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Progress and prospects of applied research on physical geography and the living environment in China over the past 70 years (1949-2019)

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2021年第1期31卷 3-45页

作者： CHEN Fahu WU Shaohong CUI Peng CAI Yunlong ZHANG Yili YIN Yunhe LIU Guobin OUYANG Zhu MA Wei YANG Linsheng WU Duo LEI Jiaqiang ZHANG Guoyou ZOU Xueyong CHEN Xiaoqing TAN Minghong WANG Xunming BAO Anming CHENG Weixin DANG Xiaohu WEI Binggan WANG Guoliang WANG Wuyi ZHANG Xingquan LIU Xiaochen LI Shengyu Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchCASBeijing 100101China CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101China College of Resources and environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CASBeijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation CASBeijing 100101China Institute of Mountain Hazards and environment CASChengdu 610041China College of Urban and environmental Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources CASLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Western China’s environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and geography CASUrumqi 830011China The Geographical Society of China Beijing 100101China Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China College of Geology and environment Xi'an University of Science and TechnologyXi’an 710054China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research CASBeijing 100101China

Physical geography is a basic research subject of natural sciences. Its research object is the natural environment which is closely related to human living and development, and China’s natural environment is complex and diverse. According to national needs and regional development, physical geographers have achieved remarkable achievements in applied basis and applied research, which also has substantially contributed to the planning of national economic growth and social development, the protection of macro ecosystems and resources, and sustainable regional development. This study summarized the practice and application of physical geography in China over the past 70 years in the following fields: regional differences in natural environments and physical regionalization;land use and land cover changes;natural hazards and risk reduction;process and prevention of desertification;upgrading of medium-and low-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;engineering construction in permafrost areas;geochemical element anomalies and the prevention and control of endemic diseases;positioning and observation of physical geographical elements;and identification of geospatial differentiation and geographical detectors. Furthermore, we have proposed the future direction of applied research in the field of physical geography.

关键词： physical geography scientific practice applied research regional development national strategy

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The impact of macroalgae on mean and turbulent flow fields

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2015年第3期27卷 427-435页

作者： THOMAS Robert E. MCLELLAND Stuart J. Department of geography Environment and Earth Sciences University of Hull

In this paper, we attempt to quantify the mean and turbulent flow fields around live macroalgae within a tidal inlet in Norway. Two Laminaria digitata specimens - 0.50 m apart were selected for detailed study and a profiling ADV was used to collect 45 velocity profiles, each composed of up to seven 0.035 m-high profiles collected for 240 s at 100 Hz, at a streamwise spacing of 0.25 m and cross-stream spacing of 0.20 m. To quantify the impact of the macroalgae, measurements were repeated over a sparser grid after the region had been completely cleared of algae and major roughness elements.

关键词： dealiasing laminaria digitata turbulence vectrino profiler velocity profile

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Geochemical contamination in the mine affected soil of Raniganj Coalfield——A river basin scale assessment

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第5期9卷 1577-1590页

作者： Abhijit Manna Ramkrishna Maiti Department of geography and environment Management Vidyasagar University

The study aimed to assess the heavy metals(K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Sr, Zr) contamination in the soil of mine affected Singaran river basin and to analyse spatial variation in the contamination level considering 32 soil samples. Elemental analysis of soil samples has been performed through Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis(EDX) to quantify the elemental concentration(mg kgà1). Heavy metal concentrations have been assessed through geo-accumulation index(Igeo) and enrichment factor(EF).Indices showed soils have moderate accumulation of most of the metals with moderate enrichment of Sr,Zr, Zn, Cu and Ni. Soil contamination level assessment has been carried out using indices like Contamination Factor(CF), degree of contamination(C_(deg)), modified degree of contamination(m C_(deg)) and Pollution Load Index(PLI). CF shows moderate to considerable contamination by Sr, Zr, Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn and Ni. Mean indices values(m C_(deg)and PLI for the entire basin are 3.38 and 2.23 respectively) show low to moderate level of soil contamination. These indices result have been mapped and analysed in GIS platform to get spatial variation of pollution level. Opencast mines dominate middle catchment area and so is comparatively contaminated. Sample sites 11, 18 and 25 evidenced high values of all indices of pollution load. From the ecological standpoint Ecological Risk Factor(Er) and Potential Ecological Risk Index(RI) have been estimated to assess regional threat to native soil environment and it shows low ecological risk potential. Analysis shows that mine dominated soil of the entire Singaran basin is less contaminated in all respect but tends to the moderate contamination level at the mid-catchment area,especially by Sr, Zr, Zn, Cu and Ni.

