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Livestock induces strong spatial heterogeneity of soil CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions within a semi-arid sylvo-pastoral landscape in West Africa

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Journal of Arid Land 2017年第2期9卷 210-221页

作者： Mohamed H ASSOUMA Dominique SERCA Frederic GUERIN Vincent BLANFORT Philippe LECOMTE Ibra TOurE Alexandre ICKOWICZ Raphael J MANLAY Martial BERNOU Jonathan VAYSSIERES CIRAD-umr Selmet Campus International Baillarguet Montpellier 34398 France DP PPZS ISRA-LNERV BP 2057 Dakar Hann Senegal Laboratoire d'Aerologie-OMP Universite Paul Sabatier 14 Avenue Edouard Belin Toulouse 31400 France geosciences environnement toulouse umr 5563 & ur 234 ird Universite Paul Sabatier Avenue Edouard Belin 14 Toulouse 31400 France CILSS 03 BP 7049 Ouagadougou Burkina Faso AgroParisTech-umr Eco&Sols 2 place Viala Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier 34060 France ird-umr Eco&Sols 2 place Viala Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier 34060 France

Greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions from the surface soils and surface water receiving animal excreta may be important components of the GHG balance of terrestrial ecosystems, but the associated processes are poorly documented in tropical environments, especially in tropical arid and semi-arid areas. A typical sylvo-pastoral landscape in the semi-arid zone of Senegal, West Africa, was investigated in this study. The study area （706 km2 of managed pastoral land） was a circular zone with a radius of 15 km centered on a borehole used to water livestock. The landscape supports a stocking rate ranging from 0.11 to 0.39 tropical livestock units per hectare depending on the seasonal movements of the livestock. Six landscape units were investigated （land in the vicinity of the borehole, natural ponds, natural rangelands, forest plantations, settlements, and enclosed plots）. Carbon dioxide （CO2）, nitrous oxide （N2O） and methane （CH4） fluxes were measured with static chambers set up at 13 sites covering the six landscape units, and the 13 sites are assumed to be representative of the spatial heterogeneity of the emissions. A total of 216 fluxes were measured during the one-year study period （May 2014 to April 2015）. At the landscape level, soils and surface water emitted an average 19.8 t C-CO2 eq/（hm2.a）（CO2： 82%, N2O： 15%, and CH4： 3%）, but detailed results revealed notable spatial heterogeneity of GHG emissions. CO2 fluxes ranged from 1148.2 （±91.6） mg/（m2.d） in rangelands to 97,980.2 （±4,861.7） mg/（m2.d） in surface water in the vicinity of the borehole. N2O fluxes ranged from 0.6 （±0.1） mg/（m2.d） in forest plantations to 22.6 （±10.8） mg/（m2.d） in the vicinity of the borehole. CH4 fluxes ranged from -3.2 （±0.3） mg/（m2.d） in forest plantations to 8788.5 （±2295.9） mg/（m2.d） from surface water in the vicinity of the borehole. This study identified GHG emission ＂hot spots＂ in the landscape. Emissions from the surface soils were significantly higher in the landscape units most freq

关键词： greenhouse gases soil surface water livestock landscape Senegal

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Upper Mantle Dynamic and Evolution beneath Lake Nyos Volcano (Cameroon Volcanic Line), Documented by Peridotite Xenoliths Enclosed in Alkali Basalts

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International Journal of geosciences 2022年第6期13卷 438-463页

作者： Merlin Isidore Teitchou Joseph Legrand Tchop Michel Grégoire Eddy Ferdinand Mbossi Pauline Wokwenmendam Nguet Sahabo Aboubakar Abdoulaye Ateba Bekoa Institute for Geological and Mining Research Buea Cameroon geosciences-environnement toulouse UMR Toulouse France

