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Overview of hepatitis B virus mutations and theirimplications in the management of infection

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第1期22卷 145-154页

作者： Patrizia Caligiuri Rita Cerruti Giancarlo Icardi Bianca Bruzzone Department of Health Sciences University of Genoa16132 GenoaItaly Hygiene Unit I.R.C.C.S.A.O.U.San Martino-IST16132 GenoaItaly

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)affects approximately two billion people worldwide and more than 240 million people in the world are currently chronic carrier that could develop serious complications in the future,like liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular *** an extended HBV immunization program is being carried out since the early‘80s,representing effective preventive measure,leading to a dramatic reduction of HBV hepatitis incidence,globally HBV infection still represents a major public health *** HBV virus is a DNA virus belongs to the Hepadnaviridae *** HBV-DNA is a circular,partial double strand *** coding information is on the minus DNA strand and it is organized into four open reading *** hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus,it has a high mutation rate due to its replicative strategy,that leads to the production of many nonidentical variants at each cycle of *** fact,it contains a polymerase without the proofreading activity,and uses an RNA intermediate(pg RNA)during its replication,so error frequencies are comparable to those seen in retroviruses and other RNA viruses rather than in more stable DNA *** to the low fidelity of the polymerase,the high replication rate and the overlapping reading frames,mutations occur throughout the genome and they have been identified both in the structural and not structural *** arise of mutations being to develop of a whole of viral variants called"quasi-species"and the prevalent population,which favors virus replication,was selected by viral fitness,host’s immune pressure and external pressure,i.e.,vaccination or antiviral *** occurring mutations were found both in acute and chronic *** the present review we examine and discuss the most recent available data about HBV genetic variability and its significance.

关键词： Hepatitis B virus Mutations Open readingframes Molecular biology tools Liver disease

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An experimental model of vitreous motion induced by eye rotations

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Eye and Vision 2015年第1期2卷 85-94页

作者： Andrea Bonfiglio Alberto Lagazzo Rodolfo Repetto Alessandro Stocchino Department of Civil Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of GenoaItalyVia Montallegro 116145 GenoaItaly

Background:During eye rotations the vitreous humour moves with respect to the eye *** relative motion has been suggested to possibly have an important role in inducing degradation of the gel structure,which might lead to vitreous liquefaction and/or posterior vitreous *** of the present work is to study the characteristics of vitreous motion induced by eye ***:We use an experimental setup,consisting of a Perspex model of the vitreous chamber that,for simplicity,is taken to have a spherical *** model is filled with an artificial vitreous humour,prepared as a solution of agar powder and hyaluronic acid sodium salt in deionised water,which has viscoelastic mechanical properties similar to those of the real *** model rotates about an axis passing through the centre of the sphere and velocity measurements are taken on the equatorial plane orthogonal to the axis of rotation,using an optical ***:The results show that fluid viscoelasticity has a strong influence on flow *** particular,at certain frequencies of oscillation of the eye model,fluid motion can be resonantly *** means that fluid velocity within the domain can be significantly larger than that of the ***:The frequencies for which resonant excitation occurs are within the range of possible eye rotations ***,the present results suggest that resonant excitation of vitreous motion is likely to occur in ***,in turn,implies that eye rotations produce large stresses on the retina and within the vitreous that may contribute to the disruption of the vitreous gel *** present results also have implications for the choice of the ideal properties for vitreous substitute fluids.

关键词： Vitreous motion Vitreous dynamics Retinal detachment Viscoelasticity

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Facing ethical concerns in the age of precise gene therapy:Outlook on inherited arrhythmias

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World Journal of Cardiology 2024年第2期16卷 64-66页

作者： Federico Carbone Fabrizio Montecucco Department of Internal Medicine University of GenoaGenoa 16132Italy IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino genoa Italian Cardiovascular NetworkGenoa 16132Italy

This editorial,comments on the article by Spartalis et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of *** here provide an outlook on potential ethical concerns related to the future application of gene therapy in the field of inherited *** monogenic diseases with no or few therapeutic options available through standard care,inherited arrhythmias are ideal candidates to gene therapy in their *** with inherited arrhythmias typically have a poor quality of life,especially young people engaged in agonistic *** genome editing for treatment of inherited arrhythmias still has theoretical application,advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology now allows the generation of knock-in animal models of the ***,clinical translation is somehow expected soon and this make consistent discussing about ethical concerns related to gene editing in inherited *** off-target activity is a known technical issue,but its relationship with ethnical and individual genetical diversity raises concerns about an equitable ***,the costeffectiveness may further limit an equal distribution of gene *** economic burden of gene therapies on healthcare systems is is increasingly recognized as a pressing concern.A growing body of studies are reporting uncertainty in payback periods with intuitive short-term effects for insurance-based healthcare systems,but potential concerns for universal healthcare systems in the long term as ***,those aspects strongly indicate a need of regulatory entities to manage those issues.

