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Characteristics,Types,and Prospects of Geological Sweet Sections in Giant co.tinental Shale Oil Provinces in China

Journal of Earth Science 2022年第5期33卷 1260-1277页

作者： Zhi Yang Caineng Zou Songtao Wu Songqi Pan Xiaoni Wang Haitao Liu Wenqi Jiang Jiarui Li Qiyan Li Xiaobing Niu Guohui Li Zhenxing Tang Xuguang Guo Dong Huang Qizhao Wei research institute of Petroleum exploration&development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing100871 School of Energy China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi'an 710021China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing 163712China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Jilin Oilfield CompanySongyuan 138000China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyKelamay 834000China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gasfield CompanyChengdu 610051China

“Sweet sections”in giant shale oil provinces are preferential fields that primarily support China to increase the reserves and production of co.tinental shale oil.Based on the study of the geological co.ditions of shale oil in the co.tinental basins in China,it was found that the shale stratum in major oil generation windows generally has higher degrees of oil and gas accumulation,and mostly co.tains oil.Hydrocarbon generation and reservoir capacities are the two key parameters for evaluating and optimizing favorable shale oil provinces.The evaluation index(volume of shale stratum multiplied by total organic carbon(TOC)multiplied by total porosity)for the giant co.tinental shale oil provinces is also proposed.It is optimized that the Upper Triassic Chang 7 Member in the southcentral Ordos Basin,Lower Cretaceous Qing 1 Member in the Gulong-Changling Sag in the Songliao Basin,Middle-Lower Permian in the Junggar Basin,Da’anzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation of Lower Jurassic in the central and northern Sichuan Basin,and Paleogene oil-rich sag in the Bohai Bay Basin are the five giant co.tinental shale oil provinces.The word“geological sweet sections”in co.tinental shale oil provinces of China refers to favorable shale intervals which are relatively rich in oil,with superior physical properties,and more easily modified and developed co.mercially under applicable eco.omic and technological co.ditions.After evaluation,there are mainly two types of“geological sweet sections”of giant co.tinental shale oil developed onshore in China.One type of“geological sweet sections”is generally mudstone with optimal physical properties or a thin tight reservoir,to which the shale oil migrates a short distance.They are medium-to-high-mature zones with a thin sandy shale stratum in the Chang 7 Member in the Ordos Basin,mixed shale stratum in the mediummature Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag,and multi-layered mixed Paleogene shale stratum in the Bohai Bay Basin.The other type of“geological sweet sections”is generally shale oil r

关键词： co.tinental shale oil shale stratum geological sweet section source rock oil micro-nano pore throats laminae lamination free hydrocarbons shale oil revolution petroleum geology

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Enrichment factors of movable hydrocarbons in lacustrine shale oil and exploration potential of shale oil in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum exploration and development 2023年第3期50卷 520-533页

作者： ZHAO Wenzhi BIAN co.gsheng LI Yongxin ZHANG Jinyou HE Kun LIU Wei ZHANG Bin LEI Zhengdong LIU Chang ZHANG Jingya GUAN Ming LIU Shijul ZWZ Academician research Studio PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&DevelopmentBeijing 100083China PetroChina research institute of Petroleum exploration&development Beijing 100083China exploration and development research institute of PetroChina daqing oilfield co.pany Daqing 163712China

The geological characteristics and production practices of the major middle-and high-maturity shale oil exploration areas in China are analyzed.co.bined with laboratory results,it is clear that three essential co.ditions,i.***.eco.omic initial production,co.mercial cumulative oil production of single well,and large-scale reco.erable reserves co.firmed by the testing production,determine whether the co.tinental shale oil can be put into large-scale co.mercial development.The quantity and quality of movable hydrocarbons are co.firmed to be crucial to eco.omic development of shale oil,and focuses in evaluation of shale oil enrichment area/interval.The evaluation indexes of movable hydrocarbon enrichment include:(1)the material basis for forming retained hydrocarbon,including TOC>2%(preferentially 3%-4%),and typeⅠ-Ⅱkerogens;(2)the mobility of retained hydrocarbon,which is closely related to the hydrocarbon co.position and flow behaviors of light/heavy co.ponents,and can be evaluated from the perspectives of thermal maturity(Ro),gas-oil ratio(GOR),crude oil density,quality of hydrocarbon co.ponents,preservation co.ditions;and(3)the reservoir characteristics associated with the engineering reco.struction,including the main pore throat distribution zone,reservoir physical properties(including fractures),lamellation feature and diagenetic stage,etc.Acco.dingly,13 evaluation indexes in three categories and their reference values are established.The evaluation indicates that the light shale oil zones in the Gulong Sag of Songliao Basin have the most favorable enrichment co.ditions of movable hydrocarbons,followed by light oil and black oil zones,co.taining 20.8×10^(8) t light oil resources in reservoirs with R_(0)>1.2%,pressure co.fficient greater than 1.4,effective porosity greater than 6%,crude oil density less than 0.82 g/cm^(3),and GOR>100 m/m^(3).The shale oil in the Gulong Sag can be explored and developed separately by the categories(resource sweet spot,engineering sweet spot,and tight oil sweet spot)depending on shal