Volcanic deposits from the lake Nyos contain ultramafic xenoliths: lherzolites, harzburgites and wehrlites, sometimes containing amphiboles and phlogopites. The lithospheric mantle beneath Nyos, as inferred from chemical diagrams, has experienced partial melting and variably cryptic and modal metasomatism of the two groups of samples that have been distinguished: Group 1 samples are characterized by spoon-shaped REE patterns, and Group 2 samples show light (L) REE-enriched patterns. Metasomatic events were associated with pervasive infiltration of volatile (Ti, CO2, H2O) or alkali-rich small melts fractions and fluids. Later on, hydrous phases, Ti-rich Cpx, CaO-rich Ol, Ti-rich Ol, Cr poor and low values of NiO and FO (%) in wehrlite compared to other xenoliths, precipitated from alkali enrichments due to the percolation of the mantle by basaltic magmas. The metasomatic liquid which percolates the Nyos mantle column was a dense alkaline silicate rich in volatile, displaying low HFSE abundances in the metasomatic hydrous melts compared to the LILE. It is suggested that 1) cryptic metasomatism affected Group 1 samples, 2) the spinel-free wehrlite is a Group 2 sample corresponding to a cumulate of a similar melt and 3) amphibole may be a potassium-bearing mineral in addition to phlogopite at shallower levels of Nyos upper mantle. P-T estimated indicates that xenoliths were initially equilibrated in the garnet stability field, at depth of 85 Km, and then they were re-equilibrated in the spinel field owing to isobaric heating up to 1000℃. Adiabatic decompressions occur from 85 to 50 Km materialized by sample NK14 showing transitional porphyroclastic to equigranular texture and displaying pyroxene-Cr spinel symplectites, and from 50 to 30 Km corresponding to 8 - 18 Kbar, pressures in which most xenoliths were incorporated in the host lavas. Therefore, the presence of rising mantle plumes from 85 to 50 Km (sample NK14) and from 50 to 30 Km

关键词： Nyos Xenoliths Metasomatism P-T Estimated Mantle Diapirs Rift-Zones

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Role of the floodplain lakes in the methylmercury distribution and exchanges with the Amazon River,Brazil

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第6期30卷 24-40页

作者： Poliana Dutra Maia Laurence Maurice Emmanuel Tessier David Amouroux Daniel Cossa Patricia Moreira-Turcq Henri Etcheber Universidade de Brasilia-Faculdade UnB Planaltina Area Universitaria n. 1-Vila Nossa Senhora de Fatima Planaltina 73300-000 Brasilia DF Brazil geosciences environnement toulouse (GET) Observatoire Midi Pyrenees Universite de Toulouse CNRS IRD14 Avenue Edouard Belin F-32400 Toulouse France CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Materiaux UMR5254 F-64000 Pau Prance Universite Grenoble Alpes CP 40700 F-38058 Grenoble Cedex 9 France EPOC umr 5805 Universite de Bordeaux I Av. des Facultes F-33405 Talence France

Seasonal variability of dissolved and particulate methylmercury（F-MeHg, P-MeHg） concentrations was studied in the waters of the Amazon River and its associated Curuai floodplain during hydrological year 2005–2006, to understand the MeHg exchanges between these aquatic systems. In the oxic white water lakes, with neutral pH, high F-MeHg and P-MeHg concentrations were measured during the rising water stage（0.70 ± 0.37 pmol/L, n = 26） and flood peak（14.19 ± 9.32 pmol/g, n = 7） respectively, when the Amazon River water discharge into the lakes was at its maximum. The lowest mean values were reported during the dry season（0.18 ± 0.07 pmol/L F-MeHg, n = 10 and 1.35 ± 1.24 pmol/g P-MeHg, n = 8）, when water and suspended sediments were outflowing from the lakes into the River. In these lakes,the MeHg concentrations were associated to the aluminium and organic carbon/nitrogen changes. In the black water lakes, with acidic pH and reducing conditions, elevated MeHg concentrations were recorded（0.58 ± 0.32 pmol/L F-MeHg, n = 16 and 19.82 ± 15.13 pmol/g PMeHg, n = 6）, and correlated with the organic carbon and manganese concentrations. Elevated values of MeHg partition coefficient（4.87 〈 Kd〈 5.08 log（L/kg） indicate that MeHg is mainly transported associated with the particulate phase. The P-MeHg enrichment detected in all lakes suggests autochthonous MeHg inputs from the sediments into the water column. The MeHg mass balance showed that the Curuai floodplain is not the source of P-MeHg for the Amazon River.

关键词： Methylmercury Water Sediment Amazon River Floodplain lakes

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Evaluation of Radarsat-2 quad-pol SAR time-series images for monitoring groundwater irrigation

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2019年第10期12卷 1177-1197页

作者： Amit Kumar Sharma Laurence Hubert-Moy Buvaneshwari Sriramulu M.Sekhar Laurent Ruiz S.Bandyopadhyay Shiv Mohan Samuel Corgne Univ Rennes UMR LETG CNRSRennesFrance Indo-French Cell for Water Science Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia umr 1069 SAS INRAAgro-campus OuestRennesFrance Géosciences environnement toulouse Universitéde ToulouseCNRSIRDToulouseFrance EOS Indian Space Research OrganizationBangaloreIndia PLANEX Physical Research LaboratoryAhmedabadIndia