关键词： Ethics Inherited arrhythmias CRISPR/Cas9 Gene therapy Equitable accessibility

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Minimally invasive surgery for paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: Personal experience and literature review

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第40期21卷 11312-11320页

作者： Alessio Pini-Prato Maria Grazia Faticato Arrigo Barabino Serena Arrigo Paolo Gandullia Cinzia Mazzola Nicola Disma Giovanni Montobbio Girolamo Mattioli Istituto Giannina Gaslini DINOGMI University of Genoa

The incidence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease(PIBD) has dramatically increased in the last 20 years. Although first reported in mid 1970s',diagnostic laparoscopy has started to be routinely adopted in paediatric surgical practice since late 1990s'. Minimally invasive surgery was first limited to diagnostic purposes. After 2002 it was also applied to the radical treatment of PIBD,either Crohn's disease(CD) or Ulcerative colitis. During the last decade minimally invasive approaches to PIBD have gained popularity and have recently became the "gold standard" for the treatment of such invalidating and troublesome chronic diseases. The authors describe and track the historical evolution of minimally invasive surgery for PIBD and address all available opportunities,including most recent advancements such as robotic surgery,single port approaches and minimally invasive treatment of perianal fistulising CD. A systematic review of all series of PIBD treated with minimally invasive approaches published so far is provided in order to determine the incidence and type of patients' complications reported up to present days. The authors also describe their experience with minimally invasive surgery for PIBD and will report the results of 104 laparoscopic procedures performed in a series of 61 patients between January 2006 and December 2014.

关键词： Paediatric inflammatory bowel disease Ulcerative c

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Multifaceted relationship between diabetes and kidney diseases:Beyond diabete

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World Journal of Diabetes 2023年第10期14卷 1450-1462页

作者： Pasquale Esposito Daniela Picciotto Francesca Cappadona Francesca Costigliolo Elisa Russo Lucia Macciò Francesca Viazzi Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties(DiMI) University of GenoaGenoa 16132Italy Unit of Nephrology Dialysis and TransplantationIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoa 16132Italy

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common causes of chronic kidney *** involvement in patients with diabetes has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic to overt proteinuria and kidney *** development of kidney disease in diabetes is associated with structural changes in multiple kidney compartments,such as the vascular system and *** alterations include thickening of the glomerular basement membrane,loss of podocytes,and segmental mesangiolysis,which may lead to microaneurysms and the development of pathognomonic Kimmelstiel-Wilson *** lesions directly related to diabetes,awareness of the possible coexistence of nondiabetic kidney disease in patients with diabetes is *** nondiabetic lesions include focal segmental glomerulosclerosis,IgA nephropathy,and other primary or secondary renal *** diagnosis of these conditions is crucial in guiding clinical management and therapeutic ***,the relationship between diabetes and the kidney is bidirectional;thus,new-onset diabetes may also occur as a complication of the treatment in patients with renal ***,we review the complex and multifaceted correlation between diabetes and kidney diseases and discuss clinical presentation and course,differential diagnosis,and therapeutic opportunities offered by novel drugs.

关键词： Diabetes Diabetic kidney disease Nondiabetic kidney disease Biomarkers Glomerular disease Kidney biopsy Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors

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Inflammatory biomarkers as cost-effective predictive tools in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第47期30卷 5086-5091页

作者： Davide Ramoni Luca Liberale Fabrizio Montecucco Department of Internal Medicine University of GenoaGenoa 16132Italy Department of Internal Medicine First Clinic of Internal MedicineIRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoItalian Cardiovascular NetworkGenoa 16132Italy

Qu and Li emphasize a fundamental aspect of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in their manuscript,focusing on the critical need for noninvasive diagnostic tools to improve risk stratification and predict the progression to severe liver *** approximately 25%of the global population,metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is the most common chronic liver condition,with higher prevalence among those with *** letter stresses the importance of early diagnosis and intervention,especially given the rising incidence of obesity and metabolic *** advancements provide insight into the potential of biomarkers(particularly inflammationrelated)as predictive tools for disease progression and treatment *** overview addresses pleiotropic biomarkers linked to chronic inflammation and cardiometabolic disorders,which may aid in risk stratification and treatment efficacy *** progress,significant knowledge gaps remain in the clinical application of these biomarkers,necessitating further research to establish standardized protocols and validate their utility in clinical *** the complex interactions among these factors opens new avenues to enhance risk assessment,leading to better patient outcomes and addressing the public health burden of this worldwide condition.