关键词： Gulong Sag co.tinental shale oil movable hydrocarbon enrichment factor enrichment zone/interval evaluation material basis co.ponent flow engineering-associated factor

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Experimental research on the Millimeter-Scale Distribution of Oil in Heterogeneous Reservoirs

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2023年第6期19卷 1521-1534页

作者： Zhao Yu exploration&development research institute Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing163712China Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Reservoir Physics&Fluid Mechanics in Porous Media Daqing163712China

Oil saturation is a critical parameter when designing oil field development plans.This study focuses on the change of oil saturation during water flooding.Particularly,a meter-level artificial model is used to co.duct relevant experiments on the basis of similarity principles and taking into acco.nt the layer geological characteristics of the reservoir.The displacement experiment’s total reco.ery rate is 41.35%.The changes in the remaining oil saturation at a millimeter-scale are examined using medical spiral co.puter tomography principles.In all experimental stages,regions exists where the oil saturation decline is more than 10.0%.The shrinkage percentage is 20.70%in the horizontal well production stage.The oil saturation reduction in other parts is less than 10.0%,and there are regions where the oil saturation increases in the co.ventional water flooding stage.

关键词： Heterogeneous reservoir millimeter-scale oil saturation MSCT scan method oil displacement experiment

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Petroleum Retention,Intraformational Migration and Segmented Accumulation within the Organic-rich Shale in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

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地质学报:英文版 2023年第5期97卷 1568-1586页

作者： HUANGFU Yuhui ZHANG Jinyou ZHANG Shuichang WANG Xiaomei HE Kun GUAN Ping ZHANG Huanxu ZHANG Bin WANG Huajian School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China research institute of Petroleum exploration and development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China exploration and development research institute of daqing oilfield co. Ltd.DaqingHeilongjiang 163712China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry CNPCBeijing 100083China Grand Energy and Technology co. Ltd.SuzhouJiangsu 215000China

In this study,organic geochemical and petrological analyses were co.ducted on 111 shale samples from a well to understand the retention,intraformational migration and segmented accumulation(shale oil enrichment in different intervals is unco.nected)features of shale oil within the organic-rich shale in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag.Our study shows that retained petroleum characteristics in the investigated succession are mainly influenced by three factors:organic richness,intraformational migration and segmented accumulation.Organic matter richness primarily co.trols the amount of retained petroleum,especially the‘live’co.ponent indicated by the S_(2)value rather than the total organic carbon(TOC)figure alone.The negative expulsion efficiencies determined by mass-balance calculations of hydrocarbons reveal that petroleum from adjacent organic-rich intervals migrates into the interval of about 2386-2408 m,which is characterized by high free hydrocarbon(S_(1)),OSI and saturated hydrocarbons co.tent,along with a greater difference inδ^(13)C values between polar co.pounds(including resins and asphaltenes)and saturated hydrocarbons.The depth-dependent heterogeneity of carbon isotope ratios(δ^(13)C)of mud methane gas,δ^(13)C of extracts gross co.position(SARA),δ^(13)C of kerogen and SARA co.tent of extracts suggest that the studied succession can be subdivided into four intervals.The shale oil sealing enrichment character in each interval is further co.roborated by the distinctδ^(13)C values of mud methane gas in different intervals.Due to the migration of petroleum into the 2386-2408 m interval,the S_(1),OSI and saturated hydrocarbons co.tent of the interval show higher relative values.The maturity of organic matter in the 2471-2500 m interval is at the highest with the smaller size molecular co.ponents of the retained petroleum.Thus,favorable‘sweet spots’may be found in the 2386-2408 m interval and the 2471-2500 m interval,acco.ding to the experiment results in this study.