关键词： Heavy metals Soil contamination Pollution indices Pollution load Ecological risk Singaran basin

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Uncertainties of snow cover extraction caused by the nature of topography and underlying surface

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Journal of Arid Land 2015年第3期7卷 285-295页

作者： Jun ZHAO YinFang SHI YongSheng HUANG JieWen FU College of geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University

Manas River,the largest inland river to the north of the Tianshan Mountains,provides important water resources for human production and *** seasonal snow cover and snowmelt play essential roles in the regulation of spring runoff in the Manas River Basin（MRB）.Snow cover is one of the most significant input parameters for obtaining accurate simulations and predictions of spring ***,it is especially important to extract snow-covered area correctly in the *** this study,we qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the uncertainties of snow cover extraction caused by the terrain factors and land cover types using TM and DEM data,along with the Per（the ratio of the difference between snow-covered area extracted by the Normalized Difference Snow Index（NDSI） method and visual interpretation method to the actual snow-covered area） and *** results indicated that the difference of snow-covered area extracted by the two methods was primarily reflected in the snow boundary and shadowy *** value of Per varied significantly in different elevation *** is,the value generally presented a normal distribution with the increase of *** peak value of Per occurred in the elevation zone of 3,700–4,200 *** caused the uncertainties of snow cover extraction with the order of sunny slope〉semi-shady and semi-sunny slope〉shady slope,due to the differences in solar radiation received by each *** the influences of various land cover types on snow cover extraction in the study area,bare rock was more influential on snow cover extraction than ***,shrub had the weakest impact on snow cover extraction.

关键词： Landsat TM Normalized Difference Snow Index(NDSI) snow cover uncertainty Manas River Basin

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Temporal and spatial variations in extreme temperatures in the Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor over the period 1960-2013

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第12期13卷 2224-2236页

作者： JIA Wen-xiong College of geography and environment Science Northwest Normal University

Based on daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 18 meteorological stations in the Qilian Mountains and Hexi Corridor between 1960 and 2013,temporal and spatial variations in extreme temperatures were analysed using linear trends,tenpoint moving averages and the Mann-Kendall *** results are as follows:The trends in the majority of the extreme temperature indices were statistically significant,and the changes in the extreme temperatures were more obvious than the changes in the extreme *** trends were different for each season,and the changes in rates and intensities in summer and autumn were larger than those in spring and *** the cold indices,the magnitudes and trends of the changes in the warm indices were larger and more significant in the Hexi Corridor than in the Qilian *** changes were detected in the majority of the extreme temperature indices,and the extreme cold indices usually occurred earlier than the changes in the extreme warm *** abrupt changes in the extreme temperatures in winter were the earliest among the four seasons,indicating that these temperature changes were the most sensitive to global climate *** timing of the abrupt changes in certain indices was consistent throughout the study area,but the changes in the cold indices in the Hexi Corridor occurred approximately four years before those in the Qilian ***,the changes in the warm indices in the western Hexi Corridor preceded those of the other regions.