Groundwater assists farmers to irrigate crops for fulfilling the crop-water *** agriculture system is characterized by three cropping seasons known as Kharif(monsoon),Rabi(post-monsoon)and summer(pre-monsoon).In tropical countries like India,monitoring cropping practices using optical remote sensing during Kharif and Rabi seasons is constraint due to the cloud cover,which can be well addressed by microwave remote *** the proposed research,the strength of C-band polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)time series images were evaluated to classify groundwater irrigated croplands for the Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons of the year *** present study was performed in the Berambadi experimental watershed of Kabini river basin,southern peninsular India.A total of fifteen polarimetric variables were estimated includes four backscattering coefficients(HH,HV,VH,VV)and eleven polarimetric indices for all Radarsat-2 SAR *** cumulative temporal sum(seasonal and dual-season)of these parameters was supervised classified using Support Vector Machine(SVM)classifier with intensive ground observation *** results using the best equation(highest accuracy and kappa)shows that the Kharif,Rabi and irrigated double croplands are respectively 9.58 km2(20.6%),16.14 km2(34.7%)and 6.22 km2(13.4%)with a kappa coefficient respectively 0.84,0.74 and 0.94.

关键词： Radarsat-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar Polarimetric Indices Irrigated Cropland Support Vector Machine Classifier Kabini Critical Zone Observatory

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Mineralogical Characterization of Heavy Mineral Concentrates from Senegalese Great Cost by Using Qemscan and SEM

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International Journal of geosciences 2020年第12期11卷 800-817页

作者： Moumar Dieye Marieke Van Lichtervelde Abdoul Aziz Ndiaye Mamadou Gueye Simon B. Blancher Earth Science Institute Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar University Dakar Senegal geosciences environnement toulouse UPS CNRS IRD Toulouse France Eramet Ideas Trappes France

The heavy mineral sands of Senegal are exploited to extract titanium oxides and zircon. Mining is carried out first by means of a floating dredge and concentration plant which produces a heavy mineral concentrate (HMC) containing on average 78% titanium oxides, 11% zircon and a set of silicate and alumino-silicate minerals. This heavy mineral concentrate is then treated by gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separation to produce titanium oxide concentrates (ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile) and three varieties of zircon concentrates (Premium zircon, standard zircon and medium grade zircon standard). In this study, we describe the various mineral concentrates in terms of mineralogical assemblages, and textural variability within grains, using Qemscan and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The titanium oxide concentrates are differentiated by their TiO2 content and vary from ilmenite to rutile. The zircon concentrates are characterized by the presence of impurities in the zircons, which consist in numerous inclusions of titanium oxides and silicate minerals. The mineralogical characteristics determined by scanning electron microscopy and by Qemscan showed great variability within the grains themselves. Heavy minerals contain many mineral inclusions and show strong chemical zoning.

关键词： Heavy Mineral Sand Qemscan SEM Origin

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Traits allowing some ant species to nest syntopically with the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima in its native range

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Insect Science 2015年第2期22卷 289-294页

作者： Alain Dejean Bruno Corbara Regis Cereghino Maurice Leponce Olivier Roux Vivien Rossi Jacques H. C. Delabie Arthur Compin CNRS Ecologie des Forets de Guyane (UMR-CNRS 8172) Campus agronomique BP 316 97387 Kourou cedex Universite de toulouse UPS INP Ecolab 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse CNRS-umr 6023 Laboratoire Microorganismes Genome et Environnement Universite Blaise Pascal Complexe Scientifique des Cezeaux 63177 Aubiere cedex Clermont UniversitY Universite Blaise Pascal LMGE BP 10448 F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand CNRS Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et environnement (umr-CNRS 5245) 31062 Toulouse France Biological Assessment Section Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels Belgium ird Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie Genetique Evolution et Controle (UMR- IRD 224) Equipe BEES 911 avenue AgropolisBP 64501 34394 Montpellier CIRAD Ecofog (umr-CIRAD 93) Campus Agronomique 97379 Kourou cedex France U.P.A.Laboratorio de Mirmecologia Conv~nio UESC/CEPLAC C.P. 7 45600-000 Itabuna Bahia Brazil

Supercolonies of the red fire ant Solenopsis saevissima （Smith） develop in disturbed environments and likely alter the ant community in the native range of the species. For example, in French Guiana only 8 ant species were repeatedly noted as nesting in close vicinity to its mounds. Here, we verified if a shared set of biological, ecological, and behavioral traits might explain how these 8 species are able to nest in the presence of S. saevissima. We did not find this to be the case. We did find, however, that all of them are able to live in disturbed habitats. It is likely that over the course of evolution each of these species acquired the capacity to live syntopically with S. saevissima through its own set of traits, where colony size （4 species develop large colonies）, cuticular compounds which do not trigger aggressiveness （6 species） and submissive behaviors （4 species） complement each other.

