xiao-Hua Zhu School of Mechatronic Engineering Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina geothermal energy Research Center Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina Powerchina Sinohydro Bureau 7 Co. LTDChengdu610500SichuanChina

The conventional rotary rock breaking method faces a technical bottleneck in improving the rate of penetration(ROP)in deep hard *** drilling is the most potential approach to increase rock-breaking efficiency and ***,the rock-breaking mechanism of percussive drilling is still unclear enough,especially the micro-fracture mechanism of rock under confining pressure(under lateral pressure and hydraulic pressure).In this paper,the impact rock breaking experiments by four kinds of Polycrystalline Diamond Compact(PDC)cutters are carried out using a drop-weight impact testing machine and an acoustic emission(AE)recording system,the influence of parameters such as cutter shape,rake angle,and impact energy on rock-breaking are systematically *** study includes a numerical simulation to examine the process of crack initiation,propagation,and cuttings formation during the impact process with the consideration of confining *** results show the conicalshaped cutter is the most aggressive with high breaking *** penetration depth of the cutter is mainly influenced by the impact energy and cutter shape than the rake angle of the *** exists critical impact energy makes the rock breaking efficiency the *** critical impact energy is about 40 J when using the conical-shaped cutter with a rake angle of 15°.The rock mainly failed in tensile mode,and the inter-grain crack is the main *** pressure can inhibit the formation of horizontal cracks,while lateral pressure can inhibit the formation of vertical cracks and reduce the proportion of tensile *** research results can provide some reference and basis for improving the rock-breaking efficiency in deep hard formations.

关键词： Percussive drilling PFC Rock fragmentation characteristics Rock breaking efficiency

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Exploration of weakening mechanism of uniaxial compressive strength of deep sandstone under microwave irradiation

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Journal of Central South University 2022年第2期29卷 611-623页

作者： YANG Ben-gao GAO Ming-zhong XIE Jing LIU Jun-jun WANG Fei WANG Ming-yao WANG Xuan WEN Xiang-yue YANG Zhao-ying State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering College ofWater Resource&HydropowerSichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and geothermal energy Exploitation and Utilization Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green EnergyCollege of Civil and Transportation EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China

Traditional mechanical rock breaking method is labor-intensive and low-efficient,which restrictes the development of deep resources and deep *** a new rock-breakage technology,microwave irradiation is expected to overcome these *** study examines the failure characteristics,weakening law,and breakdown mechanism of deep sandstone(depth=1050 m)samples in a microwave *** macroscopic and microscopic properties were determined via mechanical tests,mesoscopic tests,and numerical *** application at 1000 W for 60 s reduced the uniaxial compressive strength of the sandstone by 50%.Thermal stress of the sandstone was enhanced by uneven expansion of minerals at the ***,the melting of some minerals in the high-temperature environment changed the pore structure,sharply reducing the macroscopic *** temperature remained high in the lower midsection of the sample,and the stress was concentrated at the bottom of the sample and along its *** results are expected to improve the efficiency of deep rock breaking,provide theoretical and technical support for similar rock-breakage projects,and accelerate advances in deep-Earth science.

关键词： microwave sandstone uniaxial compressive strength weakening mechanism

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Selection and thermal physical characteristics analysis of in-situ condition preserved coring lunar rock simulant in extreme environment

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2023年第11期33卷 1411-1424页

作者： Haichun Hao Mingzhong Gao Cunbao Li Xuan Wang Yan Wu Zheng Gao Wen Yu Xuemin Zhou Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and geothermal energy Exploitation and Utilization Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green EnergyCollege of Civil and Transportation EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Engineering Sciences and Green energy Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China

With the increasing scarcity of Earth’s resources and the development of space science and technology,the exploration, development, and utilization of deep space-specific material resources(minerals, water ice, volatile compounds, etc.) are not only important to supplement the resources and reserves on Earth but also provide a material foundation for establishing extraterrestrial research bases. To achieve large depth in-situ condition-preserved coring(ICP-Coring) in the extreme lunar environment, first, lunar rock simulant was selected(SZU-1), which has a material composition, element distribution, and physical and mechanical properties that are approximately equivalent to those of lunar mare basalt. Second, the influence of the lunar-based in-situ environment on the phase, microstructure, and thermal physical properties(specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal expansion coefficient)of SZU-1 was explored and compared with the measured lunar rock data. It was found that in an air atmosphere, low temperature has a more pronounced effect on the relative content of olivine than other temperatures, while in a vacuum atmosphere, the relative contents of olivine and anorthite are significantly affected only at temperatures of approximately-20 and 200 ℃. When the vacuum level is less than100 Pa, the contribution of air conduction can be almost neglected, whereas it becomes dominant above this threshold. Additionally, as the testing temperature increases, the surface of SZU-1 exhibits increased microcracking, fracture opening, and unevenness, while the specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity,and thermal expansion coefficient show nonlinear increases. Conversely, the thermal diffusivity exhibits a nonlinear decreasing trend. The relationship between thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and temperature can be effectively described by an exponential function(R^(2)>0.98). The research results are consistent with previous studies

关键词： Lunar-based Lunar rock simulant Extreme environment Thermal physical properties

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Size effect of fracture characteristics for anisotropic quasi-brittle geomaterials

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2023年第2期33卷 201-213页

作者： Cunbao Li Dongchao Yang Heping Xie Li Ren Jun Wang Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and geothermal energy Exploitation and Utilization Institute of Deep Earth Sciences and Green EnergyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Engineering Sciences and Green energy College of Civil and Transportation EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China MOE Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China

Understanding the size effect exhibited by the fracture mechanism of anisotropic geomaterials is important for engineering practice. In this study, the anisotropic features of the nominal strength, apparent fracture toughness, effective fracture energy and fracture process zone(FPZ) size of geomaterials were first analyzed by systematic size effect fracture experiments. The results showed that the nominal strength and the apparent fracture toughness decreased with increasing bedding plane inclination *** larger the specimen size was, the smaller the nominal strength and the larger the apparent fracture toughness was. When the bedding inclination angle increased from 0° to 90°, the effective fracture energy and the effective FPZ size both first decreased and then increased within two complex variation stages that were bounded by the 45° bedding angle. Regardless of the inherent anisotropy of geomaterials,the nominal strength and apparent fracture toughness can be predicted by the energy-based size effect law, which demonstrates that geomaterials have obvious quasi-brittle characteristics. Theoretical analysis indicated that the true fracture toughness and energy dissipation can be calculated by linear elastic fracture mechanics only when the brittleness number is higher than 10;otherwise, size effect tests should be adopted to determine the fracture parameters.

关键词： Size effect Inherent anisotropy Fracture toughness Fracture energy Effective FPZ size Quasi-brittle geomaterials

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