关键词： Extreme temperature Interannual change Climate change Qilian Mountains Hexi Corridor

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Hillslope coupled stream morphology, flow conditions, and their effects on detrital sedimentology in Garnet Canyon, Teton Range,Wyoming

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1193-1202页

作者： Lisa M.Tranel Department of geography Geology and the Environment Illinois State University

Characterizing stream erosion in any steep mountain landscape is arduous, but the challenge level increases when the stream flows through a glaciated catchment frequently modified by hillslope *** landforms and stochastic mass wasting in alpine systems may interfere with sediment delivery to downstream sites where detrital sediments are often collected to represent upstream bedrock *** use detrital sediments as indicators of erosion, we need to understand potential sediment accumulation in flat glaciated reaches or behind rockfall barriers. This study investigates the stream channel in Garnet Canyon, a glaciated catchment located in the central Teton Range, to describe hillslope coupled channel morphology and the subsequent effects on sediment transport throughout the *** cross-section surveys and sediment size measurements of the surface bedload were collected in the field within a glacially flattened segment of Garnet Canyon. Calculations of shear stress conditions allowed evaluation of the importance of mineral densities on potential grain entrainment. The length of the Garnet Canyon stream observed in this study was coupled with hillslope deposits. Critical shear stresses were sufficient to move gravel-sized sediments through all sections when calculated with quartz mineral density and through most sections when applying apatite mineral density. These results verify the application of detrital sediments to evaluate erosion rates or spatial bedrock sources because snowmelt stream flow efficiently moves entrained sediment past glacially reduced slopes and potential talus barriers.

关键词： Stream Morphology Garnet Canyon Sediment Talus

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Spatial Variability of PM_(2.5) Pollution in Imbalanced Natural and Socioeconomic Processes: Evidence from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2023年第1期33卷 161-174页

作者： WANG Yixu SUN Shuo XU Wentian FU Xuecheng YAO Lei College of geography and environment Shandong Normal UniversityJinan 250358China

Accurately identifying and quantifying the factors influencing PM_(2.5) pollution is of great significance for the prevention and control of pollution. However, the redundancy among potential factors of PM_(2.5) may be overlooked. Meanwhile, the inconsistent spatial distribution of the natural and socioeconomic conditions brings unique implications for the cities within a region, which may lead to an uncertain understanding of the relationship between pollution and environmental factors. This study focused on the Beijing-TianjinHebei(BTH) Region, China, which presents complex and varied background conditions. Potential impact factors on PM_(2.5) were firstly screened by combining systematic cluster analysis with a random forest recursive feature elimination algorithm. Then, the representative multi-factor responsible for PM_(2.5) pollution in the region during the key period of 2014–2018(when the strict national air pollution control policy was implemented). The results showed that the key driving factors of PM_(2.5) pollution in the BTH cities are different, indicating that the uniqueness of a city will have an impact on the leading causes of pollution. Further discussion shows that air control policy provides an effective way to improve air quality. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the risk drivers of air pollution within the BTH Region. In the future, it is recommended that more attention should be paid to the specific differences between the cities when formulating PM_(2.5) concentration control measures.

关键词： PM_(2.5) Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region multi-factor screening driving heterogeneity

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Online monitoring of water-soluble ionic composition of PM_(10)during early summer over Lanzhou City

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2014年第2期26卷 353-361页

作者： Jin Fan Xiaoying Yue Yi Jing Qiang Chen Shigong Wang College of Atmospheric Science Lanzhou University College of geography and environment Northwest Normal University

Lanzhou is one of the most aerosol-polluted cities in China. In this study, an online analyzer for Monitoring for AeRosols and GAses was deployed to measure major water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 at 1-hour time resolution, and 923 samples were obtained from Apr 1 to May 24, 2011. During the field campaign, air pollution days were encountered with Air Quality Index more than 100 and daily average concentration of PM10 exceeding 150 itg/m3. Based on the variation of water-soluble ions and results of Positive Matrix Factorization 3.0 model execution, the air pollution days were classified as crustal species- or secondary aerosol-induced, and the different formation mechanisms of these two air pollution types were studied. During the crustal species pollution days, the content of Ca2＋ increased and was about 2.3 times higher than the average on clear days, and the air parcel back trajectory was used to analyze the sources of crustal species. Data on sulfate, trace gases and meteorological factors were used to reveal the formation mechanism of secondary aerosol pollution. The sulfur oxidation ratio （SOR） was derived from the 923 samples, and the SOR had high positive correlation with relative humidity in early summer in Lanzhou.