关键词： ant community fire ants invasive species Solenopsis saevissima species coexistence supercoloniality

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Diversity patterns and palaeobiogeographical relationships of latest Devonian-Lower Carboniferous foraminifers from South China:What is global,what is local?

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2014年第1期3卷 35-59页

作者： Markus Aretz Elise Nardin Daniel Vachard Géosciences environnement toulouse (GET) Observatoire Midi Pyrénées Université de Toulouse CNRS IRD14 Avenue E. BelinF-31400 Toulouse France Université Lille 1 UMR 8217 Géosystèmes Batiment SN5Avenue Paul LangevinF-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex France

During latest Devonian and early Carboniferous times,calcareous foraminifers were abundant,widely distributed,and showed the most rapid rate of evolution in the shallow?sea *** factors,especially their fast phylogenetic changes,make them an essen?tial element in biostratigraphic schemes of this time ***,the distribution patterns of calcareous foraminifers depend on a series of biological and non?biological factors,such as population sizes,dispersion,oceanic currents and temperatures,and substrate types,which are not always well?controlled when interpreting spatial and temporal distribution *** this study,a dataset of calcareous foraminifers was compiled containing the tempo?ral distribution(biozone level)of 420 species belonging to 155 genera currently described from Strunian(latest Devonian)to basal Serpukhovian(Lower Carboniferous)key sections in southern China,and the presence of those species in eleven palaeobiogeographical *** comparison of the regional Chinese diversity curve,which has a bell?shaped form with a dou?ble peak in the Ivorian,to a global curve shows the influence of local and regional ***?mum values in the Chinese Strunian,basal Tournaisian and early late Visean can be explained by the small number of studied outcrops,unfavourable facies and depositional gaps in these stratigraphic intervals in South *** is especially obvious in the late Visean and Serpuk?hovian,which is a peak time of global *** fall observed at that time interval in southern China is easily explained by the fact that this time peried is far less intensively studied and thus fewer data are present in the *** opposite situation is seen around the TournaisianVisean ***,a peak is found in both regional and global curves,but that up to 87%of all known species are found in southern China seems to be unlikely,especially when the normal average value are 35%-40%.This anomalously high percentage is a cons

关键词： South China Devonian Carboniferous foraminifers diversity patterns statistical analyses palaeobiogeography

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A SEM-based method to determine the mineralogical composition and the particle size distribution of suspended sediment

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2019年第2期34卷 85-94页

作者： Sylvain Pinet Bruno Lartiges Jean-Michel Martinez Sylvain Ouillonc University of toulouse (Paul Sabatier) Geosciences Environment ToulouseCNRS(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)IRD(Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) Instituto de Geosciencias Universidade de BrasiliaCampus Universitario Darcy RibeiroICC Centro University of toulouse LEGOS(Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales)

A robust method for characterizing the mineralogy of suspended sediment in continental rivers is *** encompasses 3 steps:the filtration of a few milliliters of water,measurements of X-ray energy dispersive spectra using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),and robust machine learning tools of *** method is applied to suspended particles collected from various Amazonian rivers.A total of more than 204,000 particles were analyzed by SEM-EDXS(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy),*** 15,700 particles per sampling station,which lead to the identification of 15 distinct groups of mineralogical *** size distribution of particles collected on the filters was derived from the SEM micrographs taken in the backscattered electron imaging mode and analyzed with ImageJ *** determination of the main mineralogical groups composing the bulk sediment associated with physical parameters such as particle size distribution or aspect ratio allows a precise characterization of the load of the terrigenous particles in rivers or *** the case of the Amazonian rivers investigated,the results show that the identified mineralogies are consistent with previous studies as well as between the different samples *** method enabled the evolution of grain size distribution from fine to coarse material to be described in the water *** about hydrodynamic sorting of mineral particles in the water column are also briefly *** proposed method appears well suited for intensive routine monitoring of suspended sediment in river systems.

