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Review and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agricultural Herbicides as Military Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第8期14卷 471-498页

作者： David R. Speidel Kenneth R. Olson USDA Resource Conservationist and Agricultural consultant with Natural Resource Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service Benton Missouri USA College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War?

关键词： Second Indochina War Cambodia Laos South Vietnam Vietnam War Tactical Herbicides Agent Blue Agent Orange Agent Purple Dioxin TCDD Arsenic

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Solving the Water Resource Problems in Iraq

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Engineering（科研） 2024年第8期16卷 205-223页

作者： Nadhir Al-Ansari Nasrat Adamo Varoujan Sissakian Jan Laue Salwan Ali Abed Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden consultant Engineer Norrkoping Sweden Komar University of Science and Technology Sulaymaniyah Iraq College of Science University of Al-Qadisiyah Diwaniyah Iraq

Iraq covers an area of 437072 km2 in the northeastern part of the Middle East. Its population now is more than 40 million. It relies mainly on its water resources from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries. Recently, Iraq has been experiencing a severe water scarcity problem. This is mainly due to climate change, increased hydrological projects in riparian countries, and water resources mismanagement inside Iraq itself. To overcome the problem, a new strategy should be implemented. Such strategy should consider two main courses of action: a) serious negotiations with riparian countries to reach an agreement giving Iraq equitable water shares from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries. b) Prudent water management practices inside Iraq that consider adopting realistic distribution of water between the governorates, rational policies aiming at increased water use efficiencies within Irrigation networks, increased use of non-conventional sources of water, adjustment of water tariffs and their collection procedures, improving agricultural techniques, introduction of intensive guidance and public awareness programs, and promulgation of new legislations, in addition to creation of human resources development programs.

关键词： Tigris Rivers Euphrates Rivers Iraq

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Supporting Skin Structure and Its Barrier Functions with Evidence-Based Skin Care Ingredients

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Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications 2024年第2期14卷 200-210页

作者： Marsha Tharakan Lori Lonczak Scientific and Clinical consultant Denver CO USA Lori Lonczak Consulting LLC Fair Haven NJ USA

The epidermis, and in particular its outermost layer, the stratum corneum, contributes much of the barrier function of the skin and is a readily visible representation of skin health. Maintaining the health of the skin barrier has arguably become more important than ever in the modern world, in which a large majority of people are exposed to environmental insults. These external factors can damage the integrity of the skin barrier and prematurely age the skin. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to maintain and protect the stratum corneum. Here, we briefly review the complex, multilayered structure of the skin and relate it to clinically translatable function, with an emphasis on the stratum corneum. In the context of epidermal structure and function, the formulation and clinical data for Phelityl® Reviving Cream will be reviewed. Phelityl Reviving Cream was shown to be associated with improvements in both immediate- and long-term parameters, including a significant positive effect on the skin barrier and immediate and long-lasting hydration.

关键词： Skin Structure Skin Barrier Stratum Corneum Phelityl Reviving Cream Phelityl Complex

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PM2.5： global progress in controlling the motor vehicle contribution

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Frontiers of environmental Science & Engineering 2014年第1期8卷 1-17页

作者： Michael Patrick WALSH International consultant Arlington VA 22207 USA

It is well established that ambient particles in the size range of 2.5 microns or less case a wide variety of adverse health effects. According to a recent study from the World Health Organization, in 2010 these effects resulted in approximately 3.2million premature deaths with vehicles being one of the significant contributors. Diesel vehicle particulate emissions which are virtually all smaller than 2.5 microns raise additional special concerns due to their carcinogenicity and high ratio of black carbon （BC） to organic carbon; black carbon has recently been found to be the second most important contributor to climate change after carbon dioxide. Other pollutants emitted by diesels and other vehicles such as the oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds also contribute to ambient particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in size （PM2.5） after undergoing secondary transformations in the atrno- sphere. Technologies have dramatically reduce vehicle been developed that can emissions when clean, low sulfur fuels are available and these technologies are being phased in throughout the industrialized world resulting in a global decrease in particulate matter （PM） and BC emissions from vehicles. However the vehicle population is growing rapidly in the developing world, leading to increases in emissions in many countries. Unless these rapidly industrializing countries move to state of the art vehicles and clean fuels, global PM, BC and NOx emissions from road vehicles will start to turn up over the next 10 to 15 years.