关键词： Adipokines Cardiometabolic risk assessment Inflammatory biomarkers Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease Metabolic syndrome Osteopontin

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Analysis of Tonal Noise Generating Mechanisms in Low-Speed Axial-Flow Fans

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Journal of Thermal Science 2016年第4期25卷 302-311页

作者： Edward Canepa Andrea Cattanei Fabio Mazzocut Zecchin DIME-Universita di Genova via Montallegro 1 1-16145 Genoa Italy

The present paper reports a comparison of experimental SPL spectral data related to the tonal noise generated by axial-flow fans.A nine blade rotor has been operated at free discharge conditions and in four geometrical configurations in which different kinds of tonal noise generating mechanisms are present:large-scale inlet turbulent structures,tip-gap flow,turbulent wakes,and rotor-stator *** measurements have been taken in a hemi-anechoic chamber at constant rotational speed and,in order to vary the acoustic source strength,during low angular acceleration,linear speed *** order to avoid erroneous quantitative evaluations if the acoustic propagation effects are not considered,the acoustic response functions of the different test configurations have been computed by means of the spectral decomposition ***,the properties of the tonal noise generating mechanisms have been *** this aim,the constant-Strouhal number SPL,obtained by means of measurements taken during the speed ramps,have been compared with the propagation ***,the analysis of the phase of the acoustic pressure has allowed to distinguish between random and deterministic tonal noise generating mechanisms and to collect information about the presence of important propagation effects.

关键词： Axial-flow fans Tonal noise Acoustic response

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Laparoscopic resection vs laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas: A single-center analysis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第4期23卷 653-660页

作者： Marco Casaccia Gregorio Santori Giuliano Bottino Pietro Diviacco Enzo Andorno Department of Surgery IRCCSSan Martino University Hospital-ISTUniversity of Genoa Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics School of MedicineUniversity of Genoa

AIMTo compare survival and recurrence after laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (LRFA) for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODSBetween June 1, 2005 and November 30, 2010, 46 patients (62.26 ± 8.55 years old; female/male: 12/34) treated for small HCC were enrolled following strict criteria. Patients with better liver function and larger tumors were referred for LLR (n = 24), while those with poorer liver function and multiple tumors were referred for LRFA (n = 22), and they were then followed for similar durations (44.74 ± 21.3 mo for LLR vs 40.27 ± 30.8 mo for LRFA).RESULTSThe LLR and LRFA groups were homogeneous with regard to age, sex, etiology of liver cirrhosis, and AFP levels. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) probability was 0.354 and 0.260, respectively. A significantly higher OS was observed in the LLR group (LLR: 0.442; LRFA: 0.261; P = 0.048), whereas no statistical difference was found for DFS (LLR: 0.206; LRFA: 0.286; P = 0.205). In the LRFA group was treated a greater number of nodules (LLR: 1.41 ± 0.77; LRFA: 2.72 ± 1.54; P *** preliminary results confirm the superiority of hepatic resection on thermoablation in the treatment of small HCC in selected patients, when both approaches are made laparoscopically. LLR showed better results compared to LRFA in terms of OS. These data need to be confirmed by further studies on a larger number of patients.

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma Laparoscopic liver resection Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation Survival Disease-free survival

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Management of Coagulation＇s Disorders in Oral Surgery： State of Art

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Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2014年第1期2卷 19-25页

作者： Mauro Labancd Luigi F. Rodella Paolo Brunamonti Binello Department of Dentistry "S. Raffaele" Hospital University "Vita Salute" Milan 20100 Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology University of Brescia Brescia 25100 Italy Department of Specialized Surgeries "Galliera" Hospital University of Genoa Genoa 16128 Italy

Understanding and managing the bleeding＇s causes is essential for a good surgical practice in general. In fact, it is crucial to know how to manage and control this problem （sometimes simply annoying, but that may be able to cause even dangerous consequences） with a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach, trying to use all the means is available today. The goal of this paper is to describe, even through a brief review of the literature--the State of Art about the bleeding control in oral surgery, the proper use of surgical devices and the NOACs （new oral anticoagulants） appearance.

关键词： Oral surgery bleeding control haemostatics guided bone regeneration platelet concentrates NOACs (new oralanticoagulants).

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Exosomes:Key tools for cancer liquid biopsy

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BIOCELL 2022年第10期46卷 2167-2176页

作者： ISABELLA PANFOLI MAURIZIO BRUSCHI GIOVANNI CANDIANO Dipartimento di Farmacia-DIFAR Universitàdi GenovaGenoa16132Italy Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology IRCCS Istituto Giannina GasliniGenoa16147Italy

Precision medicine is based on the identification of biomarkers of tumor development and *** biopsy is at the forefront of the ability to gather diagnostic and prognostic information on tumors,as it can be noninvasively performed prior or during *** biopsy mostly utilizes circulating tumor cells,or free DNA,but also *** latter are nanovesicles secreted by most cell types,found in any body fluid that deliver proteins,nucleic acids and lipids to nearby and distant cells with a unique homing *** function in signalling between the tumor microenvironment and the rest of the body,promoting metastasis,immune remodelling and drug *** are emerging as a key tool in precision medicine for cancer liquid biopsy,as they efficiently preserve their biomarker ***,exosomes strongly resemble the parental cell,which can help in assessing the oxidative and metabolic state of the donor *** this respect,exosomes represent one of the most promising new tools to fight *** review will discuss the clinical applications of profiling exosomal proteins and lipids by high-throughput proteomics and metabolomics,and nucleic acids by next generation sequencing,as well as how this may allow cancer diagnosis,therapy response monitoring and recurrence detection.

关键词： Cancer Exosome Liquid biopsy Precision medicine

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