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Is convenience really king?Comparative evaluation of catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in the public and private healthcare sectors of Viet Nam:a longitudinal patient cost study

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2024年第2期13卷 17-28页

作者： Hoa Binh Nguyen Luan Nguyen Quang Vo Rachel Jeanette Forse Anja Maria Christine Wiemers Huy Ba Huynh Thuy Thi Thu Dong Yen Thi Hoang Phan Jacob Creswell Thi Minh Ha Dang Lan Huu Nguyen Jad Shedrawy Knut Lönnroth Tuan Dinh Nguyen Luong Van Dinh Kristi Sidney Annerstedt Andrew James Codlin National Lung Hospital Ha NoiViet Nam friends for international tb relief Ha NoiViet Nam Department of Global Public Health WHO Collaboration Centre On Tuberculosis and Social MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden Stop tb Partnership GenevaSwitzerland Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam

Background In Viet Nam,tuberculosis(tb)represents a devastating life-event with an exorbitant price tag,partly due to lost income from daily directly observed therapy in public sector ***,persons with tb may seek care in the private sector for its flexibility,convenience,and *** study aimed to measure income changes,costs and catastrophic cost incurrence among tb-affected households in the public and private *** Between October 2020 and March 2022,we conducted 110 longitudinal patient cost interviews,among 50 patients privately treated for tb and 60 tb patients treated by the National tb Program(NTP)in Ha Noi,Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh City,Viet *** a local adaptation of the WHO tb patient cost survey tool,participants were interviewed during the intensive phase,continuation phase and *** compared income levels,direct and indirect treatment costs,catastrophic costs using Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests and associated risk factors between the two cohorts using multivariate *** The pre-treatment median monthly household income was significantly higher in the private sector versus NTP cohort(USD 868 vs USD 578;P=0.010).However,private sector treatment was also significantly costlier(USD 2075 vs USD 1313;P=0.005),driven by direct medical costs which were 4.6 times higher than costs reported by NTP participants(USD 754 vs USD 164;Ptb-related stigma(a OR=37.90;95%CI:1.72-831.73;P=0.021)].Conclusions Persons with tb in Viet Nam face similarly high risk of catastrophic costs whether treated in the public or private *** costs coul

关键词： Tuberculosis Patient cost Catastrophic cost Private sector Comparative analysis Viet Nam

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俄罗斯结核病治疗方案与短程化疗相比的成本—效益分析:结果来自西伯利亚托木斯克州

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国际结核病与肺部疾病杂志 2003年第1期 11-19页

作者： B.Jacobs C.Clowes F.Wares V.Polivakho T.Lyagoshina G.Peremitin N.Banatvala 王海东 Merlin (Medical Emergency relief international) BoroughLondonUK Tomsk Oblast tb Dispensary TomskSiberiaRussian Federation Merlin(Medical Emergency relief international) BoroughLondonUK Tomsk Oblast tb Dispensary TomskSiberia Russian Federation

背景:西伯利亚的托木斯克州。目的:评估对WHO的Ⅰ类新结核病患者应用个体化俄罗斯治疗方案和短程化疗(SCC)方案的成本-效益。设计:分析家庭、社会作为一个整体所提供的两种治疗方法的成本,和住院2周(患者理论上不合作危险小)及2个月(患... 详细信息

背景:西伯利亚的托木斯克州。目的:评估对WHO的Ⅰ类新结核病患者应用个体化俄罗斯治疗方案和短程化疗(SCC)方案的成本-效益。设计:分析家庭、社会作为一个整体所提供的两种治疗方法的成本,和住院2周(患者理论上不合作危险小)及2个月(患者理论上有不合作危险)的SCC的敏感性分析。结果以每个治愈病例的费用和挽救生命年(year of life saved)测量,治愈率以当地实施的试验为基础。结果:应用个体化俄罗斯治疗方案每个治愈患者的费用为2295美元,与此相比,与此相比,应用SCC为1901美元。每个挽救生命年的费用分别为123美元和103美元。每个治愈患者的费用应用SCC住院治疗2个月为1457美元、2周为556美元,每挽救生命年的费用分别为79美元和30美元。结论:在托木斯克采用含2周和2个月住院治疗的SCC,能达到与用俄罗斯治疗方案相似的治愈率,同时社会和家庭两者均节省了大量的开支。

