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On the development mechanism of the lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks of Chang 91 member in Ordos Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第Z2期50卷 39-46页

作者： ZHANG WenZheng YANG Hua FU SuoTang ZAN ChuanLi institute of exploration Development and Research of PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710021 China PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710021 China Institute of Exploration Development and Research of PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710021 China Institute of Exploration Development and Research of PetroChina Company Limited Changqing Oilfield Branch Xi'an 710021 China

As revealed from recent drilling and organic geochemical testing and research, a series of lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks was discovered in the upper section of the Chang 9 oil reservoir member of upper Triassic in Ordos Basin. The hydrocarbon source rocks show average TOC content as high as 5.03%, average bitumen "A" content as high as 0.8603%, and good quality organic precursors, which are of the sapropelic type mainly derived from lower aquatic plants and have reached the thermal evolution stage featured by oil-producing climax. Generally the lacustrine high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks were developed in local depressions of a lake basin, and the Chang 91 member was particularly formed in a depositional environment characterized by fresh water to weakly saline water, weakly oxidizing to weakly reducing setting and semi-deep lake facies, as was demonstrated by a variety of organic to inorganic geochemical parameters. As a result, high productivity constitutes the principal controlling force for generation of this series of high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks. Deposition of thinly-bedded and laminated tuffs as well as positive Eu anomaly corroborate the possible occurrence of anoxic geological event closely related to contemporaneous volcanic eruption, which would play a key part in development of the Chang 91 member of high-grade hydrocarbon source rocks.

关键词： Ordos Basin, terrestrial lake basin, high-grade hydrocarbon source rock, high productivity, geological event

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Genesis of the high gamma sandstone of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,China

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Petroleum Science 2013年第1期10卷 50-54页

作者： Liu Huaqing Li Xiangbo Liao Jianbo Liu Xianyang research institute of Petroleum exploration and development-Northwest research institute of exploration and development Changqing Oilfield Company

Recently, more attention has been paid on the high gamma sandstone reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China. These high gamma sandstones have logging characteristics different from conventional sandstones, which influences the identification of sandstone reservoirs. Zhang et al （2010） proposed that the high gamma sandstones of the Yanchang Formation might be the result of re-deposition of homochronous sedimentary tufts or previous tufts as a part of the sandstone. However, we present a different viewpoint： 1） few tufts or tuff debris have been found in the high gamma sandstones of the Yanchang Formation; 2） high gamma （or high Th content） sandstones of Yanchang Formation are not related to either clay minerals or feldspar; 3） the heavy minerals in the sandstone reservoirs of the Yanchang Formation are dominated by zircon, which is characterized by abnormally high Th and U contents, up to 2,163 ppm and 1,362 ppm, respectively. This is sufficient to explain the high gamma anomaly. The conclusion is that the high gamma value of the Yanchang Formation sandstones might be caused by zircon with high Th and U contents in sandstones rather than from the tuff components.

关键词： High gamma sandstones reservoir zircon Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin

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Evidence of the Near-Source Accumulation of the Tight Sandstone Gas in Northern Ordos Basin,North-Central China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第5期91卷 1820-1835页

作者： YANG Zhi LI Qiyan WU Songtao LIN Senhu LIU Xinshen research institute of Petroleum exploration & development Petro China research institute of exploration and development Petro China Changqing Oilfield Company

The tight sandstone gas in Upper Paleozoic Formation of the northern Ordos Basin is a typical giant unconventional tight gas province. Evidences from geochemistry, reservoir geology and paleotectonic setting all verify that the present-day tight sandstone gas accumulation in the Ordos Basin is the result of near-source accumulation. The evidences are listed as following： tight sandstone gas is mainly distributed in the area with high gas-generating strength; gas composition was not subjected tofractionation; gas saturation significantly decreases with the distance away from the source rocks; gas isotopes suggest their origin is the same and maturity is consistent with in-place source rocks; reservoirs have experienced three types of densification digenesis, including intense compaction, siliceous cementation and calcareous cementation, which took place before the formation of a large amount of tight sandstone gas, forming tight reservoirs with low porosity and permeability, fine pore throat and great capillary resistance; the paleo-structural gradient ratio is small from the main hydrocarbon generation period to present. It is indicated the present distribution of tight sandstone gas in the northern Ordos Basin is the result of near-source and short-distance migration and accumulation.

