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Foresters of the Cities, Citizens of the forests： Cultural and Functional Perspectives for forests Between Country and City

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Journal of Life Sciences 2014年第4期8卷 378-383页

作者： Enrico Calvo Francesca Ossola Department of Rural Land and forests Services Regional Agency for the Agriculture and Forests Services of Lombardy RegionMilano 20124 Italy Department of Agricultural Services Regional Agency for the Agriculture and Forests Services of Lombardy Region Milano 20124 Italy

Thanks to the distinctive technological development of the Western world and to the development of the urbanization phenomenon （the 75% of the European population lives in urban centers）, an epochal change emerged as regards the perception and meaning of forests for the society during the last decades. This change has involved citizens from every aspect and level of social and public life： from politics to science, education and training. This change has of course affected all of the rural system as well. We lives in a new dimension with which forest culture must confront itself, in a moment in which one is quickly passing towards a metropolitan widespread culture, strongly characterized not by real experience with the forest environment but by a specific urban culture. This paper highlighted how necessary a complex and evolving reality like the present one is to promote adequate forms of participation and sharing in the choices concerning the territory （＂the future of all of us＂） and most of all the development of a new cultural identity and sense of territorial belonging that integrates the values of the rural system into the perception of a society that is becoming ever more urban.

关键词： Urbanization new forests forest culture communication.

Reproductive patterns in Araucaria araucana forests in the Andean range, Chile

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Ecological Processes 2024年第1期13卷 252-261页

作者： Sergio Donoso Karen Pe?a-Rojas Claudia Espinoza Carolain Badaracco Rómulo Santelices-Moya Antonio Cabrera-Ariza Mediterranean forests Laboratory Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation Centro Secano Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Universidad Católica del Maule Maule Advanced Studies Research Center Vice-Rector's Office for Research and Postgraduate Studies Catholic University of Maule

Background Araucaria araucana is a mast species that presents a high variability in annual cone production. Researchers have recorded synchronization events in cone production in different populations, which allows the seed production to be concentrated, reducing the percentage of seeds consumed by different animal *** We sampled three populations located in the Andes Mountains, Araucanía Region, Chile. In 2004 we began the collection of data on cone production, for which we installed permanent plots（1200 m2each） at each location. We identified and labeled each female tree in each plot to monitor its cone production. In 2012 we selected a total of 30 trees near the plots to evaluate the number of seeds per cone. In each February from 2012 to 2014 we selected two mature cones and covered them with a porous mesh for subsequent collection and storage in March. At the beginning of June, we counted and weighed the seeds, determining the average weight, the number of seeds per cone, the germination capacity（GC）, and the germination speed（GS）.Results Cone production was synchronous across the three locations. We observed significant differences among the locations and years evaluated. The cones had fewer seeds in 2013（high production） compared to those in 2012（low production）, but their weights were similar. In 2014 the cones produced smaller seeds in fewer quantities. The difference between the years 2013 and 2014 resulted from the high-energy expenditure in 2013. Regarding GC and GS, there were significant differences among the three locations（GC: F = 45.41, p < 0.01; GS: F = 96.08, p < 0.01）, where the highest values were observed in *** Both GC and GS are related to seed weight but not to the number of cones produced in a given year. These annual fluctuations in seed production are determining factors in the population dynamics of forest species. Our results allow a better understanding of the reproductive phenology of A. araucana and could hel

关键词： Seed weight Germination potential Masting species Sustainable use Dioecious species

Implications of Anthropogenic Disturbances for Species Diversity, Recruitment and Carbon Density in the Mid-hills forests of Nepal

