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Improper Disposal of Waste Water and Masks during COVID-19, and the Associated Increased Cycle of Infection to Human Health in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Tanzania

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Journal of environmental Protection 2022年第11期13卷 842-855页

作者： Honest Anicetus Samwel Manyele Josephat Saria Michael Habtu Grace Saguti Zabulon Yoti Yohana Lawi Innocent Messo Mathias Machugu Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children Dodoma Tanzania Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of environmental Studies The Open University of Tanzania Dar es Salaam Tanzania World Health Organization (WHO) Tanzania Dar es Salaam Tanzania Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es salaam Tanzania

Since COVID-19 was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO), wearing of protective equipment, hand washing using soap and frequent use of antiseptic solution are being applied globally to reduce the transmission rate. This study was intended to investigate handling of after wash waste water and masks among Tanzanian residents on the COVID-19 pandemic after it has been, declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) that, wearing of protective equipment, hand washing using soap and frequent use of antiseptic solution should be applied globally to reduce the transmission rate. The assessment of health care waste management in the facilities was conducted in all the 26 regions of Tanzania Mainland. A standardized checklist and tools were used to assess and monitor various aspects related to healthcare waste using open source software for collection (ODK). Data were analyzed using SPSS computer software. It has been indicated that before disposing the used mask, the best protocol is to spray 0.5% (5000 ppm) of chlorine disinfectant on the surface. In this study, about 46% consider used mask as normal municipal waste and 3% do not care they throw away the face masks in the street. Only 18% and 5% of reported to disposal as infectious and highly hazardous waste respectively. It is well documented that due to potential infectious disease like SARS-CoV-2, wastewater should be treated either on-site or conveyed off-site and treated in well-designed method or technology to kill the micro-organisms. The analysis revealed that majority of respondents (74.7%, 73.8%, 48.1% and 65% for healthcare center, district hospitals, regional hospitals and consultant hospitals respectively);dispose the waste in the open space. Continuous awareness creation programs about the negative impact of contaminated face masks and waste water on the health of individuals and introducing laws that can prohibit improper disposal are among the solutions that could help reduce the problem.

关键词： COVID-19 Waste Water environmental Pollution Hand Washing Masks

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Role of endoscopic ultrasound and cyst fluid tumor markers in diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2022年第6期14卷 402-415页

作者： Hussein Hassan Okasha Abeer Abdellatef Shaimaa Elkholy Mohamad-Sherif Mogawer Ayman Yosry Magdy Elserafy Eman Medhat Hanaa Khalaf Magdy Fouad Tamer Elbaz Ahmed Ramadan Mervat E Behiry Kerolis Y William Ghada Habib Mona Kaddah Haitham Abdel-Hamid Amr Abou-Elmagd Ahmed Galal Wael A Abbas Ahmed Youssef Altonbary Mahmoud El-Ansary Aml E Abdou Hani Haggag Tarek Ali Abdellah Mohamed A Elfeki Heba Ahmed Faheem Hani M Khattab Mervat El-Ansary Safia Beshir Mohamed El-Nady Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Kasr Al-Aini HospitalsCairo UniversityKasr Al-Aini HospitalsCairo UniversityCairo 11451Egypt Department of Endemic Diseases Cairo UniversityCairo 11451Egypt Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Minia UniversityMinia 61511Egypt Department of Internal Medicine Kasr Al-Aini HospitalsCairo UniversityCairo 11562Egypt Department of Gastroenterology Armed forces College of MedicineCairo 11451Egypt Endoscopy and Internal Medicine consultant at Dr/Ahmed Galal Endoscopy Center Alexandria 35516Egypt Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of MedicineAssuit UniversityAssuit 71111Egypt Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mansoura UniversityMansoura 35511Egypt Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Theodor Bilharz Research InstituteCairo 11451Egypt Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine for girls Al-Azhar UniversityCairo 11451Egypt Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of MedicineAin shams UniversityCairo 11451Egypt Department of Internal Medicine Bani-suef UniversityBani-suefBani-suef 62511Egypt Department of Pathology Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairo 11451Egypt Department of Clinical Pathology Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairo 11451Egypt Department of environmental Medicine&Clinical Pathology National Research CentreCairo 11451Egypt

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cystic lesions(PCLs) are common in clinical practice. The accurate classification and diagnosis of these lesions are crucial to avoid unnecessary treatment of benign lesions and missed opportunities for early treatment of potentially malignant *** To evaluate the role of cyst fluid analysis of different tumor markers such as cancer antigens [e.g., cancer antigen(CA)19-9, CA72-4], carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1(SPINK1), interleukin 1 beta(IL1-β), vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF-A), and prostaglandin E2(PGE2)], amylase, and mucin stain in diagnosing pancreatic cysts and differentiating malignant from benign *** This study included 76 patients diagnosed with PCLs using different imaging modalities. All patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) and EUS-fine needle aspiration(EUS-FNA) for characterization and sampling of different *** The mean age of studied patients was 47.4 ± 11.4 years, with a slight female predominance(59.2%). Mucin stain showed high statistical significance in predicting malignancy with a sensitivity of 87.1% and specificity of 95.56%. It also showed a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 93.1% and 91.49%, respectively(P < 0.001). We found that positive mucin stain, cyst fluid glucose, SPINK1, amylase, and CEA levels had high statistical significance(P < 0.0001). In contrast, IL-1β, CA 72-4, VEGF-A, VEGFR2, and PGE2 did not show any statistical significance. Univariate regression analysis for prediction of malignancy in PCLs showed a statistically significant positive correlation with mural nodules, lymph nodes, cyst diameter, mucin stain, and cyst fluid CEA. Meanwhile, logistic multivariable regression analysis proved that mural nodules, mucin stain, and SPINK1 were independent predictors of malignancy in cystic pancreatic *** EUS examination of cyst morphology with cytopathological analysis and cyst fluid ana