关键词：结核病成本-效益分析俄罗斯治疗短程化疗

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The False Narrative On Basic Rights

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Beijing Review 2021年第33期64卷 24-25页

作者： Carlos Martinez the friends of Socialist China website

The *** made human rights a central component of its foreign policy since the Jimmy Carter administration(1977-81).Carter,seeking to improve the international image of the *** the aftermath of the Viet Nam War,criticized human rights abuses and the lack of political freedoms in various U.S.-allied dictatorships,including Chile and *** criticisms were designed not only to enhance the reputation of the *** but also to buttress and give credibility to its ongoing ideological warfare against the socialist world.

关键词： Basic Jimmy seeking

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Enhancing Childhood tb Notifications by Strengthening Linkages with Large Hospitals in Pakistan<br/>—Childhood tb in Large Hospitals, Pakistan

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2018年第1期6卷 63-67页

作者： Ali Saeed Mirza Razia Fatima Aashifa Yaqoob Ejaz Qadeer Ahmed Wali Afshan Khurshid Mahboob Ul Haq Ajay M. V. Kumar National tb Control Program Islamabad Pakistan Provincial tb Control Program Quetta Pakistan Provincial tb Control Program Sindh Pakistan international Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Paris France international Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease South-East Asia Office New Delhi India

To improve childhood Tuberculosis management, the National Tuberculosis Program implemented a package of interventions Hospital DOTS linkages (HDL) in 2015 in 144 tertiary and secondary care hospitals across Pakistan. This included systematic engagement of hospital administration and all specialist doctors, staff training and regular facility-based review meetings. HDL was associated with 35% increase in childhood tb notifications in 2015 (versus 2014) in HDL sites as compared to 16% increase in non-HDL sites. The increase was seen across provinces, age-groups and sexes, but did not correlate with presence of Xpert Mtb/RIF®?or “screeners” (health workers deployed to screen children for tb).

关键词： Tuberculosis Childhood Tuberculosis Hospital DOTS Linkages Pakistan SORT IT

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Next Generation Transcriptome Sequencing and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Technologies for Characterisation of the Bemisia tabaci Asia 1 mtCOI Phylogenetic Clade

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第2期11卷 281-292页

作者： Susan Seal Mitulkumar V Patel Carl Collins John Colvin David Bailey Natural Resources Institute University of GreenwichChatham Maritime Kent ME4 4TBUnited Kingdom

A programme of functional genomics research is underway at the University of Greenwich,UK,to develop and apply genomics technologies to characterise an economically-important but under-researched Bemisia tabaci（Hemiptera：Aleyrodidae）,the Asia 1 mtCOI phylogenetic group.A comparison of this putative species from India with other important *** populations and insect species may provide targets for the development of more effective whitefly control *** a first step,next-generation sequencing（NGS）has been used to survey the transcriptome of adult female whitefly,with high quality RNA preparations being used to generate cDNA libraries for NGS using the Roche 454 Titanium DNA sequencing *** assemblies constructed from the resultant sequences（301 094 reads）using the software program CLC Genomics Workbench generated 3 821 core *** of a selection of these contigs with related sequences from other *** genetic groups has revealed good alignment for some genes（e.g.,HSP90）but misassemblies in other datasets（e.g.,the vitellogenin gene family）,highlighting the need for manual curation as well as collaborative international efforts to obtain accurate assemblies from the existing next generation sequence ***,data emerging from the NGS has facilitated the development of accurate and reliable methods for analysing gene expression based on quantitative real-time RT-PCR,illustrating the power of this approach to enable rapid expression analyses in an organism for which a complete genome sequence is currently lacking.