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2021年第1期12卷 1-10页

作者： Hari Prasad PANDEY Ministry of forests and Environment Kathmandu 44600Nepal

Almost three-fourths of forests are experiencing anthropogenic disturbances globally, and more than two-thirds of the forests in Nepal receive different types of disturbances. In community forests(CFs), local communities are dependent on the ecosystem services provided by the forests for various aspects of their livelihoods, which disturb the forests’ natural conditions and ecosystem functioning in a variety of ways. This study tested the major disturbance factors that had influential roles on plant species diversity, recruitment(seedlings and saplings), biomass, soil organic carbon(SOC) and total carbon density in two community-managed forests in the Mid-hills of Nepal. The stump number, cut-off seedlings and saplings, lopping, dropping, and grazing/trampling were used as measures of the major anthropogenic disturbances. The necessary data were collected from 89 randomly selected sample plots, each with an area of 250 m2. The responses to anthropogenic disturbances were analyzed using Generalized Linear Models(GLM). The results showed that forest lopping was the most significant anthropogenic disturbance for biomass and total carbon density balance. A higher degree of lopping in the forests resulted in a lowering of the forests’ carbon stock in the study area. SOC showed no significant response to any of the tested anthropogenic disturbances. Woody species richness and number of saplings increased with an increasing number of stumps, which signifies that intermediate disturbance was beneficial. However, a higher intensity of lopping reduced the sapling density. Grazing/trampling was the most significant disturbance for inhibiting seedling growth. Areas in the forests with a higher intensity of trampling showed lower numbers of seedlings and saplings. These results will be a guide for managing anthropogenic disturbances in multiple-use forests in Nepal, as well as those in similar socio-economic environments worldwide.

关键词： anthropogenic disturbance biomass carbon density community-managed forest seedlings and saplings woody plants’diversity

A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第2期32卷 435-448页

作者： Jiaojun Zhu Lining Song Yu Lei CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Liaoning Key Laboratory for Management of Non-Commercial forests Shenyang 110016People’s Republic of China 不详

A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of *** mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and *** protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in *** development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global *** introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective *** mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration *** addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1)theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2)the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3)the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.

关键词： Ecologically fragile areas Ecological effects Forestry eco-engineering Management systems Assessment of protective forests

Can a multistage approach improve individual tree mortality predictions across the complex mixed-species and managed forests of eastern North America?

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第1期10卷 21-30页

作者： Cen Chen John Kershaw Jr Aaron Weiskittel Elizabeth McGarrigle Center for Research on Sustainable forests University of MaineOronoME04469USA Faculty of Forestry&Environmental Management University of New BrunswickFrederictonNBE3B 5A3Canada Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources HalifaxNSB3J 3M8Canada

Tree mortality plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of forest ecosystems,yet it is one of the most difficult phenomena to accurately *** modeling strategies have been developed to improve individual tree mortality *** less explored strategy is the use of a multistage modeling *** improvements from this approach have remained largely *** this study,we developed a novel multistage approach and compared its performance in individual tree mortality predictions with a more conventional approach using an identical individual tree mortality model *** permanent plot data(n=9442)covering the Acadian Region of North America and over multiple decades(1965–2014)were used in this *** results indicated that the model behavior with the multistage approach better depicted the observed mortality and showed a notable improvement over the conventional *** difference between the observed and predicted numbers of dead trees using the multistage approach was much smaller when compared with the conventional *** addition,tree survival probabilities predicted by the multistage approach generally were not significantly different from the observations,whereas the conventional approach consistently underestimated mortality across species and overestimated tree survival probabilities over the large range of DBH in the *** new multistage approach also predictions of zero mortality in individual plots,a result not possible in conventional ***,the new approach was more tolerant of modeling errors because it based estimates on ranked tree mortality rather than error-prone predicted ***,this new multistage approach deserves to be considered and tested in future studies.