关键词： particulate matter MARGA air pollution index Lanzhou

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Urban Park Soil and Vegetation: Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors

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Pedosphere 2015年第3期25卷 392-404页

作者： Pariente SARAH Helena Michaela ZHEVELEV Atar OZ Laboratory of Geomorphology and Soil Department of Geography and EnvironmentBar-Ilan University

Various soil surface components, such as trees, shrubs and biological crusts, and human recreational activities, e.g., barbecues and trampling by visitors, may divide the area of the urban park into smaller fragments/mieroenvironments, differentiated by their microenvironmental conditions, which may differ in soil and vegetation characteristics. The spatial changes in the soil and vegetation characteristics and their causes were investigated in an urban park located south of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel. The area of the park is 0.5 km^2, including groves, a lake, lawns, and rest areas. Soil was sampled in nine microenvironments, of which seven were within the park： under Ceratonia siliqua trees （CsU）, under Ficus sycomorus trees （FLU）, rest area between tables under F. sycomorus （FIB）, rest area under tables under F. sycomorus （FIT）, open area with bare soil （OaS）, open area with biological crust cover （OaC）, and open area covered by herbaceous vegetation （OaV）. Two more microenvironments, planar and sloping open areas （CoP and CoS, respectively） in the vicinity of the park, were used as the controls. Electrical conductivity, concentrations of soluble ions （Mg^2＋, Ca^2＋, Na^＋, K^＋ and HCO3）, pH, contents of organic carbon, calcium carbonate and moisture, and grain size distribution were determined. In addition, herbaceous vegetation cover, number and diversity of herbaceous vegetation species were measured. It was found that soil properties and herbaceous vegetation characteristics varied within the park. Soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity, soluble salts, penetration depth, and vegetation characteristics were affected by human activities, mainly in the rest area between the tables. In contrast, the above characteristics were affected by natural factors mainly in the rest of the microenvironments, which were subjected to low levels of anthropogenic intervention. The heterogeneous structure of the park, as represented by the various microenvironments, offered new

关键词： anthropogenic activity herbaceous vegetation microenvironment soil properties species diversity

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Variations in aeolian landform patterns in the Gonghe Basin over the last 30 years

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第8期18卷 2034-2047页

作者： QI Yu-han PAN Mei-hui HAO Ze-wen YANG An-na XUE Wen-xuan College of geography and environment Science Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou730070China

Wind erosion,or the transportation and deposition of sand into desert dunes and aeolian loess,is one of the most important aeolian *** progression of aeolian landforms expands arid and barren landscapes,leading to the degradation of adjacent *** Gonghe Basin,as a typical plateau with abundant sand sources,is highly sensitive to changes in the local climate *** order to quantify the spatial-temporal variations in the aeolian landforms in the Gonghe Basin,we conducted field surveys and also analyzed twelve remote sensing(Landsat5 TM and Landsat8 OLI)images that sample the Gonghe Basin from 1989 to *** the Gonghe Basin,we identified aeolian landforms such as climbing dunes on the windward slopes of the foothills,checkerboard dunes in the southeastern part of the basin,flat dunes,parabolic dunes and crescent dunes on the east and west sides of Longyangxia Reservoir,shrubby sandbanks on the valley slope in Shazhuyu,Tanggemu,and Indel,and sandy thickets at the bottom of the valley near the Dalian Sea,the Longyangxia Reservoir,and the tributaries of the Yellow *** 1989 to 2005,the area of the aeolian regions expanded by 816.7 km2,with an annual conversion rate of 0.05%.From 2015 to 2019,the area of the aeolian regions shrunk by 2411.9 km2,with an annual conversion rate of−0.15%.The number and size of the fixed and semi-fixed dunes(*** shrubby sandbanks on the valley slope and the sandy thickets at the bottom of the valley)were more stable than those of the mobile dunes(*** checkerboard dunes,the flat dunes,the crescent dunes,the parabolic dunes,and the climbing dunes).The fixed and semi-fixed dunes were arranged in an irregular ring shape,and the location of the center of gravity of this ring did not change significantly from 1989 to 2019;in this time,the mobile dunes migrated to the northwest.

关键词： Gonghe Basin Spatial-temporal variation Aeolian processes Remote sensing interpretation

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