关键词： Mineralogy Scanning Electron Microscopy Suspended sediment Machine learning Particle size distribution

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The contribution of microorganisms and metazoans to mineral nutrition in bromeliads

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2016年第3期9卷 241-255页

作者： Céline Leroy Jean-François Carrias Régis Céréghino Bruno Corbara ird UMR AMAP(botAnique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations)Boulevard de la LirondeTA A‐51/PS2F‐34398 Montpellier Cedex 5France umr Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane(AgroParisTech CIRADCNRSINRAUniversitéde GuyaneUniversitédes Antilles)Campus AgronomiqueBP 316F-97379 Kourou cedexFrance UniversitéClermont Auvergne UniversitéBlaise PascalBP 10448F-63000 Clermont-FerrandFrance CNRS UMR 6023Laboratoire Microorganismes:Génome et EnvironnementCampus Universitaire des Cézeaux1 impasse Amélie MuratTSA 60026 CS *** Aubière cedexFrance Universitéde toulouse INPUPS EcoLab(Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement)F-31062 ToulouseFrance CNRS EcoLab118 Route de NarbonneF-31062 ToulouseFrance

Aims One critical challenge for plants is to maintain an adequate nutrient supply under fluctuating environmental *** is particularly true for epiphytic species that have limited or no access to the pedosphere and often live in harsh *** have evolved key innovations such as epiphytism,water-absorbing leaf trichomes,tank habit and Crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM)photosynthesis that enable them to survive under various environmental *** encompass diverse ecological types that live on different substrates(they can be terrestrial,epilithic or epiphytic)and vary in their ability to retain water(they can be tank-forming or tankless)and photosynthetic pathway(i.e.C3 or CAM).In this review,we outline the nutritional modes and specializations that enable bromeliads to thrive in a wide range of nutrient-poor(mostly nitrogen-depleted)*** FindingsBromeliads have evolved a great diversity of morphologies and functional adaptations leading to the existence of numerous nutritional *** on species that have absorptive foliar trichomes,we review evidence that bromeliads have evolved multi-faceted nutritional strategies to respond to fluctuations in the supply of natural nitrogen(N).These plants have developed mutualistic associations with many different and functionally diverse terrestrial and aquatic microorganisms and metazoans that contribute substantially to their mineral nutrition and,thus,their fitness and *** and fungal microbiota-assisted N provisioning,protocarnivory,digestive mutualisms and myrmecotrophic pathways are the main strategies used by bromeliads to acquire *** combination of different nutritional pathways in bromeliads represents an important adaptation enabling them to exploit nutrient-poor ***,as has been shown for several other vascular plants,multiple partners are involved in nutrient acquisition indicating that there have been convergent adap

关键词： digestive mutualism insect-assisted nutrients leafδ15N multiple N sources myrmecotrophy

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Assessment of the Moroccan Mediterranean Coasts Contamination by Hydrocarbons (Non Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Linear Alkylbenzenes)

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International Journal of geosciences 2011年第4期2卷 562-572页

作者： Saida Bouzid Soumaya Khannous Ioanna Bouloubassi Alain Saliot Hassan Er Raioui Equipe geosciences et environnement Departement des Sciences de la Terre Faculte des Sciences et Techniques a Tanger LOCEAN-IPSL UMR 7159 CNRS/IRD/UPMC/MNHN/Universite Pierre et Marie Curie

In order to evaluate the contamination of the Moroccan Mediterranean coasts by persistent organic pollutants we studied hydrocarbons and linear alkylbenzenes in bivalve tissues (cockles) collected seasonally from several points along the western Moroccan coasts in the Mediterranean Sea. Two fractions corresponding to non aromatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. Non aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations vary in the range of 24.1 - 2731 μg/g dry weight (dw) while total n-alkanes vary from 2.2 to 68.2 μg/g. Few exceptions were noted with values up to 243 μg/g (dw), which is high compared to other Mediterranean sites. The presence of an important unresolved complex mixture (UCM) indicated a significant petroleum contamination, confirmed by the identification of 17α(H), 21β(H) hopanes. Biogenic contributions were also detected within the n-alkane distribution (n-C17, n-C18, n-C27, n-C29, n-C17, /Pr, n-C18, /Ph) and by the presence of alkenes. C13, and C14, linear alkylbenzenes were found at concentrations of 478 - 1954 ng/g. and point to pollutant inputs from wastewaters. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were present in low concentrations below the GC detection limit. The observed seasonal and spatial variations were linked to the magnitude of inputs from marine and land-based pollutant discharges.

关键词： Western Moroccan Mediterranean Coast Bivalves Contamination Gas Chromatography Hydrocarbons Biogeochemical Markers Petrogenic and Biogenic Origins

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