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Estimation of age and growth and mortality parameters of the sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) and implications for the management of its fishery in the galapagos Marine Reserve

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2020年第5期5卷 245-252页

作者： Jorge Ramírez-González Nicolas Moity Solange Andrade-Vera Harry Reyes Mackliff Charles Darwin Research Station Charles Darwin Foundation.Av.Charles DarwinPuerto AyoraGalapagosEcuador Galapagos National Park Directorate Marine Resources Department.Av.Charles DarwinPuerto AyoraGalapagosEcuador

The fishery of the sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus was the most important one in the early 2000s in the galapagos Marine Reserve.Its overexploitation leads to its total closure from 2016 to 2021.At the end of this period,if the co-management system of the galapagos Marine Reserve decides to open this fishery,a total allowed catch must be established using the methodology of Wolff,Schuhbauer,and Castrejón(2012).The objective of this paper is to evaluate this methodology and improve the total allowed catch calculation.We replicated Wolff et al.‘s methodology that uses the Cadima equation of Maximum Sustainable Yield(in Troadec,1977).We determined the age and growth parameters of I.fuscus to estimate total mortality and improved the calculation of the area of fishing and habitat of this species in galapagos to estimate its abundance.We found inconsistences in Wolff et al.‘s estimations of mortality and abundance and we recommend that the Maximum Sustainable Yield be used not as the total allowed catch,but as a limit reference point for this fishery.We propose,instead,to use a dynamic abundance model that is capable of estimating a variety of reference points,including the fishing mortality for optimal fishing that is recommended to use to establish a total allowed catch.In addition,for the first time,the age and growth parameters of I.fuscus for galapagos and the eastern-central region of the Pacific Ocean are determined(L∞=42.5 cm;K=0.21/year).

关键词： Sea cucumber Small-scale fishery galapagos Marine Reserve Age&growth Mortality Maximum sustainable yield Total allowed catch

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Small size does not restrain frugivory and seed dispersal across the evolutionary radiation of galapagos lava lizards

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 353-361页

作者： Sandra HERVIAS-PAREJO Ruben HELENO Beatriz RUMEU Beatriz GUZMAN Pablo VARGAS Jens M. OLESEN Anna TRAVESET Carlos VERA Edgar BENAVIDES Manuel NOGALES Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avanqats (CSIC-UIB) Global Change Research Group Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Portugal Real Jardin Botanico (CSIC-RJB) Madrid Spain Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Denmark Galapagos National Park Puerto Ayora Santa Cruz Galapagos Ecuador Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University USA lnstituto de Productos Naturales Agrobiologia (CSIC-IPNA) Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group Canary Islands Spain

Frugivory in lizards is often assumed to be constrained by body size;only large individuals are considered capable of consuming fruits, with the potential of acting as seed dispersers. However, only one previous study has tested the correlation of frugivory with body and head size at an archipelago scale across closely related species. All nine lava lizards (Microlophus spp.) were studied on the eleven largest galapagos islands from 2010 to 2016 to investigate whether frugivory is related to body and head size. We also tested whether fruit abunda nee in flue nces fruit con sumption and explored the effect of seed ingestion on seedling emergence time and percentage. Our results showed that across islands, lava lizards varied considerably in size (64-102 mm in mean snoutvent length) and level of frugivory (1-23%, i.e., percentage of droppings with seeds). However, level of frugivory was only weakly affected by size as fruit consumption was also common among small lizards. Lava lizards consumed fruits throughout the year and factors other than fruit abundance may be more importa nt drivers of fruit selecti on (e.g., fruit size, energy con tent of pulp). From 2,530 droppings, 1,714 seeds of at least 61 plant species were identified, 76% of the species being native to the galapagos. Most seeds (91%) showed no external structural damage. Seedling emergence time (44 versus 118 days) and percentage (20% versus 12%) were enhanced for lizardingested seeds compared to control (uningested) fruits. De-pulping by lizards (i.e., removal of pulp with potential germi nation inhibitors) might in crease the chances that at least some seeds find suitable recruitment conditi ons. We con eluded that lizards are importa nt seed dispersers throughout the year and across the whole archipelago, regardless of body size.