关键词： Bemisia tabaci whitefly transcriptome next generation sequencing quantitative real-time (QRT)-PCR Asia 1 mtCOI

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African Cassava Whitefly,Bemisia tabaci,Resistance in African and South American Cassava Genotypes

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2012年第2期11卷 327-336页

作者： Christopher A Omongo Robert Kawuki Antony C Bellotti Titus Alicai Yona Baguma M N Maruthi Anton Bua John Colvin National Crops Resources Research Institute NamulongeP.O.Box 7084KampalaUganda international Centre for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT) A.A.6713CaliColombia Natural Resources Institute University of GreenwichCentral AvenueChatham MaritimeChathamKent ME4 4TBUK

The whitefly,Bemisia tabaci,is a major pest of cassava,particularly in Africa where it is responsible both for the transmission of plant viruses and,increasingly,for direct damage due to feeding by high *** date,there have been no practical solutions to combat this emerging problem,due to the inability of the subsistence farmers that grow cassava to afford expensive inputs such as insecticides.A programme of research was carried out linking institutes in Africa,the UK and South America,to identify possible resistance sources in cassava to the whitefly,Bemisia *** South American genotype MEcu 72 and several Ugandan cassava landraces including Ofumba Chai,Nabwire 1 and Mercury showed good levels of resistance to *** and screen-house experiments showed that all of the improved,high-yielding cassava mosaic disease（CMD）resistant cassava genotypes assessed were highly susceptible to *** and supported high populations of all life *** data support the hypothesis that the continuing high populations of cassava *** in Uganda are due,in part,to the widespread adoption of CMD-resistant cassava varieties during the CMD *** also show that the whitefly,Aleurotrachelus socialis,resistance present in the South American cassava genotypes could have broader applicability in the Old World.

关键词： whitefly resistance cassava direct pest Africa South America

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Adding Sputum Collection and Transportation Services for Early Identification tb Cases in Hard-to-Reach Difficult Terrain—Will It Help?

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2017年第4期5卷 220-228页

作者： Badri Thapa Banuru Muralidhara Prasad Sarabjit Singh Chadha Subrat Mohanty Deepak R. Mishra Jamie Tonsing tb and Communicable Disease Department International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease South-East Asia Regional Office New Delhi India

A community engagement project was designed and implemented to reach 10.6 million population in 13 districts of Uttarakhand state—India, to identify presumptive tb patients (PtbPs) and link to free diagnostics services, either through referral or sputum collection and transportation (SCT). The objective of this study is to determine additional yield of tb patients achieved by providing SCT services in comparison to referrals of PtbPs identified in hard-to-reach areas. This was before and after comparative study conducted between April-June 2014 (2Q2014-before) to July-September 2014 (3Q2014-after). SCT was advised for all PtbPs identified from community level interventions between July-September 2014 (3Q2014-after). In 3Q2014, additional 279 (34%) PtbPs were examined in the microscopy centre with an additional 36 (51%) new smear positive (NSP) patient diagnosed. A total of 46 NSP (128%) were contributed by SCT alone. Higher proportion (94%) of tb patients was initiated on treatment in 3Q2014 in comparison to 2Q2014 (91%). SCT as a strategy for early case detection in hard-to-reach difficult terrain yields positive results in comparison to mere referral of PtbPs.

关键词： Hard-to-Reach Sputum Collection and Transportation India Tuberculosis Project Axshya

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Evaluating the yield of systematic screening for tuberculosis among three priority groups in Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2020年第6期9卷 16-28页

作者： Luan Nguyen Quang Vo Andrew James Codlin Rachel Jeanette Forse NgaThuy Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Vu Giang Truong Le Vinh Van Truong Giang Chau Do Ha Minh Dang Lan Huu Nguyen Hoa Binh Nguyen Nhung Viet Nguyen Jens Levy Knut Lonnroth SBertel Squire Maxine Caws friends for international tb relief 68B Nguyen Van Troi8Phu NhuanHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam Interactive Research and Development Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam Ho Chi Minh City Public Health Association Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam National Lung Hospital Ha NoiViet Nam KNCV Tuberculosefonds The HagueThe Netherlands Department of Global Public Health Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden Department of Clinical Sciences Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK Birat Nepal Medical Trust LazimpatKathmanduNepal