关键词： particulate black carbon climate change,diesels

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Uncertainty Analysis of Wind-Wave Predictions in Lake Michigan

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China Ocean Engineering 2016年第5期30卷 811-820页

作者： Navid NEKOUEE Behzad ATAIE-ASHTIANI Sajad Ahmad HAMIDI Water Resource consultant Tetra TechAtlanta 30339USA Department of Civil Engineering Sharif University of TechnologyTehran 145888-9694Iran Civil and environmental Engineering University of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukee 53201-0413USA

With all the improvement in wave and hydrodynamics numerical models, the question rises in our mind that how the accuracy of the forcing functions and their input can affect the results. In this paper, a commonly used numerical third-generation wave model, SWAN is applied to predict waves in Lake Michigan. Wind data are analyzed to determine wind variation frequency over Lake Michigan. Wave predictions uncertainty due to wind local effects are compared during a period where wind has a fairly constant speed and direction over the northern and southern basins. The study shows that despite model calibration in Lake Michigan area, the model deficiency arises from ignoring wind effects in small scales. Wave prediction also emphasizes that small scale turbulence in meteorological forces can increase prediction errors by 38%. Wave frequency and coherence analysis show that both models can predict the wave variation time scale with the same accuracy. Insufficient number of meteorological stations can result in neglecting local wind effects and discrepancies in current predictions. The uncertainty of wave numerical models due to input uncertainties and model principals should be taken into account for design risk factors.

关键词： wave lake Michigan wind forcing uncertainty wave prediction

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Sediment storage and morphology of the Yalu Tsangpo valley due to uneven uplift of the Himalaya

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Science China Earth Sciences 2015年第8期58卷 1440-1445页

作者： WANG ZhaoYin YU Guo An WANG XuZhao Charles S. MELCHING LIU Le State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources environmental consultant

The fluvial process of the Yalu Tsangpo River occurs concurrently with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet ***,the river exhibits unique features in morphology and sediment *** investigations were performed from 2009–2011and the depth of the interface between the sediment deposits and bed rock was detected with an electromagnetic imaging system(EH4)at 29 cross *** deposits were sampled along the Yalu Tsangpo valley from Xietongmen to the Yalu Tsangpo *** results show that a huge amount of sediment has been deposited in four wide valley sections because the uplift rate in these sections was lower than that in the downstream gorge sections over the past million *** 518 billion m3of gravel and sand have been stored in the high mountain river valleys,which has changed the V-shaped mountain river valley into a U-shaped wide river valley in the four *** the sections with high uplift rates the river bed is incised and has formed gorges and the Yalu Tsangpo Canyon.

关键词： Yalu Tsangpo River sediment deposits uneven uplift himalaya wide valley

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用低碱度硫铝酸盐水泥制备的砂浆和混凝土的物理性能(英文)

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硅酸盐学报 2010年第9期38卷 1623-1630页

作者： FUJITA Hideki KURAUCHI Hidetoshi NAKARAI Kenichiro TSUJI Yukikazu Research Center Taiheiyo Consultant Co.Ltd. Graduate School of Engneering Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringGunma University

制备了低碱度硫铝酸盐水泥,并对由该水泥制备的砂浆和混凝土的物理性能进行了测试分析。结果表明:低碱度硫铝酸盐水泥砂浆和混凝土的抗压强度发展良好,过量的缓凝剂会降低其早期强度。在水灰比为0.65的情况下,其砂浆和混凝土的长期抗压... 详细信息

制备了低碱度硫铝酸盐水泥,并对由该水泥制备的砂浆和混凝土的物理性能进行了测试分析。结果表明:低碱度硫铝酸盐水泥砂浆和混凝土的抗压强度发展良好,过量的缓凝剂会降低其早期强度。在水灰比为0.65的情况下,其砂浆和混凝土的长期抗压强度发展缓慢。水灰比和抗压强度之间不存在线性关系。新拌混凝土会出现体积收缩,但随之转变为体积膨胀,并持续10～30d。当粉煤灰和石灰石粉作为掺合料替代部分水泥时,其砂浆和混凝土的强度会下降,但仍能满足实际应用的要求;此外,粉煤灰和石灰石替代部分水泥还能减小混凝土的绝热温升、改善其流动性。

关键词：低碱度硫铝酸盐缓凝剂新拌性能硬化性能

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Previous Research on Artificial Reefs: Providing a Pathway to the Future

Previous Research on Artificial Reefs: Providing a Pathway t...