关键词： shale oil oil retention intraformational migration segmented accumulation Gulong Sag

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Modular zonal fluid sampling and pressure testing technology for production well

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Petroleum exploration and development 2022年第2期49卷 438-447页

作者： XU Jianguo YANG Qinghai YI Peng HOU Ze JIA Weite FU Tao ZHANG Zonglin YUE Qingfeng Jilin oilfield Oil&Gas Engineering research institute Songyuan 138000China PetroChina research institute of Petroleum exploration&development Beijing 100083China Jilin oilfield Xinmu Production Plant Songyuan 138000China daqing oilfield Production Engineering research institute Daqing 163453China

To accurately obtain development dynamic data such as zonal pressure and fluid parameters of each oil layer in the late development stage of a high water-cut old oilfield, a modular zonal sampling and testing technology with the characteristics of modularization, full electronic co.trol and rapidity was proposed and developed. Lab testing and on-site testing was carried out. The modular zonal sampling and testing system is co.posed of 10 functional modules, namely ground co.trol system, downhole power supply module, drainage pump, electronically co.trolled anchor, electronically co.trolled packer, electronically co.trolled sampler, magnetic positioning sub, terminal sub, adapter cable, and quick co.nector. Indoor tests have co.firmed that the performance parameters of each module meet the design requirements. The downhole function modules of the system can withstand pressures up to 35 MPa and temperatures up to 85 ℃. The rubber cylinder of the electronically co.trolled packer can withstand a pressure difference of more than 10 MPa. The electronically co.trolled anchor has an anchoring force of greater than 6.9 t, and can be forcibly detached in the event of an accident. The discharge pump has a displacement of 0.8 m;/d and a head of 500 m. The electronically co.trolled sampler can meet the requirement of taking 500 mL of sample in each of the 3 chambers. Field tests in Jilin oilfield show that the system can realize rapid isolation and self-check of isolation of a certain production interval downhole, as well as layer-by layer pressure build-up test. The drainage pump can be used to discharge the mixed liquid between the upper and lower packers and near the wellbore to obtain real fluid samples of the tested formation interval. The data obtained give us better understanding on the pay zones in old oilfields, and provide important basis for development plan adjustment, reservoir stimulation, and EOR measures.

关键词： zonal sampling zonal testing modularization full electronic co.trol rapidity enhanced oil reco.ery fluid sampling pressure testing

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The mechanism of hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement to enhance oil reco.ery in low and medium permeability reservoirs

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Petroleum exploration and development 2022年第4期49卷 864-873页

作者： LIU Yikun WANG Fengjiao WANG Yumei LI Binhui ZHANG Dong YANG Guang ZHI Jiqiang SUN Shuo WANG Xu DENG Qingjun XU He Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Reco.ery of Education Ministry Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqing 163318China Postdoctoral Res Ctr Daqing Oilfield Company LimitedDaqing 163453China Downhole Services co.pany of daqing oilfield co.pany Limited Daqing 163453China exploration and development research institute of daqing oilfield co.pany Limited Daqing 163712China The NO.1 Production Plant of daqing oilfield co.pany Limited Daqing 163712China

Aiming at the technology of hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement which co.bines hydraulic fracturing,seepage and oil displacement,an experimental system of energy storage and flowback in fracturing assisted oil displacement process has been developed and used to simulate the mechanism of perco.ation,energy storage,oil displacement and flowback of chemical agents in the whole process.The research shows that in hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement,the chemical agent co.ld be directly pushed to the deeper area of the low and medium permeability reservoirs,avoiding the visco.ity loss and adhesion retention of chemical agents near the pay zone;in addition,this technology co.ld effectively enlarge the swept volume,improve the oil displacement efficiency,replenish formation energy,gather and exploit the scattered residual oil.For the reservoir with higher permeability,this measure takes effect fast,so to lower co.t,and the high pressure hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement co.ld be adopted directly.For the reservoir with lower permeability which is difficult to absorb water,hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement with surfactant should be adopted to reduce flow resistance of the reservoir and improve the water absorption capacity and development effect of the reservoir.The degree of formation energy deficit was the main factor affecting the effective swept range of chemical agents.Moreover,the larger the formation energy deficit was,the further the seepage distance of chemical agents was,acco.dingly,the larger the effective swept volume was,and the greater the increase of oil reco.ery was.Formation energy enhancement was the most important co.tribution to enhanced oil reco.ery(EOR),which was the key to EOR by the technology of hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement.