关键词： Microlophus oceanic islands plant-animal interactions seed disperser size seed dispersal effectiveness seedling emergence

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Ferroelectricity in biological building blocks:Slipping on a banana peel?

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Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 2023年第4期13卷 60-64页

作者： Syed A.M.Tofail Department of Physics and Bernal Institute University of Limerick National Technological ParkIreland

Ferroelectricity in biological system has been anticipated both theoretically and experimentally over the past few decades.Claims of ferroelectricity in biological systems have given rise to confusion and methodological controversy.Over the years,a“loop”of induced polarization in response to a varying applied electrical field and a consequent polarization reversal has prompted many researchers to claim ferroelectricity in biological structures and their building blocks.Other observers were skeptical about the methodology adopted in generating the data and questioned the validity of the claimed ferroelectricity as such,“loop”can also be obtained from linear capacitors.In a paper with somewhat tongue-in-cheek title,Jim Scott showed that ordinary banana peels could exhibit closed loops of electrical charge which closely resemble and thus could be misinterpreted as ferroelectric hysteresis loops in barium sodium niobate,BNN paraphrasing it as“banana”.In this paper,we critically review ferroelectricity in biological system and argue that knowing the molecular and crystalline structure of biological building blocks and experimenting on such building blocks may be the way forward in revealing the“true”nature of ferroelectricity in biological systems.

关键词： Ferroelectricity piezoelectricity pyroelectricity biological materials ion channel voltage gating

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The effects of prey depletion on dietary niches of sympatric apex predators in Southeast Asia

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第1期16卷 19-32页

作者： Robert STEINMETZ Naret SEUATURIEN Pairoj INTANAJITJUY Pichet INRUEANG Kittipat PREMPREE World Wide Fund for Nature-Thailand BangkokThailand and 2 Kuiburi National ParkPrachuapkirikhanThailand

Resource depletion exerts opposing pressures on co-occurring consumers to expand diets while limiting overlap with competitors.Using foraging theory as a framework,we tested the effects of prey availability on diet spe-cialization and overlap among competing Asian predators:dhole,leopard,and tiger.We used scat analysis from a prey-poor site,combined with a quantitative synthesis of 40 other diet studies,to determine biomass of different prey types consumed by each predator.We then assessed diet composition in relation to prey density,and compared diet breadth and overlap between prey-poor and prey-rich sites.In prey rich areas,all three predators specialized on energetically profitable medium and large ungulates(>30 kg),resulting in narrow,overlapping niches.Each predator shifted toward less profitable small-bodied prey(≤30 kg)as preferred ungulates declined,whereas con-sumption of preferred ungulates was unrelated to small prey abundance,as predicted by foraging theory.Diet breadths doubled under prey depletion(except leopard),but overlap declined as diets diverged via species-specific traits that facilitated capture of different types of alternative prey.Asia’s apex predators adapt similarly to depletion of mutually preferred ungulates by switching to more numerous but less profitable small prey.Yet they can also partition a depleted prey base through intrinsic niche differences,thereby avoiding competitive exclusion.Our find-ings illuminate the stabilizing properties of adaptive foraging and niche differences in ecological communities,and provide insights into the behavior and resilience of Asia’s endangered apex predators in response to prey depletion in the heavily poached forests of this region.

关键词： coexistence dhole leopard niche overlap optimal foraging theory

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Data-Driven Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Research with State-of-the-Art Synchrotron X-ray Techniques

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Accounts of Materials Research 2022年第8期3卷 854-865页

作者： Zhichen Xue Jizhou Li Piero Pianetta Yijin Liu Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCalifornia 94025United States Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCalifornia 94025United States 1