Background: In order to end tuberculosis(tb),it is necessary to expand coverage of tb care services,including systematic screening ***,more evidence is needed for groups among whom systematic screening is only conditionally recommended by the World Health *** study evaluated concurrent screening in multiple target groups using community health workers(CHW).Methods:: In our two-year intervention study lasting from October 2017 to September 2019,CHWs in six districts of Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam verbally screened three urban priority groups:(1)household tb contacts;(2)close tb contacts;and(3)residents of urban priority areas without clear documented exposure to tb including hotspots,boarding homes and urban *** persons were referred for further screening with chest radiography and follow-on testing with the Xpert Mtb/RIF *** individuals with normal or without radiography results were tested on smear *** described the tb care cascade and characteristics for each priority group,and calculated yield and number needed to ***,we fitted a mixed-effect logistic regression to identify the association of these target groups and secondary patient covariates with tb treatment ***: We verbally screened 321020 people including 24232 household contacts,3182 social and close contacts and 293606 residents of urban priority *** resulted in 1138 persons treated for tb,of whom 85 were household contacts,39 were close contacts and 1014 belonged to urban priority area *** yield of active tb in these groups was 351,1226 and 345 per 100000,respectively,corresponding to numbers needed to screen of 285,82 and *** fitted model showed that close contacts[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=2.07;95%CI:1.38–3.11;Ptb than household ***: The study detected a large number of un

关键词： Case detection Tuberculosis Active case finding Urban Viet nam

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Did “Screeners” Increase Pediatric Tuberculosis Case Notification in Sindh, Pakistan?

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2017年第1期5卷 81-86页

作者： Afshan Khurshid Sven Gudmund Hinderaker Einar Heldal Razia Fatima Mahboobul Haq Aashifa Yaqoob Amanullah Ansari Kashif Anwar Ejaz Qadeer Ajay M. V. Kumar Provincial tb Control Program Sindh Pakistan University of Bergen Bergen Norway Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway National tb Control Program Islamabad Pakistan National tb Control Program Research Islamabad Pakistan Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad Pakistan international Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Paris France international Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease South-East Asia Office New Delhi India

To identify missing childhood Tuberculosis (tb) cases, “screeners” (hospital-based health workers trained to screen accompanying contacts of tb patients for symptoms) were introduced in eight tertiary care hospitals of Sindh, Pakistan in 2013. There was a 55% increase in childhood tb notifications in 2014 compared to 2012 in facilities with screeners (n = 8) compared to 40% increase in facilities without screeners (n = 22). This apparent association disappeared when stratified by presence of “trained pediatrician” whose introduction was associated with a massive increase in notifications while transfer was associated with a marked decrease. In conclusion, screeners were not associated with increase in pediatric tb case notifications.

关键词： Childhood Tuberculosis Pediatricians Screener Xpert Mtb/RIF SORT IT

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Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) Tribal Action Plan Fund Utilisation: How Does Chhattisgarh State in India Fare?

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2019年第1期7卷 1-10页

作者： Gayadhar Mallick Sharath Burugina Nagaraja Karuna D. Sagili Kshitij Khaparde Srinath Satyanarayana Sarabjit Chadha The international Union against tb and Lung Disease New Delhi India ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR Bangalore India WHO Country Office New Delhi India

Background: In India, tuberculosis remains as a major public health problem amongst the tribal population. Poor physical access to diagnosis and treatment under the Revised National tb control programme (RNTCP) still remains the problem for the population. RNTCP implements Tribal Action Plan (TAP) for tribal patients. We conducted the study to determine the trends of financial utilisation for the special provisions available under tribal action plan like patient honorarium, incentive for sputum collection and transport, incentive for programme staff and incentive for vehicle maintenance. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on mixed method study approach was conducted in Chhattisgarh, India during Nov. 16 to Jun. 17. District tb Officers implementing TAP were interviewed telephonically using a semi-structured questionnaire to ascertain and analyse the reasons for low fund utilization in their districts. Retrospective financial data for five financial years from 13 TAP districts for 2012-2013 to 2016-2017 was collected, compiled and analysed. Results: Overall, the trends on states expenditure on tribal action plan in terms of absolute numbers has increased over the past five years;however, in terms of fund utilization against received ranges from 37% - 86% with the utilization rate less than 44% in the recent years (2014-2017). Conclusion: The trends of utilisation of TAP is less than 44% over the recent years. There is an urgent need for the administrators to intervene and improve the efficiency of fund utilisation at State and district levels.

关键词： Fund Tuberculosis Tribal Action Plan RNTCP India

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