关键词： near-source accumulation tight sandstone gas coal measures unconventional gas geochemistry

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Changing characteristics of ultralow permeability reservoirs during waterflooding operations

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Petroleum Science 2013年第2期10卷 226-232页

作者： Gao Chunning An Xiaoping Zhu Shengju Wu Pingcang National Engineering Laboratory for exploration & development of Low Permeability Oil and Gas Fields exploration & development research institute of changqing oilfield company

The characteristics of ultralow permeability reservoirs changed after waterflooding. Thin- section analysis and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） of core samples from inspection wells indicated that calcite and barite were formed in ultralow permeability reservoirs during waterflooding operations. Some asphaltene precipitates on the surface of formation rock would influence the reservoir porosity, permeability, wettability, and electrical properties. In this paper, the changes of physical, electrical, and fluid properties of ultralow permeability reservoirs during waterflooding operations were analyzed. This provides important information to improve waterflooding performance in ultralow permeability reservoirs.

关键词： Ultralow permeability waterflooding reservoir change waterflooding characteristics

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A Novel Model of Predicting Archie's Cementation Factor from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) Logs in Low Permeability Reservoirs

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第1期25卷 183-188页

作者： Liang Wang Zhiqiang Mao Yujiang Shi Qin'e Tao Yumei Cheng Yong Song State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Key Laboratory of Earth Prospecting and Information Technology (Beijing) China University of Petroleum research institute of exploration and development Changqing Oilfield CompanyPetroChina research institute of exploration and development Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyPetroChina exploration Department Changqing Oilfield CompanyPetroChina

The resistivity experimental measurements of core samples drilled from low permeability reservoirs of Ordos Basin, Northwest China, illustrate that the cementation factors are not agminate, but vary from 1.335 to 1.749. This leads to a challenge for the estimation of water and hydrocarbon sa- turation. Based on the analysis of Purcell equation and assumption that rock resistivity is determined by the parallel connection of numerous capillary resistances, a theoretical expression of cementation factor in terms of porosity and permeability is established. Then, cementation factor can be calculated if the parameters of porosity and permeability are determined. In the field application, porosity can be easily obtained by conventional logs. However, it is a tough challenge to estimate permeability due to the strong heterogeneity of low permeability reservoirs. Thus, the Schlumberger Doll research （SDR） model derived from NMR logs has been proposed to estimate permeability. Based on the analysis of the theoretical expressions of cementation factor and SDR model, a novel cementation factor prediction model, which is relevant to porosity and logarithmic mean of NMR T2 spectrum （T21m）, is derived. The advantage of this model is that all the input information can be acquired from NMR logs accurately. In order to confirm the credibility of the novel model, the resistivity and corresponding laboratory NMR measurements of 27 core samples are conducted. The credibility of the model is confirmed by compar- ing the predicted cementation factors with the core analyzed results. The absolute errors for all core samples are lower than 0.071. Once this model is extended to field application, the accuracy of water and hydrocarbon saturation estimation will be significantly improved.

关键词： cementation factor nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) low permeability reservoir lo- garithmic mean of NMR T2 spectrum saturation calculation.