关键词： Tree mortality modeling Mortality disaggregation Mixed effect model Annualization Mixed forests

Effects of dieback on the vegetative, chemical, and physiological status of mangrove forests, Iran

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Journal of Arid Land 2023年第11期15卷 1391-1404页

作者： Vahid Farashi KAHNOUJ Marzieh REZAI Rasool MAHDAVI Maryam MOSLEHI Saiedeh ESKANDARI Natural Resources Engineering Group Desert Management and ControlUniversity of HormozganHormozganBandarabass ***Iran Natural Resources Engineering Group Faculty of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of HormozganHormozganBandarabass ***Iran Research Division of Natural Resources Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education CenterAgricultural ResearchEducation and Extension Organization(AREEO)Bandarabbas ***Iran Forest Research Division Research Institute of Forests and RangelandsAgricultural ResearchEducation and Extension Organization(AREEO)Tehran ***Iran

Mangrove forests are valuable resources in tropical and subtropical regions,which have been faced dieback due to various human activities including rapid expansion of shrimp farming,urban development,and pollution,as well as natural factors such as rising sea level,increasing air temperature,drought,and sharp decrease in ***,the mechanisms of dieback of mangrove forests are not well ***,this research aimed to assess the vegetative,chemical,and physiological status of grey mangrove(Avicennia marina(Forsk.)Vierh.)forests at different intensities of dieback in the Hormozgan Province,Iran.A total of 40 plots categorized into four dieback intensities(severe,medium,low,and control)were randomly selected for monitoring,and various parameters related to vegetative,chemical,and physiological status of grey mangrove forests were *** results revealed that the control group had the highest tree density,seedling density,vitality levels,aerial root density,and aerial root ***,as dieback severity increased,a decrease in demographic and vegetative parameters of trees and seedlings was observed in the dieback *** amounts of heavy metals(lead,cadmium,and nickel)in the sediment,roots,and leaves of grey mangrove trees at different dieback levels indicated that lead levels were the highest in the sediment,roots,and leaves in the severe dieback *** the same time,the control had the lowest *** concentrations in the sediment followed the pattern of severe dieback>moderate dieback>low dieback>control with no significant differences in the roots and *** amounts in all three parts,i.e.,sediment,roots,and leaves showed the highest levels in the severe dieback ***,metal level analysis in the organs of grey mangrove trees at different dieback levels revealed that lead and nickel were more abundant in the root organ compared with the *** contrast,the leaf organ exhibited the highes

关键词： nickel forests grey

Composition of forests and vegetation in the Kailash Sacred Landscape,Nepal

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第5期31卷 1625-1635页

作者： Ripu Mardhan Kunwar Maria Fadiman Tobin Hindle Madan Krishna Suwal Yagya Prasad Adhikari Kedar Baral Rainer Bussmann Department of Geosciences Florida Atlantic University777 Glades RoadBoca RatonFL 33431USA Department of Geography University of BergenFosswinckelsgate 6P.O.Box 78025020 BergenNorway Department of Biogeography University of BayreuthUniversitatsstr.3095447 BayreuthGermany Department of forests Kathmandu 44600Nepal Ilia State University Kakutsa Cholokashvili Ave 3/50162 TbilisiRepublic of Georgia

A total of 141 quadrats were sampled using stratified random sampling to study forest,environment and human interactions along an elevation gradient 1800 to 3665 m at the remote Kailash Sacred Landscape,*** forest types were identified,including Laurel-Oak to Rhododendron to Blue pine,comprising 191 species including 60 useful from 166 genera and 87 *** environmental variables elevation,slope,and temperature were significant(p<0.001)in determining the composition and distribution of forest *** of large numbers of useful plants along with diverse forest and vegetation types suggest a strong association between the culture of local villages and nature *** to changes in climate,socio-culture and land-use,forest degradation is expected to accelerate,thus forcing government and indigenous community forest management measures to acknowledge human,cultural and environmental variables for sustainable forest management.