关键词： Pancreatic cystic neoplasm Mucinous cystic neoplasm Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm Mucin stain Amylase

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慢性阻塞性肺疾病与哮喘研究中对重症监护病房患者预后悲观所产生的影响：英国多中心观察队列研究

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英国医学杂志中文版 2008年第2期11卷 84-86页

作者： Martin J Wildman consultant chest Bamaby C Reeves Colin Sanderson Jayne Groves Centre, Aberdeen Kathy Rowan David Harrison Duncan Young 苏瑾(译) 代华平(校) Northern General Hospital Sheffield Lndon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London readerin health setvices research Birmingham Hospital Birmingham Department of Occupational and environmental Medicine Liberty Safe Work Research Intensive Care National Audit and Reserch Centre London senior statistician Adult Intensive Care Unit John Radcliffe Hospital. Oxford 不详

目的确定临床医生对入住重症监护病房（ICU）的COPD急性加重期患者预后的预测与实际结果是否一致。设计前瞻性队列研究。地点英国92个ICU及3个呼吸机依赖病房。参与者832例COPD或哮喘急性加重或COPD合并哮喘患者，表现气促、呼吸衰竭或... 详细信息

目的确定临床医生对入住重症监护病房（ICU）的COPD急性加重期患者预后的预测与实际结果是否一致。设计前瞻性队列研究。地点英国92个ICU及3个呼吸机依赖病房。参与者832例COPD或哮喘急性加重或COPD合并哮喘患者，表现气促、呼吸衰竭或精神状态改变，年龄在45岁及以上。结局评估指标由临床医生预测的结果以及实际观察的180天存活率。结果517例患者（62％）存活到180天。临床医生预测的180天存活率却是悲观的，平均只有49％。依照临床医生的预测，1／5预后最差的存活率仅为10％，而实际存活率却是40％。来自于覆盖英国74％的ICU数据库的信息提示，参与研究和未参与研究的ICU并没有实质性差别。在同一个ICU中入选患者与未入选患者的病情相似。结论因为决定COPD或哮喘患者是否需要气管插管，入住ICU取决于临床医生对其预后的预测．因此，一些本也许会生存下来的患者却由于那些没有根据的对其预后的悲观预测，而很可能被拒绝收入ICU。

关键词：前瞻性队列研究重症监护病房哮喘患者慢性阻塞性肺疾病预后英国悲观多中心

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A Study on Factors Influencing Cost Overrun in High-rise Building Construction across India

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Journal of Smart Buildings and Construction Technology 2023年第1期5卷 52-83页

作者： Mohammed Tayyab Mohammed Furkhan Mohammed Rizwan M.Jameel, Aaron Chadee Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology Osmania UniversityHyderabad500007India Department of Civil Engineering King Khalid University62529Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Department of Civil and environmental Engineering University of the West IndiesBB11000Trinidad and Tobago

Cost overrun is a common problem in construction projects *** Indian construction projects,particularly those involving high-rise buildings,have had severe cost *** managers,architects,engineers,and contractors,completing building projects within the specified cost budget has become the most important and hard *** it is common for high-rise building projects to go over budget,the aim of this study is to find out the causes of cost overruns and provide effective *** study found 70 cost overrun factors based on a comprehensive literature review and expert opinions.A Google form questionnaire was distributed to 150 construction professionals across *** following up,101 of the 150 responses were received.A five-point Likert scale was used and the acquired data was analyzed and ranked using the Relative Importance Index(RII)*** to the findings of RII,the top ten critical factors influencing cost overruns were frequent change orders during construction by the owner,delay in construction,escalation of material prices,market inflation or deflation,rework,frequent changes in design,inaccurate evaluation of the project timeline,unforeseen ground condition,inaccurate quantity take-off,and delay in progressive payment by the ***’s rank correlation test revealed that there is a very significant relationship between the rankings of factors provided by the owner,the consultant,and the *** addition,a factor analysis tool in the SPSS software was also used to categorize the seventy factors into sixteen core *** top ten critical factors were presented to subject matter experts,and their suggestions were being *** results are expected to help construction professionals minimize cost overruns,improve cost control measures,and initiate future research.

关键词： Cost overrun High-rise buildings RII Factor analysis Subject matter expert(SME) India

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