CONSPECTUS:The lithium-ion battery(LIB)is a tremendously successful technology for energy storage thanks to its favorable characteristics including high energy density,long lifespan,affordability,and safety.It has been widely adopted in sectors including consumer electronics and electric vehicles,which are featured by an enormous market value.To meet the ever-increasing demands for energy density and cycle life,industry and academia are continuously devoting efforts to improve the current LIB technology.This requires an in-depth understanding of the electrochemical reaction processes and degradation/failure mech-anisms,to which advanced characterization is pivotal.Combining advanced synchrotron X-ray techniques with machine learning(ML)methods has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for uncovering the fundamental reaction and aging mechanisms in LIB and is emerging as an important research frontier.Our group’s research has been focusing on the battery cathode,which is a major limiting factor in today’s LIB technology.The degradation and failure of cathode materials in LIB are multiscale.The chemo mechanical processes at these different length scales are intertwined and mutually modulated.Therefore,it is crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms of charge−lattice−morphology−kinetics interactions in battery cathodes as a function of the electrochemical states.Synchrotron X-ray technology has unique advantages.It can detect lattice structure,electronic structure,chemical valence state,and multiscale morphology in different experimental modes,with high resolution and high efficiency.However,the large-scale experimental data bring great challenges in terms of reduction,analysis,and interpretation.Data-driven methods based on ML can greatly assist researchers to understand,control,and predict the electrochemical behavior of the complex battery cathode systems.In this Account,we focus on showcasing the integration of synchrotron and ML techniques for LIB cathode research.We review our recent findings on charge−la

关键词： battery Battery kinetics

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An improved protocol for the treatment of fulminant myocarditis

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2019年第3期62卷 433-434页

作者： Matthew L.Edin Darryl C.Zeldin Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle Park

Fulminant myocarditis is a rare form of severe myocarditis that is most commonly caused by viral infection.Fulminant myocarditis is often pathophysiologically indistinguishable from milder forms of acute myocarditis but is categorically defined based on clinical disease progression.Patients may initially present with mild symptoms,such as fever,shortness of breath or heart palpitations,but rapidly progress to severe respiratory distress,arrhythmias,and cardiogenic shock.

关键词： protocol the treatment myocarditis

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Bifunctional Asymmetric Fabric with Tailored Thermal Conduction and Radiation for Personal Cooling and Warming

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Engineering 2022年第3期8卷 167-173页

作者： Yucan Peng Hiang Kwee Lee David S.Wu Yi Cui Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford UniversityStanfordMenlo ParkCA 94305USA Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCA 94025USA

Personal thermal management is emerging as a promising strategy to provide thermal comfort for the human body while conserving energy.By improving control over the heat dissipating from the human body,personal thermal management can provide effective personal cooling and warming.Here,we propose a facile surface modification approach to tailor the thermal conduction and radiation properties based on commercially available fabrics,to realize better management of the whole heat transport pathway from the human body to the ambient.A bifunctional asymmetric fabric(BAF)offering both a cooling and a warming effect is demonstrated.Due to the advantages of roughness asymmetry and surface modification,the BAF demonstrates an effective cooling effect through enhanced heat conduction and radiation in the cooling mode;in the warming mode,heat dissipation along both routes is reduced for personal warming.As a result,a 4.6℃ skin temperature difference is measured between the cooling and warming BAF modes,indicating that the thermal comfort zone of the human body can be enlarged with one piece of BAF clothing.We expect this work to present new insights for the design of personal thermal management textiles as well as a novel solution for the facile modification of available fabrics for both personal cooling and warming.

关键词： Textiles Personal thermal management Bifunctional asymmetric fabric Heat conduction Radiative heat transfer

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Calibration of Gridded Wind Speed Forecasts Based on Deep Learning

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2023年第6期37卷 757-774页

作者： Xuan YANG Kan DAI Yuejian ZHU national Meteorological Centre Beijing100081China NOAA/NWS/NCEP/Environmental Modeling Center College ParkMaryland20740USA