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The effect of physical property change on the water flooding development in changqing oilfield Jurassic low permeability reservoir

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Petroleum 2015年第4期1卷 300-306页

作者： Yangnan Shangguan Yongqiang Zhang Weiliang Xiong research institute of exploration and development Changqing Oilfield CompanyChina

changqing old oilfield Jurassic reservoir's average calibration recovery is 24.7%,with geological reserves recovery of 16.6%,water cut of 65.2%.And most of Jurassic reservoirs are in the middle and later field life,part of them has entered the high water cut and high recovery *** water flooding way for improving oil recovery becomes more difficult,and new method has to be *** oilfield BS district is a typical representative,with high water cut of 90.8%,high recovery percent of 26.1%and low oil recovery rate of 0.25%.To explore the new way to improve oil recovery,the polymer and surfactant(SP for short)important pilot test has been *** low permeability reservoir indoor core data in high water cut stage and inspection well results indicate that the reservoir permeability,pore combination characteristics and pore type changed greatly after long-term water flooding *** changes bring more difficulties to the continue development,especially the high injection pressure,which can cause other problems for well pattern infilling and *** paper takes the high injection pressure problem of Maling BS district Jurassic reservoir for example,analyzes the physical property change law on the following aspects:the development mode in the past,core analysis,formation sensitivity,interstitial matter,well test interpretation results,in order to help to further effective development and provide important parameters for tertiary oil recovery technique for similar reservoirs and others.

关键词： Jurassic reservoir Physical property change Water flooding Core analysis EOR Low permeability

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Gas accumulation conditions and key technologies for exploration & development of Sulige gasfield

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Petroleum research 2018年第2期3卷 91-109页

作者： Jinhua Fu Liyong Fan Xinshe Liu Daojun Huang PetroChina changqing oilfield company Shaanxi710018China research institute of Petroleum exploration and development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyShaanxi710018China exploration Department PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyShaanxi710018China National Engineering Laboratory of Low Permeability Oil and Gas Field exploration and development Shaanxi710018China

Up to now,the Sulige area in Ordos Basin has the favorable exploration area of 55×10^(3) km^(2),the total reserve of natural gas of nearly 6×10^(12) m^(3) and the proven reserve(including basic proven reserve)of 4.77×10^(12) m^(3),where the annual production of natural gas reaches 23×10^(9) m^(3),and the Sulige gasfield is the largest onshore natural gas field in *** pay zone of the Sulige gasfield mainly is Member 8 of Shihezi Formation and Member 1 of Shanxi Formation of Permian which belong to the typical tight sandstone gas *** coal measure strata in Carboniferous Benxi Formation,Permian Taiyuan Formation and Shanxi Formation provide abundant gas sources for the Gulige gas *** open-flow sedimentary model of lacustrine delta is developed,the gentle bottom,sand supply from multisource,strong hydrodynamic force and multi-period superposition control the distribution of largearea reservoir sand *** of the reservoir is the sandstone of the fluvial-delta facies,the physical property is poor and the heterogeneity is strong,the average porosity ranges from 4%to 12%and the average permeability varies from 0.01 to 1 *** gas reservoir is characterized by wide hydrocarbon generation,pervasive hydrocarbon charging,short-range migration and massive *** pressure coefficient of the gas reservoir ranges from 0.62 to 0.90,indicating the low-pressure gas reservoir,and the single-well yield is *** digital seismic technique in the desert area,nonlongitudinal seismic technique in the loess plateau,accurate logging evaluation technique,tight sand reservoir stimulation technology and horizontal well development technology are key technologies for exploration and development of Sulige gasfield.

关键词： Sulige gasfield Upper paleozoic Tight gas Accumulation condition Key technology

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Characteristics,Types,and Prospects of Geological Sweet Sections in Giant Continental Shale Oil Provinces in China

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第5期33卷 1260-1277页

作者： Zhi Yang Caineng Zou Songtao Wu Songqi Pan Xiaoni Wang Haitao Liu Wenqi Jiang Jiarui Li Qiyan Li Xiaobing Niu Guohui Li Zhenxing Tang Xuguang Guo Dong Huang Qizhao Wei research institute of Petroleum exploration&development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing100871 School of Energy China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi'an 710021China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Daqing Oilfield CompanyDaqing 163712China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Jilin Oilfield CompanySongyuan 138000China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyKelamay 834000China research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gasfield CompanyChengdu 610051China