关键词： hydraulic fracturing chemical flooding formation energy enhancement remaining oil distribution oil displacement mechanism enhancing oil reco.ery

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Identification, evolution and geological indications of solid bitumen in shales: A case study of the first member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Songliao Basin, NE China

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Petroleum exploration and development 2023年第6期50卷 1345-1357页

作者： LIU Bo WANG Liu FU Xiaofei HUO Qiuli BAI Longhui LYU Jiancai WANG Boyang National Key Laboratory of co.tinental Shale Oil Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqing163318China exploration and development research institute of PetroChina daqing oilfield co.pany Limited Daqing 163712China

On the basis of sorting out current understanding of solid bitumen (SB) in shales and taking organic-rich shales in the first member of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin as an example, the definition, classification, occurrence and evolution path of SB are systemtically studied, and the indicative significance of SB reflectance (Rob) on maturity and its influence on the development of reservoir space are discussed and summarized. The results show that the difference of primary maceral types is primarily responsible for the different evolution paths of SB. Most of the pre-oil bitumen is in-situ SB with only a small amount being of migrated SB, while most of the post-oil bitumen and pyrobitumen are migrated SB. From the immature to early oil maturity stage, bituminite, vitrinite, and inertinite can be distinguished from SB based on their optical characteristics under reflected light, and alginite can be differentiated from SB by their fluorescence characteristics. Under scanning electron microsco.e, in-situ SB and migrated SB can be effectively identified. Rob increases linearly with increasing vitrinite reflectance (Ro), as a result of a decrease of aliphatic structure and the enhancement of aromatization of SB. Within the oil window three types of seco.dary pores may develop in SB, including modified mineral pores, devolatilization cracks and bubble holes. At a high maturity stage spongy pores may develop in pyrobitumen. Scanning electron microsco.y co.bined with in-situ SEM-Raman spectrosco.y can further reveal the structral information of different types of SB, thus providing crucial data for understanding for understanding OM migration paths, dynamics, and distances at micro-scale.

关键词： shale solid bitumen reflectance primary maceral difference solid bitumen evolution path reservoir space Songliao Basin Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation

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The Geoscience Frontier of Gulong Shale Oil:Revealing the Role of co.tinental Shale from Oil Generation to Production

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Engineering 2023年第9期28卷 79-92页

作者： Wenyuan He Rukai Zhu Baowen Cui Shuichang Zhang Qian Meng Bin Bai Zihui Feng Zhengdong Lei Songtao Wu Kun He He Liu Longde Sun China National Oil and Gas exploration and development co.pany Ltd. Beijing 100027China research institute of Petroleum exploration and development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Shale Oil Accumulation of Heilongjiang Province Daqing 163712China daqing oilfield co.pany Ltd. PetroChinaDaqing 163712China China National Petroleum co.poration Beijing 100007China

The clay mineral co.tent of daqing Gulong shale is in the range of about 35%–45%,with particle sizes less than 0.0039 mm.The horizontal fluidity of oil in Gulong shale is poor,with near-zero vertical flowability.As a result,Gulong shale has been co.sidered to lack co.mercial value.In recent years,however,interdisciplinary research in geoscience,perco.ation mechanics,thermodynamics,and surface mechanics has demonstrated that Gulong shale oil has a high degree of maturity and a high residual hydrocarbon co.tent.The expulsion efficiency of Gulong shale in the high mature stage is 32%–48%.Favorable storage spaces in Gulong shale include co.necting pores and lamellar fractures developed between and within organic matter and clay mineral co.plexes.The shale oil mainly occurs in micro-and nano-pores,bedding fractures,and lamellar fractures,with a high gas–oil ratio and medium–high movable oil saturation.Gulong shale has the characteristics of high hardness,a high elastic modulus,and high fracture toughness.This study achieves breakthroughs in the exploration and development of Gulong shale,including the theories of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation,the technologies of mobility and fracturing,and reco.erability.It co.firms the major transition of Gulong shale from oil generation to oil production,which has extremely significant scientific value and application potential for China’s petroleum industry.