The challenges of applying deep learning(DL) to correct deterministic numerical weather prediction(NWP) biases with non-Gaussian distributions are discussed in this paper.It is known that the DL UNet model is incapable of correcting the bias of strong winds with the traditional loss functions such as the MSE(mean square error),MAE(mean absolute error),and WMAE(weighted mean absolute error).To solve this,a new loss function embedded with a physical constraint called MAE_MR(miss ratio) is proposed.The performance of the UNet model with MAE_MR is compared to UNet traditional loss functions,and statistical post-processing methods like Kalman filter(KF) and the machine learning methods like random forest(RF) in correcting wind speed biases in gridded forecasts from the ECMWF high-resolution model(HRES) in East China for lead times of 1–7 days.In addition to MAE for full wind speed,wind force scales based on the Beaufort scale are derived and evaluated.Compared to raw HRES winds,the MAE of winds corrected by UNet(MAE_MR) improves by 22.8% on average at 24–168 h,while UNet(MAE),UNet(WMAE),UNet(MSE),RF,and KF improve by 18.9%,18.9%,17.9%,13.8%,and 4.3%,*** with MSE,MAE,and WMAE shows good correction for wind forces 1–3 and 4,but negative correction for 6 or ***(MAE_MR) overcomes this,improving accuracy for forces 1–3,4,5,and 6 or higher by 11.7%,16.9%,11.6%,and 6.4% over HRES.A case study of a strong wind event further shows UNet(MAE_MR) outperforms traditional post-processing in correcting strong wind biases.

关键词： deep learning wind speed grid forecasting loss function statistical post-processing

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Human embryos in a dish - modeling early embryonic development with pluripotent stem cells

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Cell Regeneration 2022年第1期11卷 40-43页

作者： Xiukun Wang Guang Hu Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle ParkDurhamNC 27709USA

Stem cell-based embryo models present new opportunities to study early embryonic development.In a recent study,Kagawa et al.identified an approach to create human pluripotent stem cell-based blastoids that resemble the human blastocysts.These blastoids efficiently generated analogs of the EPI,TE,PrE lineages with transcriptomes highly similar to those found in vivo.Furthermore,the formation of these lineages followed the same sequence and pace of blas-tocyst development,and was also dependent on the same pathways required for lineage specification.Finally,the blastoids were capable of attaching to stimulated endometrial cells to mimic the process of implantation.While more comprehensive analysis is needed to confirm its validity and usefulness,this new blastoid system presents the latest development in the attempt to model early human embryogenesis in vitro.

关键词： Pluripotent stem cells Stem cell-based embryo models Blastoid

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2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件的演变过程及与1979年来历次厄尔尼诺事件的比较

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中国科学：地球科学 2017年第9期47卷 996-1013页

作者： Yan XUE Arun KUMAR Cimate Prediction Center National Centers for Environmental PredictionNational Weather ServiceNational Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationCollege Park

2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件从2014年年底的一个弱暖事件发展而来.到2015年11月,NINO3.4区SST异常达到了3.0℃.利用海表温度、海表风场、长波辐射及次表层海温等数据,本文系统地描述了2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件的演变特征,并与1979年以来历次厄... 详细信息

2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件从2014年年底的一个弱暖事件发展而来.到2015年11月,NINO3.4区SST异常达到了3.0℃.利用海表温度、海表风场、长波辐射及次表层海温等数据,本文系统地描述了2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件的演变特征,并与1979年以来历次厄尔尼诺事件进行了比较.2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件一个显著的特征在于有大量的西风爆发事件和下沉开尔文波动发生.在2015年4~11月间,共观测到4次下沉开尔文波动.这些下沉开尔文波动激发并加强了赤道中、东太平洋海表温度的增暖.此外,下沉开尔文波动伴随着的东向海表平流在春、夏季将暖池区暖水东移,而于2015年11月出现的一次上升开尔文波动开启了此次厄尔尼诺事件急速消亡的序幕.2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件的另一个显著特征是NINO4区的海表温度异常创造了历史新高(1.7℃),比1982/1983(1997/1998)厄尔尼诺事件时高出了1℃(0.8℃).尽管NINO3区的海表温度异常与1982/1983和1997/1998厄尔尼诺事件时相当,但NINO1+2的海表温度异常却低了1℃.与此相应的,是对流增强区域向西移动了20个经度,且在南美洲西海岸处的最大D20异常仅仅是1997年和1982年的1/3到1/2.

关键词：厄尔尼诺-南方涛动次表层海温开尔文波动海洋再分析

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