“Sweet sections”in giant shale oil provinces are preferential fields that primarily support China to increase the reserves and production of continental shale *** on the study of the geological conditions of shale oil in the continental basins in China,it was found that the shale stratum in major oil generation windows generally has higher degrees of oil and gas accumulation,and mostly contains *** generation and reservoir capacities are the two key parameters for evaluating and optimizing favorable shale oil *** evaluation index(volume of shale stratum multiplied by total organic carbon(TOC)multiplied by total porosity)for the giant continental shale oil provinces is also *** is optimized that the Upper Triassic Chang 7 Member in the southcentral Ordos Basin,Lower Cretaceous Qing 1 Member in the Gulong-Changling Sag in the Songliao Basin,Middle-Lower Permian in the Junggar Basin,Da’anzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation of Lower Jurassic in the central and northern Sichuan Basin,and Paleogene oil-rich sag in the Bohai Bay Basin are the five giant continental shale oil *** word“geological sweet sections”in continental shale oil provinces of China refers to favorable shale intervals which are relatively rich in oil,with superior physical properties,and more easily modified and developed commercially under applicable economic and technological *** evaluation,there are mainly two types of“geological sweet sections”of giant continental shale oil developed onshore in *** type of“geological sweet sections”is generally mudstone with optimal physical properties or a thin tight reservoir,to which the shale oil migrates a short *** are medium-to-high-mature zones with a thin sandy shale stratum in the Chang 7 Member in the Ordos Basin,mixed shale stratum in the mediummature Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag,and multi-layered mixed Paleogene shale stratum in the Bohai Bay *** other type of“ge

关键词： continental shale oil shale stratum geological sweet section source rock oil micro-nano pore throats laminae lamination free hydrocarbons shale oil revolution petroleum geology

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Lithofacies palaeogeography as a guide to petroleum exploration

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2013年第2期2卷 109-126页

作者： Feng Zengzhao Bao Hongping Jia Jinhua Wang Yigang Deng Xiuqin China University of Petroleum(Beijing) research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company research institute of Petroleum exploration and development PetroChina research institute of exploration and development PetroChina Southwestern Oilfield Company

Lithofacies palaeogeography as a guide to petroleum exploration is a very important *** using the following five exploration examples,this paper discusses the guide of lithofacies palaeogeography or of sedimentary facies to petroleum *** examples include the dolostone of the Lower Ordovician Majiagou Formation 5 in the Ordos area,the Donghe Sandstone of the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous in the Tarim Basin,the reef of the Upper Permian Changxing Formation in the Sichuan Basin,the oolitic bank of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Sichuan Basin,and the lacustrine delta sediments and gravity flow sediments of the Middle and Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin.

关键词： lithofacies palaeogeography sedimentary facies petroleum exploration guide

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Clastic compaction unit classification based on clay content and integrated compaction recovery using well and seismic data

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Petroleum Science 2016年第4期13卷 685-697页

作者： Zhong Hong Ming-Jun Su Hua-Qing Liu Gai Gao Petro China research institute of Petroleum exploration and development(RIPED)-Northwest Lanzhou 730020GansuChina research institute of exploration and development Petro China Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi'an 710018ShaanxiChina

Compaction correction is a key part of paleogeomorphic recovery methods. Yet, the influence of lithology on the porosity evolution is not usually taken into account. Present methods merely classify the lithologies as sandstone and mudstone to undertake separate porositydepth compaction modeling. However, using just two lithologies is an oversimplification that cannot represent the compaction history. In such schemes, the precision of the compaction recovery is inadequate. To improve the precision of compaction recovery, a depth compaction model has been proposed that involves both porosity and clay content. A clastic lithological compaction unit classification method, based on clay content, has been designed to identify lithological boundaries and establish sets of compaction units. Also, on the basis of the clastic compaction unit classification, two methods of compaction recovery that integrate well and seismic data are employed to extrapolate well-based compaction information outward along seismic lines and recover the paleo-topography of the clastic strata in the region. The examples presented here show that a better understanding of paleo-geomorphology can be gained by applying the proposed compaction recovery technology.

关键词： Compaction recovery Porosity-clay contentdepth compaction model Classification of lithological compaction unit Well and seismic data integrated compaction recovery technology

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