关键词： Gulong shale Gulong shale oil Micro-nano pores Lamellar fracture co.tinental oil production

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Shale oil enrichment evaluation and production law in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum exploration and development 2023年第3期50卷 505-519页

作者： SUN Longde CUI Baowen ZHU Rukai WANG Rui FENG Zihui LI Binhui ZHANG Jingya GAO Bo WANG Qingzhen ZENG Huasen LIAO Yuanhui JIANG Hangl National Key Laboratory for Multi-resource co.laborated Green development of co.tionental Shale Oil Daqing 163712China China National Petroleum co.poration Beijing 100007China PetroChina daqing oilfield co. Ltd.Daqing 163712China PetroChina research institute of Petroleum exploration&development Beijing 100083China

Based on the results of drilling,tests and simulation experiments,the shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin are discussed with respect to hydrocarbon generation evolution,shale oil occurrence,and pore/fracture evolution mechanism.In co.junction with a substantial amount of oil testing and production data,the Gulong shale oil enrichment layers are evaluated and the production behaviors and decline law are analyzed.The results are drawn in four aspects.First,the Gulong shales are in the stage of extensive hydrocarbon expulsion when R_(0) is 1.0%-1.2%,with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of 49.5%approximately.In the low-medium maturity stage,shale oil migrates from kerogen to rocks and organic pores/fractures.In the medium-high maturity stage,shale oil transforms from adsorbed state to free state.Seco.d,the clay mineral intergranular pores/fractures,dissolution pores,and organic pores make up the majority of the pore structure.During the transformation,clay minerals undergo significant intergranular pore/fracture development between the minerals such as illite and illite/smectite mixed layer.A network of pores/fractures is formed by organic matter cracking.Third,free hydrocarbon co.tent,effective porosity,total porosity,and brittle mineral co.tent are the co.e indicators for the evaluation of shale oil enrichment layers.Class-I layers are defined as free hydrocarbon co.tent equal or greater than 6.0 mg/g,effective porosity equal or greater than 3.5%,total porosity equal or greater than 8.0%,and brittle mineral co.tent equal or greater than 50%.It is believed that the favourable oil layers are Q2-Q3 and Q8-Q9.Fourth,the horizontal wells in the co.e area of the light oil zone exhibit a high cumulative production in the first year,and present a hyperbolic production decline pattern,with the decline index of 0.85-0.95,the first-year decline rate of 14.5%-26.5%,and the single-well estimated ultimate reco.ery(EUR)greater than 2.0×10^(4)t.In practical exploration a

关键词： Songliao Basin Gulong shale oil Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation hydrocarbon generation and expulsion reservoir pore type pore/fracture formation mechanism enrichment layer evaluation production decline law

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Gulong shale oil enrichment mechanism and orderly distribution of co.ventional–unco.ventional oils in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum exploration and development 2023年第5期50卷 1045-1059页

作者： ZHANG Shuichang ZHANG Bin WANG Xiaomei FENG Zihui HE Kun WANG Huajian FU Xiuli LIU Yuke YANG Chunlong PetroChina research institute of Petroleum exploration&development Beijing 100083China CNPC Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry Beijing 100083China National Key Laboratory for Multi-resource co.laborated Green development of co.tinental Shale Oil Daqing 163712China PetroChina daqing oilfield co. Ltd.Daqing 163712China

Through the study of organic matter enrichment,hydrocarbon generation and accumulation process of black shale of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,the enrichment mechanism of Gulong shale oil and the distribution of co.ventional–unco.ventional oil are revealed.The Songliao Basin is a huge interior lake basin formed in the Early Cretaceous under the co.trol of the subduction and retreat of the western Pacific plate and the massive horizontal displacement of the Tanlu Fault Zone in Northeast China.During the deposition of the Qingshankou Formation,strong terrestrial hydrological cycle led to the lake level rise of the ancient Songliao Basin and the input of a large amount of nutrients,resulting in planktonic bacteria and algae flourish.Intermittent seawater intrusion events promoted the formation of salinization stratification and anoxic environment in the lake,which were beneficial to the enrichment of organic matters.Biomarkers analysis co.firms that the biogenic organic matter of planktonic bacteria and algae modified by microorganisms plays an important role in the formation of high-quality source rocks with high oil generation capability.There are four favorable co.ditions for the enrichment of light shale oil in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin:the moderate organic matter abundance and high oil potential provide sufficient material basis for oil enrichment;high degree of thermal evolution makes shale oil have high GOR and good mobility;low hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency leads to a high co.tent of retained hydrocarbons in the source rock;and the co.finement effect of intra-layer cement in the high maturity stage induces the efficient accumulation of light shale oil.The restoration of hydrocarbon accumulation process suggests that liquid hydrocarbons generated in the early(low–medium maturity)stage of the Qingshankou Formation source rocks accumulated in placanticline and slope after long-distance seco.dary migration,forming high-quality co.ventional and tigh

关键词： Songliao Basin Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation Gulong shale oil organic carbon storage orderly distribution of co.ventional-unco.ventional oil fault sealing whole petroleum system shale oil enrichment

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