关键词： Phyto-sociological assessment Environmental factors Forest types Culture Kailash Sacred Landscape Nepal

Impact of Droughts on Cedrus atlantica forests Dieback in the Auras （Algeria）

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Journal of Life Sciences 2012年第11期6卷 1262-1269页

作者： Dalila Kherchouche Mahdi Kalla Emilia M. Gutierrez Said Attalah Madj i d B ouzghaia Department of Agronomy Sciences Institute of Veterinary and Agronomy Sciences The University Hadj Lakhdar Batna 05000 Algeria Department of Earth Sciences The University Hadj Lakhdar Batna 05000 Algeria Department of Ecology Faculty of Biology The University of Barcelona Barcelona 08028 Spain College of Agriculture and Life Sciences ABE Department The University of Arizona Tucson 85721 USA forests Direction of Khenchela Khenchela 40000 Algeria

Cedar forests area in northeastern Algeria （Aures） is decreasing by the massive tree mortality. In some localities more than 95% of the trees have recently died （e.g. Boumerzoug in Belezma National Park）. Three reported episodes of massive tree mortality in 1880, 1980, and 2000 were attributed to drought at least as the triggering factor. Our main objective was to reconstruct drought events that could be linked to Atlas cedar tree mortality using tree-ring series. We developed a Cedrus atlantica tree-ring width chronology in Chelia with a reliable period spanning from 1502 to 2008. Based on the relationship between chronology indices and instrumental precipitation data, we reconstructed total October-June precipitation. Dry events were identified using a threshold of 90% of the October-June mean instrumental precipitation. The unique drought event of 3-year period （1877-1879） could explain the tree mortality occurred in 1880. In terms of severity and frequency of droughts, the later half of the twentieth century seems to be the worst and may be responsible for the recent tree mortality.

关键词： Atlas cedar tree mortality meteorological drought dendrochronology precipitation reconstruction.

Improved allometric equations for tree aboveground biomass estimation in tropical dipterocarp forests of Kalimantan,Indonesia

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Forest Ecosystems 2017年第2期4卷 83-92页

作者： Solichin Manuri Cris Brack Fatmi Noor'an Teddy Rusolono Shema Mukti Anggraini Helmut Dotzauer Indra Kumara Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian NationalUniversityLinnaeus Way Building 141Canberra ACT2601Australia Dipterocarps Research Center Forest Research Development and Innovation AgencyMinistry of Environment and ForestryJl.AW SyahraniSamarindaEast KalimantanIndonesia Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural UniversityJl Raya DarmagaKampus IPBBogor 16680Indonesia forests and Climate Change Program Deutsche Gesellschafc fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit(FORCLIME-GIZ)Manggala Wanabakti BuildingBlock VII6th floorJakartaIndonesia Biodiversity and Climate Change Program Deutsche Gesellschafr fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit(BIOCLIME-GIZ)Manggala Wanabakti BuildingBlock VIL 6th floorJakartaIndonesia District Forestry and Plantation Service Jl.Antasarl No 4 Putussibaa Kapuas Hulu 78711West KalimantanIndonesia

Background： Currently, the common and feasible way to estimate the most accurate forest biomass requires ground measurements and allometric *** studies have been conducted on allometric equations development for estimating tree aboveground biomass（AGB） of tropical dipterocarp forests（TDFs） in Kalimantan（Indonesian Borneo）.However, before the use of existing equations, a validation for the selection of the best allometric equation is required to assess the model bias and *** study aims at evaluating the validity of local and pantropical equations; developing new allometric equations for estimating tree AGB in TDFs of Kalimantan; and validating the new equations using independent ***： We used 108 tree samples from destructive sampling to develop the allometric equations, with maximum tree diameter of 175 cm and another 109 samples from previous studies for validating our *** performed ordinary least squares linear regression to explore the relationship between the AGB and the predictor variables in the natural logarithmic ***： This study found that most of the existing local equations tended to be biased and imprecise, with mean relative error and mean absolute relative error more than 0.1 and 0.3, *** developed new allometric equations for tree AGB estimation in the TDFs of *** a validation using an independent dataset,we found that our equations were reliable in estimating tree AGB in *** pantropical equation, which includes tree diameter, wood density and total height as predictor variables performed only slightly worse than our new ***： Our equations improve the precision and reduce the bias of AGB estimates of *** models developed from small samples tend to systematically bias.A validation of existing AGB models is essential before the use of the models.

关键词： Allometric equation Local and pantropical models AGB Model validation Destructive sampling Tropical dipterocarp forest