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第二届现代化海洋牧场国际学术研讨会、中国水产学会渔业资源与环境专业委员会2018年学术年会

作者： Stephen A.Bortone environmental consultant Osprey Aquatic SciencesLLC

Artificial reefs(i.e.,objects deployed to influence aquatic resources) have many uses,with fisheries management as the presumed,paramount use.A review of past research indicates many broad and varied approaches have provided information leading to widespread use of artificial ***,however,artificial reefs have not assumed a significant position in fisheries management because,at our current level of understanding,we lack the appropriate information to assure predictable results from artificial reef ***,there are few standardized research protocols that allow meaningful comparisons among artificial reef ***,the extraordinarily high variance among variables(both dependent and independent) in the aquatic environment,coupled with inadequate replication of study designs,inhibits adequate testing to determine casual relationships between artificial reef attributes and fishery management ***,we lack a fundamental understanding of the fish assemblage's trophic response resulting from artificial reef *** facilitate the incorporation of artificial reefs into fishery management strategies,several additional avenues of research must be ***,it must be determined if management should target the enhancement of entire faunal assemblages,trophic groups,or *** successful use of artificial reefs in fisheries management may require different reef deployment strategies while acquiring target-specific *** facilitate the predictable outcome of deploying of artificial reefs in fishery management strategies,two independent approaches must be ***,research plans need to overcome the study design issues to facilitate the assessment of artificial reef evaluation ***,under the assumption that the addition of artificial reefs to the environment will enhance managed fisheries,investigations should identify life history characters that would be enhanced through the addition of specific ar

关键词： Previous Research on Artificial Reefs Providing a Pathway to the Future

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Soil water storage,yield,water productivity and transpiration efficiency of soybeans(Glyxine max ***)as affected by soil surface management in lle-Ife,Nigeria

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2017年第2期5卷 141-150页

作者： Omotayo B.Adeboye Bart Schultz Kenneth O.Adekalu Krishna Prasad Department of Agricultural and environmental Engineering Obafemi Awolowo UniversityIle-IfeNigeria Land and Water Development IHE Delft Institute For Water Education in Partnership with UNESCODelftthe Netherlands Freelance Irrigation and Water Resources Management consultant LalitpurNepal

Rainfed agriculture has a high yield potential if rainfall and land resources are effectively *** this study,conventional(NC)and six in-situ water conservation practices were used to cultivate Soybean in 2011 and 2012 in Ile-lfe,*** conservation practices are:Tied ridge(TR),Soil bund(BD),Mulch(ML),Mulch plus Soil bund(MLBD),Tied ridge plus Mulch(TRML),Tied ridge plus Soil bund(TRBD).The practices were arranged in Randomised Complete Block Design with four *** rainfall was 539 and 761 mm in 2011 and 2012,*** soil water storage(SWS)ranged from 485 mm for NC to 517 mm for TRML in the two *** increased the SWS in the upper 30 cm of the soil by 17% while TR increased the soil water content in the lower 30-60 cm by 22% compared with *** reduced soil temperature in the upper 30 cm between 2.2 and 2.9℃ compared with NC,TR and *** crop evapotranspiration ranged between 432 mm for NC and 481 mm for BD in the *** yield increased by 41.7% and 44.3% for BD and MLBD,respectively compared with *** conservation practices increased water productivity for grain yield by 14.0-41.8% compared with ***,it increased average seasonal transpiration efficiency by 15.3-32.5% compared with *** findings demonstrate that when there are fluctuations in rainfall,in-situ water conservation practices improve SWS,land,and water productivity and transpiration efficiency of Soybeans.

关键词： Water conservation Soybean Yield Transpiration Efficiency Evapotranspiration Water productivity

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Evolving concepts and opportunities in soil conservation

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2015年第1期3卷 1-14页

作者： Julian Dumanski consultant Sustainable Land ManagementOttawaCanada

The terrestrial landscape has changed considerably compared to that of the early 20th century when soil conservation was first *** portions of the land are already intensively managed,and the remainder is increasingly receiving human *** work on soil conservation focused attention on technological innovations,particularly control and mitigation of soil ***,land degradation has continued and actually accelerated in many parts of the world,due mainly to demands for continued economic development,using technologies that are highly *** many cases,this has been facilitated by highly inadequate and unsympathetic institutional,legislative,and policy *** paper discusses some of the new driving forces,new international programs,and new potential partners in soil ***,international efforts to mitigate land degradation are shifting from studies of the biophysical processes to improving the global,national and local enabling policy environment,as well as mainstreaming of soil conservation into national and regional policies and ***,increased emphasis is placed on economic instruments and international markets,such as carbon trading,and incorporation of non-market values in ecosystem investment,such as payment for ecosystem services,certification schemes,*** paper discusses some of the opportunities for soil conservation that accrue from these new driving forces.

关键词： Land degradation environmental goods and services Driving forces

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